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Abstract With the continuous growth of electricity demand, the safe and stable operation of distribution lines is crucial for power transportation. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) inspection has been widely used for the maintenance and repair of distribution lines. Due to the limitations of computational power and endurance, it is difficult for UAVs to independently complete data processing. Combined with mobile edge computing (MEC), this paper proposes a computing offloading strategy based on multi‐agent reinforcement learning and double‐layer offloading mechanism, which can further utilize the computing power of non‐task devices and edge servers. Firstly, three‐layer system architecture, named MEC‐U‐NTDC (MEC‐UAV‐Non‐task Device Cloud), is built. Secondly, double‐layer offloading mechanism is designed to comprehensively utilize the computing power of edge servers and neighbouring non‐task devices. Finally, a multi‐agent algorithm DLMQMIX is proposed to minimize the total cost for UAV inspection. Simulation experiments show that the proposed algorithm can effectively solve the task offloading problem of UAV‐aided distribution line inspection, and compared with algorithms such as PSO, GA, and QMIX, it performs better in terms of average delay, system cost, and load balancing, achieving a smaller total system cost.

To address the issue of spatial resolution limitations in traditional Brillouin optical time-domain analysis systems due to phonon lifetime constraints, we employed pre-pumped pulse technology. Additionally, to mitigate the double-peak phenomenon observed in pre-pumped Brillouin optical time-domain analysis systems, we implemented a two-sided band interference method to reduce the linewidth of the double-peak fitting. We conducted bending measurements on three eccentric cores and intermediate cores spaced 120° apart. Our results demonstrate that the system described in this paper can achieve a spatial resolution of 30 cm, with bimodal linewidths of 23.1 MHz and 16.0 MHz. Using the parallel transmission frame algorithm, we determined the curvature of a seven-core fiber with a curvature diameter of approximately 10 cm to be 20.67 m−1, with an error margin of 3.2%.

AbstractAn all fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometric (MZI) sensor for measuring temperature and refractive index (RI) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The proposed sensor is fabricated with a coreless–few mode–coreless fiber structure. Variations in ambient temperature and RI cause changes in phase differences between the fundamental mode and the higher-order modes, leading to shifts in interference spectrum. The two resonance dips shifts within the wavelength spectrum are used to investigate the temperature and RI characteristics of the sensor. Experimental results show that the two dips have different responses to temperature and RI, indicating that the sensor can realize simultaneous measurement of temperature and RI; the maximum sensing sensitivities are 0.0739 nm/°C and −25.29 nm/RIU, respectively. The proposed sensor has potential applications in physical, biological, and chemical sensing owing to its low cost, good linearity, and simple fabrication.

Rayleigh Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) uses the backscattered Rayleigh light generated in the fiber as the probe light, which has a lower detection light intensity compared to the BOTDA technique. As a result, its temperature-sensing technology suffers from a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and severe sensing unreliability due to the influence of the low probe signal and high noise level. The pulse coding and LMD denoising method are applied to enhance the performance of the Brillouin frequency shift detection and temperature measurement. In this study, the mechanism of Rayleigh BOTDA based on a few-mode fiber (FMF) is investigated, the principles of the Golay code and local mean decomposition (LMD) algorithm are analyzed, and the experimental setup of the Rayleigh BOTDA system using an FMF is constructed to analyze the performance of the sensing system. Compared with a single pulse of 50 ns, the 32-bit Golay coding with a pulse width of 10 ns improves the spatial resolution to 1 m. Further enhanced by the LMD algorithm, the SNR and temperature measurement accuracy are increased by 5.5 dB and 1.05 °C, respectively. Finally, a spatial resolution of 1.12 m and a temperature measurement accuracy of 2.85 °C are achieved using a two-mode fiber with a length of 1 km.

Accelerating the dissolution rate of lime in converter slag at the initial stage of steelmaking is conducive to the rapid slagging. In this work, partially calcined limestone with a core–shell structure was prepared, and the dissolution behaviors of lime, partially calcined limestone bearing ∼28 wt% CO2, and limestone in converter slag were studied. The results showed that the formation of 2CaO·SiO2 layer slows down the dissolution of lime. Different from lime, the CO2 bubbles produced by the limestone decomposition could destroy the 2CaO·SiO2 layer and accelerate the dissolutions of limestone and partially calcined limestone. Compared with limestone, the slag temperature drop near the surface is less, and no stagnation stage occurs during the dissolution of partially calcined limestone due to the existence of decomposed lime surface layer. The most rapid dissolution rate and the higher substitution ratio of lime imply that the partially calcined limestone slagging mode would be more promising than limestone and lime.

