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Objectives: This qualitative study describes the views of supervisor nurses related to antecedents of oral care in Finnish nursing facilities. Methods: In the six largest cities in Finland, 19 supervisor nurses were interviewed and asked five semi-structured questions related to the antecedents of oral care in the units. The interviews were analyzed using inductive content analysis. Results: Qualitative content analysis revealed five main categories: awareness of nurses (3 categories, 9 subcategories), attitude and motivation (3 categories, 10 subcategories), supporting quality of life and health (4 categories, 11 subcategories), the meaning of oral health in the unit (3 categories, 10 subcategories), and the role of the supervisor nurse in oral health care (4 categories, 14 subcategories). The awareness of nurses regarding oral health was in most cases good. Nurses’ attitudes towards oral health and their motivation to oral care vary but were mostly good. Nurses were aware that oral care enhances the quality of life. The role of the supervisor nurse in organizing oral care was crucial. Conclusions: The performed analysis identified five main categories to describe antecedents for oral care in Finnish nursing facilities. The categories that needed to be improved were knowledge and attitude, and motivation related to oral care.

Artikkeli tarkastelee numeroiden valtaa politiikkaa koskevassa journalismissa. Kvantifioinnista, eli numeroiden tuottamisesta ja käytöstä, on tullut keskeinen yhteiskunnallista elämää kuvaava ja tuottava käytäntö, joka toimii vuorovaikutuksessa journalismin omien episteemisten käytäntöjen kanssa. Artikkeli lähestyy numeroiden valtaa kvantifioinnin sosiologian kautta: kvantifiointi ymmärretään sosiaalisena käytäntönä, joka paitsi kuvaa, myös muokkaa maailmaa. Numeroiden valtaa tarkastellaan perhepolitiikan ja syntyvyyden sekä työllisyyspolitiikan kontekstissa. Aineistona on näitä politiikka-alueita koskeva, kvantifioitua tietoa hyödyntävä journalismi Helsingin Sanomissa vuosina 2015–2021 (N=330). Kvantifiointi tiedon käytäntönä ohjaa tietynlaisiin tulkintoihin todellisuuden luonteesta, joita journalismi osaltaan tuottaa ja kanavoi omien episteemisten käytäntöjensä puitteissa. Analyysi tuo esiin kaksi journalistista kvantifioinnin käytäntöä: ennakoinnin ja seurannan. Molemmat suuntaavat politiikkatoimia nykyhetkessä kohti tulevaisuutta, jossa turva rakentuu työn ja talouden varaan. Vaikka käytetty kvantifioitu tieto on epävarmaa ja sidoksissa etenkin työtä ja taloutta koskeviin poliittisiin päämääriin, se sai journalismissa usein kyseenalaistamattoman ja neutraalin aseman. Numeroiden valtaa horjuttaa numeroiden lukutaito, kyky asettaa numerot niiden laajempaan kulttuuris-historialliseen kontekstiin.

Abstract Background Periodontitis has been associated with inflammatory processes in arterial walls such as impairment in endothelial function and thickening of intima media. As inflammation plays a role also in arterial stiffening, an association between periodontal inflammation and arterial stiffness can be expected. So far, conflicting results of the association between periodontal disease and arterial stiffness have been reported. Many of the earlier studies were conducted in specific populations and heterogeneous measures of both arterial stiffness and periodontal status were used. In this population-based study we aimed to investigate whether periodontal pocketing and gingival bleeding are associated with ultrasound-based measures of arterial stiffness. Methods In this cross-sectional study, two sets of data based on the national Health 2000 Survey in Finland were formed. Data set I comprised never-smoking 45–64-year-old dentate (≥ 10 natural teeth), non-diabetic, non-rheumatic, non-obese (BMI ≤ 30 kg/m2), non-hypertensive subjects with no coronary artery disease or ongoing lipid-lowering medications (n = 157). Data set II was formed of an unrestricted 45–74-year-old dentate population (n = 536). Four arterial stiffness measures (carotid artery compliance, Peterson’s elastic modulus, Young’s elastic modulus and beta stiffness index) based on an ultrasound examination of the common carotid artery were used. Periodontal parameters included the number of teeth with ≥ 4 mm deep periodontal pockets and the number of sextants with gingival bleeding. β-estimates, confidence intervals, and p-values were obtained from linear regression models. Results In Data set I, the adjusted β-estimates for the association between the number of teeth with ≥ 4 mm deep periodontal pockets and Peterson’s elastic modulus and Young’s elastic modulus were 15.80 (p = 0.12) and 61.02 (p = 0.22), respectively. The respective β-estimates were 31.06 (p = 0.17) and 121.16 (p = 0.28) for the association between the number of bleeding sextants and these two stiffness measures. The results in Data set II were in line with the results in Data set I, with the exception that the adjusted β-estimates for the associations between Peterson’s elastic modulus and Young’s elastic modulus and periodontal parameters were closer to null. Conclusions This population-based study did not provide evidence of an association between periodontal condition and arterial stiffness.

