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This series of code can be used to share emissions/value-added/employment/energy uses/natural resources along Global Value Chains. The input-output tables employed is the WIOD from 1995 to 2014 and ADB-MRIO since 2015. The original emissions data is compiled by our research group, which is available under request.

Video Abstract In the Tao Te Ching, an ancient Chinese classic, it says, “If you are always good at saving things, then you have nothing to throw away.” Here, we propose a method to construct a simple harmonic vibration device using materials that can either be purchased and/or obtained by recycling unwanted household items.

For mechanical resonance suppression, the bi-quad filter is a powerful tool and has been widely used in industrial applications. Compared with the notch filter, the bi-quad filter has one more parameter for notch depth design, which is more suitable for servo systems with nature damping coefficients and limited resonant gains. Usually, the bi-quad filter tuning has three steps, including identification, discretization, and switching process. However, in industrial applications, these three steps still have room for improvement. In this article, three targeted modification methods are proposed. First, an identification method based on the twins-point search is proposed to find out all of the available potential elastic characteristics accurately and quickly, and get the resonant frequency, the rejection bandwidth, and the notch depth for filter design. Then, inspired by the discretization distortion correction of the notch filter, a parameter mapping Tustin method is used to achieve accurate discretization. Furthermore, considering the bi-quad filter's settling time, a “warm-up” buffer strategy prior to the filter switch- on is proposed to smooth the switching process. In the end, the validity and effectiveness of the proposed modification strategies are verified by experimental results.

Energy intensity has been a major assessment indicator in the design of energy saving policies, and it is one of the eight binding indicators of the target responsibility system for officials’ performance evaluation in the 11th Five-Year Plan in China. However, the accuracy of measurement of energy intensity depends to a large extent on the reliability of GDP data. This paper revises the GDP growth rate with nighttime lighting data and recalculates the rate of energy intensity reduction for each province during the 11th Five-Year Plan in China. Our results show that the GDP growth rate of some provinces has been exaggerated. Further, although the energy intensity of all provinces showed a significant downward trend during the 11th Five-Year Plan, some provinces failed to meet the target of energy intensity reduction. These results suggest that when designing energy conservation policies, cross-evaluation indicators should be included to improve the effective implementation of policies.

Carbon leakage has become the core issue of emission trading systems. Using data from Hubei Province, this paper identifies the drawbacks of the prevailing methods for preventing carbon leakage and proposes a new methodology to overcome them, namely, Emission Control Coefficients. In contrast to the common tiered structure method, the Emission Control Coefficients generate a dynamic and continuous emission control coefficient for each industry which will improve the effectiveness and fairness of allowance allocation, set aside sufficient time for the low carbon transformation of industries, and balance the needs to protect competitiveness and decarbonize and are particularly suitable for the emission trading systems of developing counties. This paper makes three main academic contributions: Firstly, it proposes a new indicator, the abatement potential for more effective determining allowance allocation than the prevailing method. Secondly, it better distinguishes industrial differences. Thirdly, it can better respond to the problem of excess allowances that is due to technological advances and trade pattern changes.

Background: Retinopathy of pre-maturity (ROP) is a disorder of the retinal blood vessels in pre-term infants with low birth weight. It is a leading cause of blindness in children. During ROP screening, the use of mydriatic drops and eyelid openers causes pain and discomfort. Pain management strategies include medications and behavioral interventions. The objectives of this study was to investigate the effects of Gentle Human Touch on pain in pre-term infants undergoing screening for ROP.Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 82 infants in the neonatal intensive care unit at Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University who met the ROP screening criteria were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups using the random number table. The infants in the experimental group continuously received Gentle Human Touch during screening, while those in the control group were screened according to the routine procedure. All neonates were administered local eye anesthesia before the screening. The degree of pain was assessed using the Pre-mature Infant Pain Profile score. A double-channel near-infrared spectroscopy device was used to monitor regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2), while oxygen saturation (SaO2) and heart rate were measured using pulse oximetry. The Pre-mature Infant Pain Profile score was the primary outcome, while heart rate, SaO2, and rScO2 were the secondary outcomes.Results: The gestational age, corrected gestational age, birth weight, and Apgar score at examination and the basal heart rate, SaO2, and rScO2 showed no significant intergroup differences (P > 0.05 for all). Both groups demonstrated significant decreases in SaO2 and rScO2 in response to the examination (P < 0.05 for all). During the examination, the Pre-mature Infant Pain Profile score (14.82 ± 3.22 vs. 9.29 ± 2.89, respectively; P < 0.05) was significantly higher in the control group than in the experimental group, while rScO2 (57.61 ± 3.51 vs. 54.76 ± 4.54%, respectively; P < 0.05) and SaO2 (91.89 ± 6.43 vs. 85.68 ± 8.31%; P < 0.05) were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. There was no significant difference in heart rate changes between the two groups before and after the examination (182.60 ± 3.50 vs. 170.80 ± 3.50 time/min; P > 0.05).Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that Gentle Human Touch can effectively alleviate pain during ROP screening in pre-mature infants.Clinical Trial Registration: ISRCTN10976481, Registered 06 March 2020, Retrospectively registered.

