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Oral ulcers can be managed using a variety of biomaterials that deliver drugs or cytokines. However, many patients experience minimal benefits from certain medical treatments because of poor compliance, short retention times in the oral cavity, and inadequate drug efficacy. Herein, we present a novel hydrogel patch (SCE2) composed of a biopolymer matrix (featuring ultraviolet-triggered adhesion properties) loaded with cuttlefish ink nanoparticles (possessing pro-healing functions). Applying a straightforward local method initiates the formation of a hydrogel barrier that adheres to mucosal injuries under the influence of ultraviolet light. SCE2 then demonstrates exceptional capabilities for near-infrared photothermal sterilization and neutralization of reactive oxygen species. These properties contribute to the elimination of bacteria and the management of the oxidation process, thus accelerating the healing phase's progression from inflammation to proliferation. In studies involving diabetic rats with oral ulcers, the SCE2 adhesive patch significantly quickens recovery by altering the inflamed state of the injured area, facilitating rapid re-epithelialization, and fostering angiogenesis. In conclusion, this light-sensitive hydrogel patch offers a promising path to expedited wound healing, potentially transforming treatment strategies for clinical oral ulcers.

Abstract Oral ulcers can be addressed using various biomaterials designed to deliver medications or cytokines. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these substances is frequently limited in many patients due to poor adherence, short retention time in the mouth, and less‐than‐optimal drug efficacy. In this study, a new hydrogel patch (FSH3) made of a silk fibroin/hyaluronic acid matrix with light‐sensitive adhesive qualities infused with ferric iron/shikonin nanoparticles to enhance healing effects is presented. Initially, this hydrogel forms an adhesive barrier over mucosal lesions through a straightforward local injection, solidifying when exposed to UV light. Subsequently, FSH3 demonstrates superior reactive oxygen species elimination and near‐infrared photothermal bactericidal activity. These characteristics support bacterial elimination and regulate oxidative levels, promoting a wound's progression from inflammation to tissue regeneration. In a diabetic rat model mimicking oral ulcers, FSH3 significantly speeds up healing by adjusting the inflammatory environment of the injured tissue, maintaining balance in oral microbiota, and promoting faster re‐epithelialization. Overall, the light‐sensitive FSH3 hydrogel shows potential for rapid wound recovery and may transform therapeutic methods for managing oral ulcers in diabetes.

Based on the global basement reservoir database and the dissection of basement reservoirs in China, the characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation in basement reservoirs are analyzed, and the favorable conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation in deep basement reservoirs are investigated to highlight the exploration targets. The discovered basement reservoirs worldwide are mainly buried in the Archean and Precambrian granitic and metamorphic formations with depths less than 4 500 m, and the relatively large reservoirs have been found in rift, back-arc and foreland basins in tectonic active zones of the Meso-Cenozoic plates. The hydrocarbon accumulation in basement reservoirs exhibits the characteristics in three aspects. First, the porous-fractured reservoirs with low porosity and ultra-low permeability are dominant, where extensive hydrocarbon accumulation occurred during the weathering denudation and later tectonic reworking of the basin basement. High resistance to compaction allows the physical properties of these highly heterogeneous reservoirs to be independent of the buried depth. Second, the hydrocarbons were sourced from the formations outside the basement. The source-reservoir assemblages are divided into contacted source rock-basement and separated source rock-basement patterns. Third, the abnormal high pressure in the source rock and the normal–low pressure in the basement reservoirs cause a large pressure difference between the source rock and the reservoirs, which is conducive to the pumping effect of hydrocarbons in the deep basement. The deep basement prospects are mainly evaluated by the factors such as tectonic activity of basement, source-reservoir combination, development of large deep faults (especially strike-slip faults), and regional seals. The Precambrian crystalline basements at the margin of the intracontinental rifts in cratonic basins, as well as the Paleozoic folded basements and the Meso-Cenozoic fault-block basements adjacent to the hydrocarbon generation depressions, have favorable conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation, and thus they are considered as the main targets for future exploration of deep basement reservoirs.