Climate change is driving Baltic Sea shifts, with predictions for decrease in salinity and increase in temperature and light limitation. Understanding the responses of the spring phytoplankton community to these shifts is essential to assess potential changes in the Baltic Sea biogeochemical cycles and functioning. In this study we use a high-throughput well-plate setup to experimentally define growth and the light acquisition traits over gradients of salinity, temperature and irradiance for three dinoflagellates commonly occurring during spring in the Baltic Sea, Apocalathium malmogiense, Gymnodinium corollarium and Heterocapsa arctica subsp. frigida. By analysing the response of cell volume, growth, and light-acquisition traits to temperature and salinity gradients, we showed that each of the three dinoflagellates have their own niches and preferences and are affected differently by small changes in salinity and temperature. A. malmogiense has a more generalist strategy, its growth being less affected by temperature, salinity, and light gradients in comparison to the other tested dinoflagellates, with G. corollarium growth being more sensitive to higher light intensities. On the other hand, G. corollarium light acquisition traits seem to be less sensitive to changes in temperature and salinity than those of A. malmogiense and H. arctica subsp. frigida. We contextualized our experimental findings using data collected on ships-of-opportunity between 1993-2011 over natural temperature and salinity gradients in the Baltic Sea. The Apocalathium complex and H. arctica subsp. frigida were mostly found in temperatures

Abstract Background A genome‐wide association study is an analytical approach that investigates whether genetic variants across the whole genome contribute to disease progression. The aim of this study was to investigate genome-wide associations of periodontal condition measured as deepened periodontal pockets (≥ 4 mm) in Finnish adults. Methods This study was based on the data of the national Health 2000 Survey (BRIF8901) in Finland and the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study totalling 3,245 individuals. The genotype data were analyzed using the SNPTEST v.2.4.1. The number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets (≥ 4 mm deep) was employed as a continuous response variable in additive regression analyses performed separately for the two studies and the results were combined in a meta-analysis applying a fixed effects model. Results Genome-wide significant associations with the number of teeth with ≥ 4 mm deep pockets were not found at the p-level of

The direction and magnitude of carbon dioxide fluxes between the atmosphere and the sea are regulated by the gradient in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) across the air–sea interface. Typically, observations of pCO2 at the sea surface are carried out by using research vessels and ships of opportunity, which usually do not resolve the diurnal cycle of pCO2 at a given location. This study evaluates the magnitude and driving processes of the diurnal cycle of pCO2 in a coastal region of the Baltic Sea. We present pCO2 data from July 2018 to June 2019 measured in the vicinity of the island of Utö at the outer edge of the Archipelago Sea, and quantify the relevant physical, biological, and chemical processes controlling pCO2. The highest monthly median of diurnal pCO2 variability (31 µatm) was observed in August and predominantly driven by biological processes. Biological fixation and mineralization of carbon led to sinusoidal diurnal pCO2 variations, with a maximum in the morning and a minimum in the afternoon. Compared with the biological carbon transformations, the impacts of air–sea fluxes and temperature changes on pCO2 were small, with their contributions to the monthly medians of diurnal pCO2 variability being up to 12 and 5 µatm, respectively. During upwelling events, short-term pCO2 variability (up to 500 µatm within a day) largely exceeded the usual diurnal cycle. If the net annual air–sea flux of carbon dioxide at our study site and for the sampled period is calculated based on a data subset that consists of only one regular measurement per day, the bias in the net exchange depends on the sampling time and can amount up to ±12 %. This finding highlights the importance of continuous surface pCO2 measurements at fixed locations for the assessment of the short-term variability of the carbonate system and the correct determination of air–sea CO2 fluxes.

Climate change is projected to cause brownification of some coastal seas due to increased runoff of terrestrially derived organic matter. We carried out a mesocosm experiment over 15 days to test the effect of this on the planktonic ecosystem. The experiment was set up in 2.2 m3 plastic bags moored outside the Tvärminne Zoological Station at the SW coast of Finland. We used four treatments, each with three replicates: control (Contr) without any manipulation; addition of a commercially available organic carbon additive called HuminFeed (Hum; 2 mg L−1); addition of inorganic nutrients (Nutr; 5.7 µM NH4 and 0.65µM PO4); and a final treatment of combined Nutr and Hum (Nutr+Hum) additions. Water samples were taken daily, and measured variables included water transparency, organic and inorganic nutrient pools, chlorophyll a (Chla), primary and bacterial production and particle counts by flow cytometry.

Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in marine environments impacts primary production due to its absorption effect on the photosynthetically active radiation. In coastal seas, CDOM originates from terrestrial sources predominantly and causes spatial and temporal changing patterns of light absorption which should be considered in marine biogeochemical models. We propose a model approach in which Earth Observation (EO) products are used to define boundary conditions of CDOM concentrations in an ecosystem model of the Baltic Sea. CDOM concentrations in riverine water derived from EO products serve as forcing for the ecosystem model. For this reason, we introduced an explicit CDOM state variable in the model. We show that the light absorption by CDOM in the model can be improved considerably in comparison to approaches where CDOM is estimated from salinity. The model performance increases especially with respect to spatial CDOM patterns due to the consideration of single river properties. A prerequisite is high-quality CDOM data with sufficiently high spatial resolution which can be provided by the new generation of ESA satellite sensor systems (Sentinel 2 MSI and Sentinel 3 OLCI). Such data are essential, especially when local differences in riverine CDOM concentrations exist.

Plankton communities form the basis of aquatic ecosystems and elucidating their role in increasingly important environmental issues is a persistent research question. Recent technological advances in automated microscopic imaging, together with cloud platforms for high-performance computing, have created possibilities for collecting and processing detailed high-frequency data on planktonic communities, opening new horizons for testing core hypotheses in aquatic ecosystems. Analyzing continuous streams of big data calls for development and deployment of novel computer vision and machine learning systems. The implementation of these analysis systems is not always straightforward with regards to operationality, and issues regarding data flows, computing and data treatment need to be considered. We created a data pipeline for automated near-real-time classification of phytoplankton during remote deployment of imaging flow cytometer (Imaging FlowCytobot, IFCB). Convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to classify continuous imaging data with probability thresholds used to filter out images not belonging to our existing classes. The automated data flow and classification system were used to monitor dominating species of filamentous cyanobacteria on the coast of Finland during summer 2021. We demonstrate that good phytoplankton recognition can be achieved with transfer learning utilizing a relatively shallow, publicly available, pre-trained CNN model and fine-tuning it with community-specific phytoplankton images (overall F1-score of 0.95 for test set of our labeled image data complemented with a 50% unclassifiable image portion). This enables both fast training and low computing resource requirements for model deployment making it easy to modify and applicable in wide range of situations. The system performed well when used to classify a natural phytoplankton community over different seasons (overall F1-score 0.82 for our evaluation data set). Furthermore, we address the key challenges of image classification for varying planktonic communities and analyze the practical implications of confused classes. We published our labeled image data set of Baltic Sea phytoplankton community for the training of image recognition models (~63000 images in 50 classes) to accelerate implementation of imaging systems for other brackish and freshwater communities. Our evaluation data set, 59 fully annotated samples of natural communities throughout an annual cycle, is also available for model testing purposes (~150000 images).

In this article, we research and revisit our own experiences of gender equality work to determine the societal and discursive power relations that have shaped gender equality. We conducted our study in Finland, a 'Nordic model of gender equality', but we argue that these results have worldwide relevance, especially since Nordic models of gender equality and education have been exported globally. By combining earlier research, our own extensive experience of conducting gender equality work, and previous literature on feminist pedagogy, we examine the possibilities of what we call 'gender equality pedagogy' in an era of marketization. To develop the concept of gender equality pedagogy, we ask how combining an analysis of gender equality work with feminist pedagogy can help to acknowledge and utilize power relations. We suggest that understanding gender equality work as a form of pedagogic practice might help overcome some of the barriers that gender equality work has encountered for decades.