We transform the second ordinary differential Van Der Pol equation into the first order differential equation system. By this system, we construct an unconstraint optimization problem. Moreover, we give a Rounge-Kutta based Bat algorithm to solve this optimization problem. The numerical experiment shows that the given algorithm solves the optimization effectively.

We rewrite the Foppl-Hencky equation as an unconstrained optimization, and then solve the equation by an optimization algorithm. The optimization algorithm is constructed by combining the intelligent algorithms with an numerical algorithm for different equation. We give three numerical experiments, and the simulation results show that the Rounge-Kutta method based particle swarm optimization algorithm solves the equation very well.

© 2018, Springer Nature B.V. Climate risks have significant economic impacts on the various sectors of an economy through direct and indirect channels. When aggregated, their impact can be underestimated or overestimated. This paper examines the impact of five types of climate risks on 47 sectors in China from 2000 to 2014 through the application of a threshold model. We find that: (1) the impact of the integrated climate risks index on sector output is linear. While rainstorms show a U-shaped relationship with output, the other four types of risks—droughts, typhoons, high temperatures and low temperatures freezing—have an inverted U-shaped relationship. (2) Climate risks indirectly influence sector output through capital stock in a significantly positive way. (3) The proportion of intermediate inputs leads to significant differences in the impact of climate risks on sectors. The results suggest that climate policies need to be sector- and risk-specific, as well as dynamic.

The environmental pollution caused by resource extraction will crowd out other factors for economic growth, thus undermining the economic growth and sustainable development of resource-based cities. Based on the panel data of 273 cities in China from 2003 to 2016, we analyze the correlation and mechanism between environmental pollution and resource extraction through a mediating effect model. The empirical results show that both resource extraction and environmental pollution have significant inhibitory effects on regional long-term economic development. The negative impact of resource extraction on long-term economic development is partly caused by environmental pollution. Especially for resource-based cities, environmental pollution is the main source of resource curse. We suggest that at the national level, the state should formulate the resources exploitation plan reasonably without breaking through the ecological carrying capacity and accelerate the improvement of the audit system of natural resources and build a resource information sharing platform to make the processes of resources exploitation more specific and transparent. At the city level, environmental improvement should be regarded as an important channel of urban sustainable development to enhance urban economic innovation and competitiveness.

Financial innovation plays a crucial role in driving green innovation. Using patent data of 20 manufacturing industries and financial innovation data in 23 OECD countries from 1994 to 2009, this paper studies the impacts of financial innovation on green innovation from mechanism and empirical analysis. Our results show that financial innovation can significantly promote green innovation in industries that are more high-tech intensive. Using the mediation effect model, we find that the impact of financial innovation on industries’ green innovation is achieved by improving financial intermediaries’ ability to screen information. Then we find that although financial innovation has no obvious impact on the proportion of green innovation, it shows promotion effect in countries with stricter environmental regulations and lower degree of banking competition, as well as in industries with higher energy-intensity. Moreover, our study reveals that the promotion effect of financial innovation on green innovation is more significant among alternative energy innovation.

Carbon leakage caused by unbalanced climate policy constraints seriously damages the process of global climate governance. As far as developing countries are concerned, carbon leakage through investment is a more urgent issue. Based on firm level data, we employ PSM-DID to evaluate the impact of China’s pilot ETSs on firm's outward direct investment decision. The empirical results prove that ETS has accelerated both the depth and breadth of outward direct investment from China. The Belt and Road Initiative has facilitated carbon leakage through investment. The host countries without ETS are more attractive than belonging to Belt and Road countries for China's OFDI. The firm's production efficiency, ownership, and marketization level of home region also have important impacts on carbon leakage. China should fully consider carbon leakage in progress of formulating national emissions trading system and actively promote the construction of a green Belt and Road through carbon market linking.

As for mechanical resonance suppression, the online adjustable bi-quad filter is a powerful method and has been widely used in industrial applications. Compared with the notch filter, the bi-quad filter has one more parameter for notch depth design, which is more suitable for servo systems with nature damping coefficient and limited resonant gain. However, this classic method still has room for improvement. Usually, the adjustable bi-quad filter has two steps, including fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analysis, and filter tuning. In this paper, concerning these two steps mentioned above, two targeted modification strategies are proposed. Firstly, a single-phase MIT (SM/T) method is used to remove the certain noise cluster of the FFT result. Then, inspired by the discretization distortion correction of the notch filter, a similar method is designed to avoid that the bi-quad filter becomes inaccurate when the central notch frequency is close to the Nyquist frequency. In the end, the validity and effectiveness of aforementioned analysis and strategies are verified by experimental results.

