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The aim of this empirical study of Hongneung Experimental Forest (HEF) was to determine how urban forests in residential areas are being used as restorative environments. A survey (n = 232) based on the Perceived Restorativeness Scale was conducted to analyse how each element of the scale differed based on the user’s characteristics and to identify the relationship between use patterns and psychological restorativeness. Analysis showed that HEF played a role as a restorative environment in a residential area. The extent of stay received the highest score (6.35), followed by being away (5.97), fascination (5.59), and compatibility (5.47), whereas legibility (4.81) received a relatively low score. The differences in psychological restorativeness based on sex, age, visit frequency, and duration of stay were statistically significant. In particular, the psychological restorativeness for housewives and the elderly was greater than that for men. The greater the frequency of regular visits (e.g., 1~2 times per year), the more likely the visitor will stay for approximately 3h. In the midst of social demand for the restorative environments of urban forests that are accessible and available in everyday life, this study is significant in that it examined the effectiveness of urban forests as restorative environments and presented empirical directions from the visitor’s perspective for the planning of urban therapeutic spaces. However, there is a limit to generalizing the psychological restorativeness of urban forests with just the HEF as an example; therefore, future research is warranted to comparatively analyse various spaces.

Although extensive research has been conducted to quantify and map the cultural values of nature and wildlife, there are still many challenges that need to be solved. We propose an approach using blog posts that provide rich narratives and knowledge about place values for assessing cultural ecosystem services (CESs). In this study, blog posts on an urban forest in Korea (Bukhansan) were classified according to different CESs defined by the MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005) through content analysis, while place keywords were quantified and mapped. Consequently, five types of CESs were derived from Bukhansan, whose individual characteristics such as sense of place and aesthetic values in the MA were further subdivided. This relates to the indirect use values that were not sufficiently considered in the existing CES assessment. Indirect use values were found in type 4 and type 5, which accounted for 20% of the CESs in Bukhansan. This is particularly relevant to the location characteristics of Bukhansan, which is adjacent to the city, and its value as an urban forest. Furthermore, semantic relationships of words vectorized by CES type and the occurrence information of place keywords allow for abundant interpretations of people's perceptions and activities. Generally, CESs in mountainous areas, where the scope of activities is limited to traversing nature trails, have similar spatial patterns and physical indicators. However, CESs continue to change with socio-cultural flows, and in this respect, semantic-oriented analysis is more effective in capturing these temporal, spatial, and programmatic features and changes. In conclusion, the use of blog posts for evaluating cultural services can be a compromising alternative to reducing the gap between the quantitative evaluations and the qualitative understanding of the ultimate beneficiaries of the service.

As a city becomes urbanized and achieves high density, urban green space plays an increasingly important role. Urban green space is one of the essential infrastructures in the city. It serves as a healthy and comfortable living environment to urban dwellers as well as its ecological, social and recreational functions. However, it is a difficult task for cities to increase urban green spaces because of expensive land prices and the constant pressure of development. Therefore, the urban green space we already have should be appropriately evaluated and managed to perform to high quality standards.

The aim of this study was to explore and describe the processes of therapeutic effects of the urban forest on middle-aged women by examining their involvement in an urban forest therapy program. The qualitative data used in this study were collected from focus group discussions using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using grounded theory. A core category and four subcategories were created to describe the participants’ psychological changes as a result of the therapy program. “Efforts to recognize self-worth” was chosen as the core category. At first, the participants were unfamiliar with their surroundings when they entered the urban forest with strangers. Gradually, participants’ attitudes toward their external environment shifted to feelings of comfort and calm owing to an increased awareness of the value of the urban forest. After they acquired knowledge of the forest and experienced emotional bonding with each other, their mental attitudes changed; this allowed them to identify with nature and start reflecting about their own lives. They were then able to develop coping abilities that led to self-healing. The findings of the study illustrated the participants’ self-healing processes through interactions with nature, guides, and other group members.