Cyanobacteria are an important part of phytoplankton communities, however, they are also known for forming massive blooms with potentially deleterious effects on recreational use, human and animal health, and ecosystem functioning. Emerging high-frequency imaging flow cytometry applications, such as Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB), are crucial in furthering our understanding of the factors driving bloom dynamics, since these applications provide community composition information at frequencies impossible to attain using conventional monitoring methods. However, the proof of applicability of automated imaging applications for studying dynamics of filamentous cyanobacteria is still scarce. In this study we present the first results of IFCB applied to a Baltic Sea cyanobacterial bloom community using a continuous flow-through setup. Our main aim was to demonstrate the pros and cons of the IFCB in identifying filamentous cyanobacterial taxa and in estimating their biomass. Selected environmental parameters (water temperature, wind speed and salinity) were included, in order to demonstrate the dynamics of the system the cyanobacteria occur in and the possibilities for analyzing high-frequency phytoplankton observations against changes in the environment. In order to compare the IFCB results with conventional monitoring methods, filamentous cyanobacteria were enumerated from water samples using light microscopical analysis. Two common bloom forming filamentous cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea, Aphanizomenon flosaquae and Dolichospermum spp. dominated the bloom, followed by an increase in Oscillatoriales abundance. The IFCB results compared well with the results of the light microscopical analysis, especially in the case of Dolichospermum. Aphanizomenon biomass varied slightly between the methods and the Oscillatoriales results deviated the most. Bloom formation was initiated as water temperature increased to over 15°C and terminated as the wind speed increased, dispersing the bloom. Community shifts were closely related to movements of the water mass. We demonstrate how using a high-frequency imaging flow cytometry application can help understand the development of cyanobacteria summer blooms.

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Artikkelissa tarkastellaan ruumiillisuutta uudessa työssä. Uusi työ kiinnittyy tekijänsä persoonaan, ruumiillisuuteen ja tunteisiin sekä edellyttää itsen markkinoimista. Artikkelissa ymmärretään uuden työn vaatimuksineen, luokitteluineen ja erontekoineen kaivertuvan uuden työn tekijöiden ruumiisiin, kun he muokkaavat ruumistaan näihin vaatimuksiin sopiviksi. Artikkelissa kysytään: Millainen on ihanteellinen työruumis uudessa työssä? Miten uuden työn tekijät hyödyntävät ja muokkaavat ruumistaan vastaamaan työn ja työelämän vaatimuksia? Kysymyksiin vastataan analysoimalla 41 uuden työn tekijän haastattelut kahden uuden työn määrittelylle keskeisen teeman – ansiotyön ja ajankäytön – avulla. Analyysin perusteella uuden työn vaatimukset eivät siirry työruumiisiin itsestään, vaan työruumiin muokkaus edellyttää työtä ja myös fyysistä ponnistelua. Lisäksi se edellyttää rajanvetotyötä, jossa uuden työn tekijät muokkaavat työruumistaan jatkuvassa neuvottelussa työn vaatimusten, muun elämän kuten perheen tarpeiden sekä omaa hyvinvointia koskevien toiveiden ja huolten ristipaineessa.

This article deals with challenging the gender inequalities that exist in education and working life. It contemplates the kinds of discursive power relations that have led to gender equality work in Finland. In today's conditions where equality issues are being harnessed more strongly to serve the aims of economic efficiency and productivity, it is even more important to understand how people who actively seek change have succeeded in negotiating equality issues. The article also explores the current situation by conducting an analysis that makes clear not only the discursive power relations that shape gender equality work, but also how it has been possible for the work to continue successfully.

Optical-biogeochemical relationships of particulate and dissolved organic matter are presented in support of remote sensing of the Baltic Sea pelagic. This system exhibits strong seasonality in phytoplankton community composition and wide gradients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), properties which are poorly handled by existing remote sensing algorithms. Absorption and scattering properties of particulate matter reflected the seasonality in biological (phytoplankton succession) and physical (thermal stratification) processes. Inherent optical properties showed much wider variability when normalized to the chlorophyll-a concentration compared to normalization to either total suspended matter dry weight or particulate organic carbon. The particle population had the largest optical variability in summer and was dominated by organic matter in both seasons. The geographic variability of CDOM and relationships with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are also presented. CDOM dominated light absorption at blue wavelengths, contributing 81% (median) of the absorption by all water constituents at 400 nm and 63% at 442 nm. Consequentially, 90% of water-leaving radiance at 412 nm originated from a layer (z90) no deeper than approximately 1.0 m. With water increasingly attenuating light at longer wavelengths, a green peak in light penetration and reflectance is always present in these waters, with z90 up to 3.0-3.5 m depth, whereas z90 only exceeds 5 m at biomass < 5 mg Chla m-3. High absorption combined with a weakly scattering particle population (despite median phytoplankton biomass of 14.1 and 4.3 mg Chla m-3 in spring and summer samples, respectively), characterize this sea as a dark water body for which dedicated or exceptionally robust remote sensing techniques are required. Seasonal and regional optical-biogeochemical models, data distributions, and an extensive set of simulated remote-sensing reflectance spectra for testing of remote sensing algorithms are provided as supplementary data.