Objective The geothermal field in the present sedimentary basin is a result of the energy balance between various dynamic processes on the Earth. It serves as an important tool for understanding continental dynamics, such as tectonic deformation and the evolution of the continental lithosphere. Additionally, it provides the basis for evaluating regional geothermal resources. Methods A comprehensive study of the geothermal field in the entire Songliao Basin was conducted using oil-test temperatures from 826 wells and thermal conductivities measured by the optical scanning method. Formation temperatures at depths of 1 000 m, 2 000 m, 3 000 m, and 4 000 m were estimated using deep temperature prediction technology. Results The results indicate that the present geothermal gradient in the Songliao Basin ranges from 22.5 to 69.0℃/km, with an average of 44.0℃/km. The thermal conductivity values of rocks in the central depression area are relatively concentrated, mostly ranging from 1.60 W/(m·K) to 2.40 W/(m·K), with an average of 1.84 W/(m·K). Among these, mudstone has the lowest thermal conductivity, with an average of 1.77 W/(m·K); siltstone has a middle range with an average of 1.87 W/(m·K); and fine sandstone has the highest thermal conductivity, with an average of 2.12 W/(m·K). The heat flow ranges from 35.0 to 98.8 mW/m2, with an average of 76.9 mW/m2. The basin exhibits a typical "hot basin" characteristic, with higher heat flow in the central depression and lower heat flow in the slope and uplift areas, forming an annular distribution pattern. Geothermal anomaly areas are distributed in the northeast of the central depression and the northwest of the southeastern uplifted region. The formation temperature at a depth of 1, 000 m ranges from 26.9 to 72.3℃, with an average of 47.9℃; at 2 000 m, it ranges from 49.4 to 141.3℃, with an average of 91.9℃; at 3 000 m, it ranges from 71.8 to 167.5℃, with an average of 135.8℃; and at 4 000 m, it ranges from 94.3 to 210.9℃, with an average of 179.8℃. Conclusion These findings suggest that the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate has caused upwelling of the asthenosphere and rapid thinning of the regional lithosphere, resulting in a significant increase in heat from the mantle. Simultaneously, the thinned crust facilitates the upward conduction of mantle heat. The widespread NNE and NW fault systems in the basin provide channels for the rise of mantle material and heat flow. Some mantle material remains in the middle and lower crust along deep faults, forming high-conductivity and low-velocity bodies that continuously heat the crust. A portion of the volcanic activity in the Songliao Basin is attributed to the eruption of Cenozoic volcanoes through faults. The presence of granite in the basin's basement plays a significant role in generating heat through the decay of radioactive elements, thereby serving as an important heat source. The heterogeneity of the current geothermal field can be attributed to variations in crustal structure among different tectonic units. The difference in thermal conductivity between the basement and sedimentary layers leads to a "refraction" effect on heat flow, resulting in the redistribution of heat in the shallow part of the basin and the formation of a distinct heat flow distribution pattern between concave and convex areas. The favorable combination of reservoir capacity in the Songliao Basin provides ideal conditions for heat storage, making it conducive for the development of low- and medium-temperature geothermal resources.

Geothermal resources have been recognized as important sources of clean renewable energy. The exploration, development, and utilization of geothermal resources, especially hot dry rock (HDR) resources, are highly important for achieving peak carbon and carbon neutrality. However, there is no comprehensive evaluation method for determining HDR target areas, and the evaluation scale and application disciplines are relatively simplistic. In this paper, we sought to optimize the identification of HDR target areas through a multiscale and multidisciplinary method and formed a set of generalized and demonstrative processes to guide the exploration of HDR resources. Through practical application to the Gonghe Basin and the Zhangzhou Basin, it was found that the comprehensive geothermal conditions of the Gonghe Basin are superior to those of the Zhangzhou Basin, and the geothermal reservoir depth, geothermal reservoir temperature, geothermal gradient, and heat flow are the four most important factors affecting hot dry rock geothermal resources. Using this method, the prioritization of target areas changes from a qualitative study to a quantitative and semiquantitative study, increasing the specificity and reliability of the decision-making process.