Green spaces provide a variety of ecosystem services. Urban green spaces have particular value because they offer the benefits of cultural services to those living in urban areas. This study analyzed perceptions of cultural ecosystem services in the urban context of Gwacheon, Republic of Korea. We analyzed the cultural services provided by green space by surveying 240 residents of Gwacheon about which green spaces they frequently visit and what their major activities are in these green spaces, in order to find out how green spaces are utilized by urban residents. Since forests and large parks in Gwacheon are easily accessible from downtown areas because of the city structure, they play major roles in providing cultural ecosystem services. This study suggests that people find diverse cultural value in their everyday surroundings, not just in spaces with excellent ecosystems. This study has significant implications because of its quantification of current cultural services by a survey approach.

The term “resilience”, and its panoply of derivations and conjugations, has known unusual popularity in recent times, often associated with sustainability. From a technical point of view, resilience is “the ability of a substance or object to spring back into shape; elasticity”, as per the Oxford Dictionary. In fact, the term is widely used in engineering and physics in order to describe the property of a material or system to quickly recover from a supposed condition of stress. But the first definition from the Oxford Dictionary, and apparently the most used, mainly referred to other meanings such as “the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness”. Therefore, resilience could be associated not only to physical properties, but virtually extended also to complex systems such as the economy, political institutions, ethics, welfare, health, social structures and, undoubtedly, cities and environment even beyond their physical appearance. Therefore, when the built environment is viewed as the highest and longest lasting achievement of human civilization, and the urban environment viewed as the summation of all tangible and intangible values connected with the progress of mankind, the terms “resilient” and “sustainable” sometimes come hand in hand, as if they would be interchangeable, and sometimes face discordant opposition (Garcia & Vale, 2017).

The Green City concept is a concept usually associated with the safety of the environment and puts the environment as an essential aspect in achieving sustainable development. The concept is delivered through different layers of planning and design, covering the micro, meso and macro scales of the city (Shen & Fitriaty, 2018). In response to the tantalising challenges, scholars and practitioners put every effort into creating possible solutions and strategies for obtaining an ideal Green City to be implemented at different city levels. In an attempt to realise such a city, adapted to the green concept, the five articles in this special issue present challenges and strategies across various scales and components of the city and discuss different points of view.

This study explores the impacts of weather on tourist satisfaction and intention to revisit sites utilizing a survey of 1736 domestic tourists in South Korea. This study adds tourists’ perceived quality of weather to a path model that anticipates revisit intention and was originally based on the perceived quality of physical attributes and service, as well as tourist satisfaction. The results of this study show that the perceived quality of weather affects tourist satisfaction and revisit intention directly and indirectly, and that it correlates with the perceived quality of physical attributes and service. It was determined that the impact of weather perception on tourist satisfaction and revisit intention is higher in rainy weather conditions. The results of the study show that to sustain tourist satisfaction and revisit intention, efforts to moderate the negative impacts of uncomfortable weather conditions are required, especially in rainy weather.

From 1970, the concept of ecotourism is introduced, lots of studies in ecotourism appeared. Review these studies are necessary for future ecotourism studies. Some review studies on ecotourism are existed. However, these approach also limitation of subjectivities and some sorts of papers has not been reviewed. This study use keyword network analysis which is used as big data analysis to overcome the limitation. Foreign 2455 studies and domestic 163 studies which have ecotoursim in keywords, are analyzed for reviewing. As a result, 3 cluster(`Sustainable tourism development`, `Ecological conservation`, `Ecotourist analysis` appeared, in ecotourism studies. In addition, this cluster has deep relationship with region. `Sustainable tourism development` is related to Eurasia, Australia, Europe. `Ecological conservation` is related to Africa. `Ecotourism analysis` is related to North America. Especially `Resident participation`, `Stakeholder` are appeared many times in Asia region. These results show that ecotourism studies are interpreted in regional contexts. It means that although only one word `ecotourism` is used in different contexts, regional approach are needed for exact use. In Korea, the keywords are focused on ecotourists and developments. As Korea has lots of ecotour village, resident participation studies have to be supplemented.

