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Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is a common infantile disease that causes a transit pyloric disorder. For the treatment of this disorder, intravenous atropine sulfate (AS) has been reported to be effective. However, AS treatment is ineffective in some cases, and these cases require surgical treatment. Recently, it has been reported that the co-administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) and AS is more effective than the administration of AS alone. Herein, we present two cases of infants with HPS treated using percutaneous NTG along with intravenous AS. Both cases were refractory to intravenous AS alone. After additional administrations of percutaneous NTG, their vomiting was rapidly resolved. These cases highlight the effectiveness of the co-administration of NTG and AS for HPS. Keywords: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, Nitroglycerin, Atropine sulfate, Infant

Abstract The 5′-UTR of HIV-1 genomic RNA is known to form specific structures and has important functions. There are three 5′-terminal sequences, G1, G2 and G3, with different localizations in the cell and virion particles as well as different efficiencies in translation and reverse transcription reactions. In the present study, the structural characteristics of the joint region between the TAR and PolyA stems was analysed, and it was found that small differences in the 5′-terminus affect the conformational characteristics of the stem-loop structures. In the G1 form, the two stems form a coaxial stem, whereas in the G2 and G3 forms, the two stems are structurally independent of each other. In the case of the G1 form, the 3′-flanking nucleotides of the PolyA stem are included in the stable coaxial stem structure, which may affect the rest of the 5′-UTR structure. This result demonstrates that the local conformation of this functionally key region has an important role in the function of the 5′-UTR.

In a synthesis of gold nanoparticles on a microfluidic device by citrate reduction, a particle size control by changing a flow rate was reported. To apply this simple control method to the synthesis of other metallic materials, we propose the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) in ethylene glycol by the microfluidic device using ascorbic acid as both antioxidant and reducing agent. The experimental results found for the first time that the effect of the flow rate of agents on particle size of the synthesized CuNPs in the device.