Nowadays, the System on Chip (SoC) based multi-axis control drive integration platform has been a good alternative to the classic distributed servo system structure. Compared with the distributed structure, the integration structure can reduce the manufacturing cost, achieve a faster internal information sharing, and has richer resources of multi-class chips. Hence, SoC-based integration platforms have greater potential and better control performance. In this paper an easy-to-follow SoC-based multi-axis control-drive integration platform design method is presented at first. The hardware design and software structure are discussed in detail. Then, based on the SoC-based platform, several control performance improvement strategies are listed out to verify the advantages of the SoC-based integration platform. The results of the analyses and experiments show that SoC-based integration servo system structure can be a good technology carrier for the advanced servo system in future.

In this paper, the servo system mechanical drive is analyzed, flexible beam vibration will cause end point trajectory distortion. Simplify the flexible beam load as a second-order system, which is a low frequency light damped vibration system, the ZVD input shaper which is very suitable for vibration suppression of low frequency light damping system is adopted. Due to the different vibration frequencies and damping coefficients of the X-Y platform flexible load, the X-axis and Y-axis input shapers cause different command lags, which can cause trajectory distortion. The adaptive feedforward controller based on phase angle error is used to solve trajectory distortion problem. Combined with the input shaper and adaptive feedforward control based on phase error, it can solve the vibration suppression of X-axis and Y-axis flexible load with different vibration characteristics, and can guarantee the track accuracy. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithms is verified by simulation.

The specific function of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a new plant growth regulator, in modulating root growth of plants and the mechanisms underlying ALA-regulated root growth are largely unknown. Here, Arabidopsis seedlings were photographed and collected before and after ALA or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) treatment for determination of root growth, fluorescence intensities of PIN1, PIN2, PIN7, and DR5, and gene expression levels of auxin synthesis, signaling, and transport. We first demonstrated that ALA significantly promoted Arabidopsis primary root elongation. We also found that TIBA, an auxin polar transport inhibitor, inhibited ALA-promoted root elongation, indicating that auxin transport is involved in ALA-regulated root growth. Then, the observations of PIN1, PIN2, and PIN7 at protein and transcript levels suggest that ALA improves auxin transport mainly through regulating auxin efflux carriers. Furthermore, the expression patterns of auxin-responsive reporter DR5rev:GFP were not correlated well with the expression of YUC2, a key biosynthetic gene of auxin, but were consistent with changes of PIN1, PIN2, and PIN7. In addition, ALA did not affect the gene expression of auxin receptor, TRANSPORT-INHIBITOR-RESISTANT1 (TIR1). Taken together, we conclude that ALA promotes primary root elongation of young Arabidopsis seedlings mainly through improving auxin transport. Our data suggest the reciprocal interaction between ALA and auxin, providing new insights into the mechanisms underlying ALA-promoted plant root growth.

To explore the mechanisms of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-improved plant salt tolerance, strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. 'Benihoppe') were treated with 10 mg l-1 ALA under 100 mmol l-1 NaCl stress. We found that the amount of Na+ increased in the roots but decreased in the leaves. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) observations showed that ALA-induced roots had more Na+ accumulation than NaCl alone. Measurement of the xylem sap revealed that ALA repressed Na+ concentrations to a large extent. The electron microprobe X-ray assay also confirmed ALA-induced Na+ retention in roots. qRT-PCR showed that ALA upregulated the gene expressions of SOS1 (encoding a plasma membrane Na+ /H+ antiporter), NHX1 (encoding a vacuolar Na+ /H+ antiporter) and HKT1 (encoding a protein of high-affinity K+ uptake), which are associated with Na+ exclusion in the roots, Na+ sequestration in vacuoles and Na+ unloading from the xylem vessels to the parenchyma cells, respectively. Furthermore, we found that ALA treatment reduced the H2 O2 content in the leaves but increased it in the roots. The exogenous H2 O2 promoted plant growth, increased root Na+ retention and stimulated the gene expressions of NHX1, SOS1 and HKT1. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of H2 O2 generation, suppressed the effects of ALA or H2 O2 on Na+ retention, gene expressions and salt tolerance. Therefore, we propose that ALA induces H2 O2 accumulation in roots, which mediates Na+ transporter gene expression and more Na+ retention in roots, thereby improving plant salt tolerance.

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd With increasing concerns over climate change and the global consensus regarding low carbon growth, the transition of resource-based regions has become urgent and challenging. We employ a Slacks-Based Measure with windows analysis approach to estimate the carbon emissions efficiency and abatement potential of China's provinces over the period of 2003–2016. A panel Tobit model is further employed to analyze the direct and indirect effects of natural resource abundance on emissions efficiency. We find that: (1) There exists a negative correlation between resource abundance and carbon emissions efficiency. The more abundant the resources, the lower the emissions efficiency. (2) Although emissions efficiency and abatement potential are generally negatively correlated, abatement potential also depends on the scale of the economy. (3) Resource dependence is unfavourable for the rationalization and advancement of the industrial structure, which indirectly affects the carbon emissions efficiency. These findings imply that resource-based regions should make the improvement of emissions efficiency and the exploration of abatement potential as their top priority of actions for a low-carbon transition, and promote the transformation of industrial structure in order to obtain a double dividend in sustainable development and carbon emissions efficiency.