Based on the contemporary strategy of PetroChina and the “Super Basin Thinking” initiative, we analyze the petroleum system, the remaining oil and gas resource distribution, and the Super Basin development scheme in the Sichuan Basin with the aim of unlocking its full resource potential. We conclude that, (1) The three-stage evolution of the Sichuan Basin has resulted in the stereoscopic distribution of hydrocarbon systems dominated by natural gas. The prospecting Nanhua-rift stage gas system is potentially to be found in the ultra-deep part of the basin. The marine-cratonic stage gas system is distributed in the Sinian to Mid-Triassic formations, mainly conventional gas and shale gas resources. The foreland-basin stage tight sand gas and shale oil resources are found in the Upper Triassic–Jurassic formations. Such resource base provides the foundation for the implementation of Super Basin paradigm in the Sichuan Basin. (2) To ensure larger scale hydrocarbon exploration and production, technologies regarding deep to ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs, tight-sand gas, and shale oil are necessarily to be advanced. (3) In order to achieve the full hydrocarbon potential of the Sichuan Basin, pertinent exploration strategies are expected to be proposed with regard to each hydrocarbon system respectively, government and policy supports ought to be strengthened, and new cooperative pattern should be established. Introducing the “Super Basin Thinking” provides references and guidelines for further deployment of hydrocarbon exploration and production in the Sichuan Basin and other developed basins.

Abstract Past ground surface temperature (GST), one of the important aspects of paleoclimate reconstructions, can be inverted from borehole temperature measurements. Here, we report continuous 6,100‐m temperature logs in the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program SK‐2e. We inverted the past GST changes from upper borehole temperature logging (

Promoting implant osseointegration while preventing infection is one of the major challenges in the development of dental implants. In this study, nano-needle-like structures were prepared on titanium by hot alkali treatment and then coated with uniform silver (Ag) and strontium titanate (SrTiO3) through magnetron sputtering. The results of ion release showed that the SrTiO3 outer coating reduced the release of Ag ions by 30% and 15% respectively on the 4th and 7th days, thus effectively improving the bioactivity of the Ag-modified substrates. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the Ag/SrTiO3-coated specimens (AH-Ti/Ag/Sr) had an excellent effect on the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and exhibited antibacterial function against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (percentage of dead/total bacteria: ∼93% and ∼88%). Moreover, the in vivo results further confirmed that the Ag/SrTiO3 bilayer coating significantly promoted osteogenesis around the AH-Ti/Ag/Sr implant (the new bone volume and the number of trabeculae: 1.5 and 1.4 fold of the control group) and enhanced the bonding strength between implant and surrounding bone (about 1.9 fold of the control group). All these findings indicate that AH-Ti/Ag/Sr can substantially improve osteogenesis in complex oral microenvironment, and thus has potential applications in oral implantology.

Geothermal resources as clean and renewable energy can be utilized for agriculture, tourism, and industry. The assessment of geothermal potential and the study of genetic mechanism of the geothermal system is an essential part of geothermal resource development. In this study, 16 steady-state temperature logs are obtained in the mountainous area on the northern margin of North China. Thermal conductivity and heat production rates are tested or collected from more than 200 rock samples of these wells and outcrops around the study area. Based on these data, for the first time, the detailed delineations of temperature distributions, genetic mechanisms of geothermal systems, and resource potential of Hot Dry Rock in the study area are achieved. The heat flow map indicates a low heat flow state with an average value of 53.1 mW/m 2 in the study area, which is lower than the average value of 62.5 mW/m 2 in mainland China. The distribution of hot springs in the area is mainly controlled by fault systems. Heat flow only exhibits a minor effect on the temperature of hot springs and geothermal wells. On this basis, the deep temperature distribution within 3–10 km depths of the study area is calculated using the one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction equation. With it, the reservoir depths of hot springs are estimated to be 3–5 km with temperatures ranging from 70°C to 110°C. Furthermore, a conceptual model for the geothermal system in the study area is derived. According to the results, Northeastern Chengde and northern Beijing exhibit the highest temperatures at all depths. Similar patterns are observed in the temperature distribution maps and the heat flow map, which suggest that the deep temperature distribution is mainly controlled by regional heat flow. With the depth increases, the temperature shows larger variation at each depth level, which is possibly caused by the heterogeneity of crustal composition. According to our resource assessment by volumetric method, the exploitable potential of Hot Dry Rock within the depth of 7–10 km of the study area is equivalent to about 3.1 × 10 11 tons of standard coal, but the barrier is still existing for development under the current technical and economic conditions.