Suncheonman-Bay and its surrounding areas play important roles as habitats for migratory birds. However, sustainable management of these areas is difficult because of the development pressure of private lands. Therefore, the areas surrounding Suncheonman-Bay must be classified as additional protected areas; for this, it is necessary to gather concrete and objective evidence and ensure protected area management. Further, compensation measures must be considered when acquiring a private property as an additional protected area. In this study, we distinguish protected areas, such as core, buffer, and transition areas, within a private area by using data from the Winter Waterbird Census of Korea and MARXAN software, a spatial conservation prioritization tool. We applied ecosystem services to apply Payment for Ecosystem services (PES) as compensation measures. Watershed conservation (supply), climate control (regulation), supporting habitats (support), and recreation (culture) etc. were evaluated by calculating the economic value of these ecosystem services. Eastern, western, and northern forests and rice fields of Suncheonman-Bay were shown to have a number of core areas for the preservation of endangered species. The ecosystem service value of the additional protected areas was estimated at 17.5 million KRW/ha/year. We believe that our study result could be used to establish protected areas to preserve major habitats, as well as include areas adjacent to such major habitats that play a vital role in endangered species conservation. In addition, through this study, we highlight the need for an objective basis to establish protected areas.

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exhibit airflow limitation and suboptimal lung function, and they are at high risk of developing postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs). We aimed to determine the factors that would decrease PPC risk in patients with COPD. We retrospectively analyzed 419 patients with COPD who were registered in our institutional PPC database and had undergone an abdominal surgery under general anesthesia. PPCs comprised respiratory failure, pleural effusion, atelectasis, respiratory infection, and bronchospasm, the presence or type of PPC was diagnosed by respiratory physicians and recorded in the database before this study. Binary logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. Of the 419 patients, 121 patients (28.8%) experienced 200 PPCs. Multivariable analysis showed three modifiable anesthetic factors that could decrease PPC risk: low tidal volume ventilation, restricted fluid infusion, and sugammadex-induced neuromuscular blockade reversal. We found that the 90-day mortality risk was significantly greater in patients with PPC than in those without PPC (5.8% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.016). Therefore, PPC risk in patients with COPD can be decreased if low tidal volume ventilation, restricted fluid infusion, and sugammadex-induced reversal during abdominal surgery are efficiently managed, as these factors result in decreased postoperative mortality.

This chapter discusses green roof policies and practices in Korea and introduces a case study of a rooftop garden at Seoul National University. Seoul City has greatly grown since the 1970s and is still expanding through urban development projects. This rapidly developing urban environment makes it very difficult to conserve green spaces. Since the 2000s, Seoul City’s policy has been increasingly concerned with qualitative growth indicators for green and livable cities. Impervious surfaces cover 48% of the total area of Seoul, i.e., the majority of the urbanized area is covered by impervious surfaces. Therefore, green roofs were included in the 2030 Seoul City Park and Green Space Master Plan, because they are a very effective way of increasing the quantity and quality of urban green spaces. Rooftop greening is a very effective way of contributing to green cities, because it is an economical way to utilize the available space. Previous studies on the value and benefit of green roofs in sustainable cities are summarized, and two types of green roofs are described. The first type is a leisure and recreation space to enrich the green culture in the urban environment, where there is a lack of greenery, while the other type has more ecological effects and aims to enhance the environment through greening of artificial grounds. The type of rooftop garden is decided at the beginning of its installation, which can be distinguished by an intensive or extensive system. In this chapter, the case of the Hanul Madang rooftop garden, built at Seoul National University, is introduced as an example of the use, as well as the ecological and cultural values, of rooftops.

Ecotourism needs ecological sensitivity and respect for the ecological culture of local residents. From this perspective, listening to the opinion of local residents, collaborating with the local residents in conjunction with an appropriate governance structure, is of prime importance in ecotourism. However, many ecotourism sites have numerous problems because of conflicts among stakeholders such as local government and local residents. This study investigates the conflicts and the stakeholders’ subjectives in the case of Maha ecotourism site in Pyeongchang-gun, the site of the 2018 Winter Olympic games. Before the analysis, the conflicts seem to be caused by the different attitudes of government officials and local residents’ representatives. From the analysis of subjectives, the difference in attitudes is caused by generation gaps. Young people show relatively uniform attitudes, where different occupation sectors exert little influence. It means that conflicts can be decreased if more opportunities for ...

