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The color of contaminants in used oils has not been investigated until recently. There are several good color standards. The CIExy coordinate, which is used in color engineering, is a popular color standard to locate a color of a product. The CIExy coordinate can be used for the colors of contaminants in used oil, but it is difficult to understand how the color is located in that position in the coordinate. The authors have developed a colorimetric patch analyzer (CPA) with the red–green–blue (RGB) color system to study the color of contaminants in used oils that were collected by membrane patches. The first CPA model examined the color of contaminants trapped on the surface of the membrane patches by reflected light similar to the currently available colorimetric analyzers. Some contaminants are soluble in working gas turbine oils at temperatures of 65°C or higher but become insoluble in oils when the oils are cooled to room temperature for 24 h. Therefore, the colors of contaminants differ according to oil temperature at the time of filtering through membrane filters. When the membrane patches through which hot turbine oils were filtered were examined with the light from the back, they showed light brown colors, although the color of the surfaces were white. This suggests that the membrane patch traps contaminants in the oil passages of the membrane patches when oil flows through the patches. The molecular weight of contaminants that are soluble in oil at high temperatures but not at room temperature was examined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The University of Fukui developed a state-of-the-art CPA that can examine the contaminants on the surface of membrane patches by reflected light and contaminants in the membrane patches by transmitted light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a report of a case of peroneal subluxation caused by peroneus quartus, a supernumerary muscle in the peroneal muscle group. Peroneus quartus' anatomy and its clinical relevance in lateral ankle pain, swelling and peroneal subluxation are described. It may be accurately diagnosed by peroneal tendoscopy. The technical note of this procedure is also described.

Posterolateral corner (PLC) laxity of the knee results in rotatory instability, in association with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) laxity led to a grossly unstable knee. This is a series of eight patients with chronic PLC and PCL laxity treated with arthroscopic quadriceps tendon PCL reconstruction and extraarticular hamstring PLC reconstruction. Seven cases had high tibial osteotomy to address associated genu varus deformity. With prospective pre- and post-operative assessments, there was a significant improvement in the 2000 International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective assessment and knee examination, Lysholm-Gillquist and Tegner activity scores, as well as KT-1000 arthrometry measurement after one year in all knees. Surgical treatment of PLC laxity must address coexisting problems of the PCL and mechanical alignment for a successful outcome.

We studied the factors influencing the mid-term outcomes of tibial plateau fractures treated conservatively (n=21) and surgically (n=27) from December 1994 to December 1997. Joint stability was an important prognostic determinant. In the surgical group, the most important factor was good anatomical reduction. Functional outcomes were comparable between the conservative and surgical groups. We concluded that conservative treatment is a valid option for fractures with minimal displacement and surgical treatment is justified for severely displaced or depressed fractures. Attention must be paid to the recognition and restoration of joint stability and articular surface congruency for a satisfactory outcome.

Photoonycholysis in association with a generalized phototoxic reaction or as an isolated event is a well-recognized complication of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. We describe a 14-year-old white girl with cystic fibrosis who developed photoonycholysis of all 20 nails while receiving treatment with doxycycline. Pediatricians who prescribe tetracyclines should be aware of this potential complication.

Within a month, we saw two young national servicemen with adenocarcinoma of the caecum. Both presented to use as emergencies and both had a right hemicolectomy performed. This literature review is to promote a greater awareness of the potential for colorectal cancer in young adults less than 40 years of age. The incidence ranged from 2% to 16.8% of all cases of large bowel cancer. About two-thirds of the tumours were Dukes' C and D at the time of presentation. There was a preponderance of poorly differentiated carcinoma and the mucinous type of carcinoma. Early diagnosis and attempts at curative resection are of utmost importance. Radical extirpation of advanced primary disease is well worthwhile and can be associated with long term survival in the young. Family history is important to identify a group of patients with cancer family syndrome.

Micropuncture and clearance studies were performed on rats with chronic metabolic acidosis to evaluate the segmental handling of magnesium. Fractional magnesium excretion was 12.6 +/- 2.3% in acidemic rats (blood pH 7.17 + 0.2) compared to 5.1 +/- 1.3% of normal animals (blood pH 7.36 +/- 0.05). Ultrafiltrable magnesium concentrations were similar in both normal and acidotic animals, 0.51 +/- 0.02 and 0.48 +/- 0.03 mM, respectively. Elevation of urinary magnesium excretion was due to diminished reabsorption in the loop of Henle and segments beyond the distal sampling site. Acute correction of the systemic acidosis with NaHCO3 infusions partially corrected the renal magnesium levels as fractional magnesium excretion fell from 12.6% to 3.1 + 0.75%. This was associated with enhanced reabsorption of magnesium in the loop. To determine if acidosis may compromise the renal conservation of magnesium, acidotic rats were subsequently placed on magnesium-restricted diets. Normal and acidotic animals adapted appropriately and to a similar extent when challenged by short-term magnesium-restricted diets. Accordingly, elevation of dietary acid intake and systemic acidosis leads to renal magnesium wasting which is due in part to diminished reabsorption in the loop of Henle. However, chronic acidosis does not compromise the renal adaptive response to dietary magnesium restriction.