In this article, we explore the policies and processes of selection and recruitment from the perspective of equality. Focusing on tacit ideas of the ‘ideal worker,’ ideal recruitment, and selection that direct the recruitment process, we examine the ways in which implicit ideas and recruitmentrelated settings of daily interaction become informal practices of inequality. In this analysis, we rely on the conceptual framework of inequality regimes. The qualitative analysis of the semi-structured interviews focuses on the categories of gender, ethnicity, and age. We identified three categories of informal practices of inequality, which we have named as recruitment by the book, relocation of responsibility, and recruiting by addressing the difference. The findings suggest that although recruiters follow the legislation concerning equal treatment in recruitment, they do so because they want to avoid problems and possible litigation rather than because they are committed to promoting equality as an end in itself. However, equality promotion requires that gender, ethnicity, and age equality is itself the goal. If equality serves other goals, such as avoiding litigation or boosting business, the everyday practices of recruitment may turn into informal practices of inequality.

To examine human gene expression during uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, we obtained three samples (acute illness, treatment, and recovery) from 10 subjects and utilized each subject’s recovery sample as their baseline. At the time of acute illness (day 1), subjects had upregulation of innate immune response, cytokine, and inflammation-related genes (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, and IFN-γ), which was more frequent with parasitemias >100,000 per μL and body temperatures ≥39∘C. Apoptosis-related genes (Fas, BAX, and TP53) were upregulated acutely and for several days thereafter (days 1–3). In contrast, the expression of immune-modulatory (transcription factor 7, HLV-DOA, and CD6) and apoptosis inhibitory (c-myc, caspase 8, and Fas Ligand G) genes was downregulated initially and returned to normal with clinical recovery (days 7–10). These results indicate that the innate immune response, cytokine, and apoptosis pathways are upregulated acutely in uncomplicated malaria with concomitant downregulation of immune-modulatory and apoptosis inhibitory genes.

Light (20-450 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)), temperature (3-11 °C) and inorganic nutrient composition (nutrient replete and N, P and Si limitation) were manipulated to study their combined influence on growth, stoichiometry (C:N:P:Chl a) and primary production of the cold water diatom Chaetoceros wighamii. During exponential growth, the maximum growth rate (~0.8 d(-1)) was observed at high temperature and light; at 3 °C the growth rate was ~30% lower under similar light conditions. The interaction effect of light and temperature were clearly visible from growth and cellular stoichiometry. The average C:N:P molar ratio was 80:13:1 during exponential growth, but the range, due to different light acclimation, was widest at the lowest temperature, reaching very low C:P (~50) and N:P ratios (~8) at low light and temperature. The C:Chl a ratio had also a wider range at the lowest temperature during exponential growth, ranging 16-48 (weight ratio) at 3 °C compared with 17-33 at 11 °C. During exponential growth, there was no clear trend in the Chl a normalized, initial slope (α*) of the photosynthesis-irradiance (PE) curve, but the maximum photosynthetic production (P(m)) was highest for cultures acclimated to the highest light and temperature. During the stationary growth phase, the stoichiometric relationship depended on the limiting nutrient, but with generally increasing C:N:P ratio. The average photosynthetic quotient (PQ) during exponential growth was 1.26 but decreased to

Vaikka Suomessa naisten ja miesten työelämän laatu on eriytynyt, kehitetään työelämää usein sukupuolineutraalisti. Yhtenä viimeisimpänä osoituksena siitä on työ- ja elinkeinoministeriön Työelämän kehittämisstrategia (huhtikuu 2012), joka otetaan tässä artikkelissa tarkastelun kohteeksi. Artikkelissa pohditaan, mitä merkitystä sukupuolinäkökulmalla voisi strategiassa olla, nyt sukupuoli on siinä lähes näkymätön. Artikkelissa kytketään työelämän laatua ja tasa-arvoa koskeva keskustelu toisiinsa ja pohditaan niiden yhteneviä tavoitteita. Artikkelissa kysytään, mitä mahdollisuuksia ja ehtoja tasa-arvoisella työelämällä on sekä miten tasa-arvon ja laadukkaan työelämän tavoitteet suhteutuvat toisiinsa. Artikkelin alussa avataan tasa-arvotyön tavoitteita ja sisäisiä jännitteitä. Sen jälkeen osoitetaan Työelämän kehittämisstrategian sukupuolisensitiivisen luennan kautta, miten sukupuolinäkökulma liittyy kaikkiin strategian tavoitteisiin. Artikkelissa osoitetaan, että työelämää on mahdotonta kehittää täysipainoisesti ilman, että sen sukupuolittunut luonne ymmärretään ja otetaan huomioon.