Korean sixth industrialization policy is similar to that of Japanese such as goal of policy, setup and promotion method of specific policy projects as it benchmarked a Japanese case. First of all, the certification systems of both countries, the most representative policy, are very alike that the governments officially certificate management bodies, prepare the ground for continuous sixth industrialization, devide intermediate support organization into the central unit and regional unit, and have the function of support and control of sixth industrialization management bodies. Furthermore, both countries create fund for sixth industrialization as an investment support policy, and push forward with the phased support policy businesses such as individual support and connected support for management bodies. However, there are some differences between certification systems of both countries such as process-oriented or result-oriented for certification, subtle differences of the role in support organization, and the range and rate of support.

In analyzing the issues of ecotourism, collecting opinions of local residents and participants is an essential process because ecotourism needs to keep ecological sensitivity and respect local residents` ecological lives. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the local participants` attitude in resident-oriented ecotourism. Maha ecotourism site, as a study site, is located in Pyeongchang-gun, one of the twelve ecotourism sites designated by the Ministry of Environment. This site has drawn attention since the local government of Pyeongchang-gun transferred its management right on Maha ecotourism sit to the organization of local residents in 2013. This study uses Q methodology which is the most popular research method in analyzing people`s subjectivity, that is, viewpoint and attitude. This study have found that there are four features in the subjectivities of participants toward ecotourism site: first group is the people who want more autonomous management right of local residents on Maha ecotourism site. Second group is the people who only want to stand by the ecotourism management. Third group is the people who focus on the migration of talented persons into their neighborhood owing to the program. Lastly, fourth group is the people who focus on the quality of the ecotourism program. In case of the second group, though they have negative opinions of the program, they have much interest in successful cases in other countries managed similar programs with Maha ecotourism. It would be effective for the group to have opportunities to experience successful ecotourism cases in other countries. On top of it, having seminars regarding ecotourism or holding community councils frequently would be very helpful for encouraging the second group of people to join in the ecotourism program actively like other groups of people. Supplying more manpower and developing various programs are also necessary in order to support other three groups.

During the past 50 years, there have been strong demands for establishing the North and South Green Network and its eco-corridors to resolve problems of urbanization in Seoul. Following this, from 1994, the Seoul City Government began building ecological paths to re-establish ecological networks. 25 ecocorridors were created between 1994 and 2013 in Seoul, however, the designed eco-corridors presented some problems with biased functions, losing a major objective of eco-corridors which are required to perform as both a citizens’ moving route as well as wildlife passage. In addition, eco-corridors in Seoul, a heavily populated city, are not likely to serve the originally intended functions as well as those in natural areas. Accordingly, to appropriately perform its own function as a moving route for humans and wildlife, ecocorridors in urban areas are required to be comprehensively analysed with consideration of both ecological and pedestrian aspects. Study sites have been selected from the green zone of the Gangnam area. Specifically, it includes Seodal-ro, Sadang-ro, Solbat-ro, and Nambusoonhwan-ro, which form a linking footpath between Seodal mountain neighborhood park, Gachi mountain and Gwanak mountain. This study is to examine some issues of the selected urban eco-corridors, which are supposed to act as moving routes for both humans and animals through analysis of the current situation and usebehavior survey of eco-bridges in Seoul, and to interpret the meaning of ecocorridors in urban areas. Through the results of user behavior analysis of four eco-bridges, on one hand, it is found that the appearance frequency of wild animals is very low and species diversity is quite limited. On the other hand, the frequency of human utilization is very high and the purposes of utilization are varied. As known from these results, eco-bridges in Seoul could have more functions and meanings, not only concentrating on the function as a wildlife passage. This study offers the insight that eco-bridges in Seoul could be considered in a broader sense, focusing on human use rather than focusing on their ecological function in a narrow sense.