Seven steady-state temperature profiles are logged in the Harbin Area, Northeast China. The temperature data illustrate high conductive thermal gradients with a mean value of 4.78°C/100 m. Temperature maps at depths of 1000, 1500, and 1800 m are represented. The present temperature field is cooling southeastward, with the highest thermal gradients being observed at the junction zone between the Central Depression and the Southeast Uplift of the Songliao Basin. The recoverable heat is calculated using a volumetric method and Monte Carlo simulation. The mean value for recoverable heat from the detailed exploration area around the Harbin Area is 1.052 × 10 19 J (3.59 × 10 11 t standard coal). Geological controls on the present temperature fields are discussed.

Investigation into the thermal regime of lithosphere is an essential part of geothermal research. The thermal state of lithosphere can be expressed as the vertical distribution of temperature. It has been found that the thermal regime of lithosphere can control the heat flow distribution and the geothermal mechanism of local geothermal fields. In this work, equilibrium temperature logs were obtained from 27 wells, and thermal conductivity and heat generation data were collected from 148 rock samples from different wells. Besides, 55 high-quality terrestrial heat flow values were extracted. Based on these data, the distribution of heat flow across Xiong'an New Area was mapped. Later, the thickness of the thermal lithosphere in Xiong'an and the deep crustal temperature were analyzed using the one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction equation. The crustal structure beneath this area was derived from the seismic wave velocity profile, and it was then used to illustrate the connection between the geothermal fields’ heat sources and regional tectonic setting. The results indicate that high heat flow is mainly distributed around the basement uplifts, such as Niutuozhen uplift and Rongcheng uplift. The average heat flux in the study area is 70.5 mW/m 2 , higher than the 61.5 mW/m 2 in mainland China. The temperature-depth profiles show great temperature variation across the new area. At the depth of 40 km, the crustal temperature ranges from about 750°C to 1100°C. Despite the large temperature variation, this area shows high thermal state. The temperature variation with depth may be attributed to the heat flow variability and the high thermal state may be caused by the large residual heat flow from the lithosphere boundary. The average reduced heat flow in the new area is high at around 44.35mW/m 2 , which is associated with the high thermal state of this area.

Development and utilization of deep geothermal resources, especially a hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal resource, is beneficial for both economic and environmental consideration in oilfields. This study used data from multiple sources to assess the geothermal energy resource in the Daqing Oilfield. The temperature logs in boreholes (both shallow water wells and deep boreholes) and the drilling stem test temperature were used to create isothermal maps in depths. Upon the temperature field and thermophysical parameters of strata, the heat content was calculated by 1 km × 1 km × 0.1 km cells. The result shows that in the southeastern part of Daqing Oilfield, the temperature can reach 150 °C at a depth of 3 km. The heat content within 3–5 km is 24.28 × 1021 J, wherein 68.2% exceeded 150 °C. If the recovery factor was given by 2% and the lower limit of temperature was set to be 150 °C, the most conservative estimate for recoverable HDR geothermal resource was 0.33 × 1021 J. The uncertainties of the estimation are mainly contributed to by the temperature extrapolation and the physical parameter selections.