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CD28 costimulation is essential for the development of thymic-derived CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells ("tTregs"). E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b has been shown to regulate CD28 dependence of T cell activation. In this paper, we report that the loss of Cbl-b partially but significantly rescues the defective development of tTregs in Cd28-/- mice. This partial rescue is independent of IL-2. Mechanistically, Cbl-b binds to Foxp3 upon TCR stimulation and, together with Stubl, targets Foxp3 for ubiquitination and subsequently degradation in the proteasome. As Cbl-b self-ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation is impaired in Cd28-/- T cells, the defective development of tTregs in Cd28-/- mice may in part be due to increased Foxp3 ubiquitination and degradation targeted by Stubl and Cbl-b. Treating Cd28-/- mice with a proteasome inhibitor completely rescues defective tTreg development in these mice. Therefore, Cbl-b, together with Stubl, ubiquitinate Foxp3, and regulate tTreg development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been documented that caspase-8, a central player in apoptosis, is also crucial for TCR-mediated NF-κB activation. However, whether other caspases are also involved this process is unknown. In this report, we showed that in addition to caspase-8, caspase-9 is required for TCR-mediated NF-κB activation. Caspase-9 induces activation of PKC-θ, phosphorylation of Bcl10 and NF-κB activation in a caspase-3-dependent manner, but it appears that Bcl10 phosphorylation is uncoupled from NF-κB activation. Furthermore, caspase-8 lies upstream of caspase-9 during T cell activation. Therefore, TCR ligation elicits a caspase cascade involving caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3 which initiates PKC-θ-dependent pathway leading to NF-κB activation and PKC-θ-independent Bcl10 phosphorylation which limits NF-kB activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas-B-lineage lymphoma protein-b (Cbl-b) is critical for establishing the threshold for T cell activation and is essential for induction of T cell anergy. Recent studies suggest that Cbl-b is involved in the development of CD4+CD25+ inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs). In this study, we report that the optimal induction of Foxp3 by naive CD4+CD25- T cells requires suboptimal TCR triggering. In the absence of Cbl-b, the TCR strength for optimal Foxp3 induction is downregulated in vitro. Using TCR-transgenic Rag-/- mice in combination with Cbl-b deficiency, we show that in vivo iTreg development is also controlled by Cbl-b via tuning the TCR strength. Furthermore, we show that Akt-2 but not Akt-1 regulates Foxp3 expression downstream of Cbl-b. Therefore, we demonstrate that Cbl-b regulates the fate of iTregs via controlling the threshold for T cell activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]