Seoul City promotes ‘Urban Agriculture’ by consistently building vegetable garden parks and community vegetable gardens and inviting citizens to participate in the new movement. However, far too little attention has been paid to proper evaluations on the existing spontaneous agricultural lands, despite the fact that some agricultural lands remain neglected or public lands are being illegally used by individuals. Our research area, Gwanak-gu, is a representative case with many spontaneous agricultural lands that carry various risk factors such as that of disaster, environmental pollution, and degradation of the landscape in the city. The purpose of this study is to categorize the types and problems of agricultural lands in Gwanak-gu through a field survey. By using Geographic Information System and satellite images, field surveys and interviews, we showed the current distribution status. As a result, 45 areas of agricultural lands, mainly located around the edges of Mt. Gwanak, were found. The agricultural lands were classified into six categories: three of those, flat Vegetable Garden, Edge Vegetable Garden and Private Weekend Farm, are well managed, while three types, Farm in Forest Edge, Farm in Forest, Shabby Farm, are in poor condition. The study discusses what caused lands to be either well managed or ruined. This study has an objective to discover whether spontaneous agricultural lands have the possibility to become community open spaces.

A two-step annealing method with a low thermal budget is proposed for advanced surface-energy-driven secondary grain growth of Ge films without any agglomeration. In the first-step annealing, the normal grain growth from as-deposited poly-crystalline Ge films was induced to make the grain size equivalent to the film thickness at 800 °C. After the subsequent second-step annealing at 900 °C, the much larger secondary grains were obtained than those by single-step annealing at 900 °C. The possible explanation regarding the final microstructure of the two-step annealed film is proposed. The two-step annealing was able to form the microstructure of Ge thin film with very large-grained matrix without any agglomeration, resulting in higher carrier mobility. Therefore, the proposed two-step annealing is believed to be a promising process applicable for channel formation processes in the next-generation Ge thin film transistors for 3D integrated circuits and vertical NAND flash memories.

Recently, extreme meteorological events have occurred frequently owing to climate change and its influence. Impacts of concentrated precipitation events include the damage caused by landslides. Many areas in Gangwondo (Korea) are located at high elevation and have large elevation differences; these areas are thus at high risk of landslides. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the landslide hazard of the province using representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 and to compare results. This study produced an optimal landslide model for the province through analysis of variables and points of landslide origin. Estimates indicate that the landslide hazard area will increase to 154 km2. The RCP 8.5 scenario showed a larger (by about 59 km2) landslide hazard area than the RCP 4.5 scenario. The uncertainty of climate change scenarios was also explored using statistical values of each scenario period. An overlay analysis (overlay of landslide hazard areas and land cover map) showed that 40.6 % of farmlands would be susceptible to landslides in 2070–2099 (RCP 8.5). Additionally, damage to the alpine agriculture due to landslides was also identified as a critical area. In the RCP 8.5 scenario, the land-use types that occupy more than 20 % of the landslide hazard area are transportation, recreational facilities, and vinyl house for farming. This suggests that casualties from landslides will increase in future. It also highlights a lack of policies to manage development. Therefore, the local government of Gangwondo should consider landslide hazard areas when planning future land uses.

For the purpose of drawing a representative type of utilizing idle farmlands, this study collected and analyzed newspaper articles about cases of utilizing idle farmlands in the past decade using Internet search engines. Prior to this, it clarified a concept of idle farmlands to raise accuracy of searching articles, and selected NAVER as a search engine. It set “idle farmland”, “abandoned land”, and “utilizing” as basic search words in search option, and also set search period from 1st of January in 2004 to 31st of December in 2013. This study primarily searched 1,593 articles, and extracted 165 articles excluding overlapped and unrelated articles. Furthermore, it investigated extracted articles by date, media, headline, content of use, region(province), particular area(city and country), main agent, item and keyword 1, 2, 3 for proper use. This study also examined frequencies by year according to indoor and outdoor environment as well as regional differences through frequencies by regional groups and chronology. Furthermore, it drew a diagram of frequency flow of keyword 2, 3 with each keyword 1 as the central figure in order to draw various types of using idle farmlands. Through the diagrams, this study drew 9 using types such as ①community service. agriculture type, ②high income. agriculture type, ③sightseeing. landscape. agriculture type, ④livestock. agriculture type, ⑤weekend farm type, ⑥high income. woodland type, ⑦ecology. landscape. woodland type, ⑧agricultural work-study type, ⑨ecological environment type.