An all-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometric (MZI) sensor for measuring temperature and refractive index (RI) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A high sensitivity balloon-like mode interferometer is fabricated with a twin-core and twin-hole fiber (TCTHF). The variations in ambient temperature and RI cause changes in phase differences between the modes, leading to shifts in the interference spectrum. The two resonance dip wavelength shifts within the spectrum are used to investigate the temperature and RI characteristics of the sensor. Experimental results show that the two dips have different responses to temperature and RI, indicating that the sensor can realize simultaneous measurement of temperature and RI. The obtained maximum sensing sensitivities are 0.051 nm/°C and 423.168 nm/RIU. The proposed sensor has potential applications in physical, biological, and chemical sensing owing to its high sensitivity, low cost, and small size.

Summary Wound infection is a challenging clinical problem that imposes substantial economic and psychological burdens on patients. However, the wound covered by a dressing is in an ‘unknown’ state. Recently, researchers have focused on understanding the condition of the wound without removing the dressing. Here, we presented a flexible integrated sensing platform (FISP) that can monitor multiple indicators, including local temperature. The platform consists of a flexible sensor chip (FSC), a controlled printed circuit board (CPCB) and a customized application installed on a smartphone that can receive and display data from the sensor chip through Bluetooth Low Energy 4.0 (BLE4.0) and upload real‐time wound information. This device exhibits satisfactory measurement accuracy, stability, durability, skin compliance and biocompatibility. It was applied to infected wounds on the back of rabbits to reveal the temperature changes characteristic of wounds infected with different bacteria, and this information was compared with the changes in the core body temperature of animals. We found differences in the temperature among wounds infected with different pathogens and the temperature of the wound infection occurred earlier than the change in anal temperature. The combined application of the FISP and dressings might help identify the ‘unknown’ state of wounds in the clinic.

The characteristics of optical fiber MEMS pressure sensors are easily affected by temperature, so effective temperature compensation can improve the accuracy of the sensor. In this paper, the temperature characteristics of optical fiber MEMS pressure sensors are studied, and a temperature compensation method by converting the wavelength is proposed. The influence of target temperature and data point selection on the compensation effect is studied, and the effectiveness of the method is verified by the temperature compensation of sensors before and after aging. When the converted target temperature is 25 °C, the pressure measurement accuracy of the sensor is improved from 1.98% F.S. to 0.38% F.S. within the range of 5–45 and 0–4 MPa. The method proposed in this paper can not only improve the accuracy but also make the regular calibration more operable.

Prolonged chronic wound healing not only places great stress on patients but also increase the health care burden. Fortunately, the emergence of tissue-engineered dressings has provided a potential solution for these patients. Recently, the relationship between the wound microenvironment and wound healing has been gradually clarified. Therefore, the state of wounds can be roughly ascertained by monitoring the microenvironment in real time. Here, we designed a three-layer integrated smart dressing, including a biomimetic nanofibre membrane, microenvironment sensor and β-cyclodextrin-containing gelatine methacryloyl (GelMA + β-cd) UV-crosslinked hydrogel. The hydrogel helped increase the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) to promote neovascularization and wound healing. The microenvironment sensor, combined with the biological dressings, exhibited satisfactory measurement accuracy, stability, durability and biocompatibility. A BLE4.0 antenna was used to receive, display and upload wound microenvironment data in real time. Such integrated smart dressings can not only achieve biological functions but also monitor changes in the wound microenvironment in real time. These dressings can overcome the challenge of not knowing the state of the wound during the healing process and provide support for clinical work.

A stabilized narrow-linewidth random fiber laser for strain detection, based on a three-grating ring (TGR) resonator and half-open-cavity structure, is proposed and investigated experimentally. The half-open-cavity structure proved to provide double optical gain of erbium-doped fiber, which was beneficial to increase the photon lifetime as well as further narrow the linewidth. Meanwhile, the stability and frequency noise of narrow lasing output was improved by suppressing the competition-induced undesired residual random lasing modes with the TGR resonator. The TGR resonator is composed of a double-cavity fiber Bragg grating Fabry–Perot (FBG-FP) interferometer, a section of single-mode fiber, and a circulator. The specially designed double-cavity FBG-FP interferometer embedded in the TGR resonator acted as the strain-sensing element and improved the resolution of the dynamic strain. A stable ultra-narrow linewidth of about 205 Hz was obtained. The frequency noise was reduced to about 2 Hz/√Hz. A high dynamic strain measuring resolution of 35 femto-strain (fε)/√Hz was achieved.

Conventional single-mode fiber (SMF) Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry (BOTDR) suffers from a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and severe sensing reliability due to the influence of the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold and bend loss. In this study, a simple and low-cost distributed sensing structure, with a single-mode input fiber alignment fusion and a 50 μm diameter graded index multimode sensing fiber, is designed, and the SNR characteristic is investigated. Through theoretical derivation and experimental verification, a higher SNR and excellent bending resistance are realized in BOTDR. The experimentally measured improvements in the SNR of the proposed sensing structure over the SMF at the beginning and end of a 5 km fiber are 2.5 dB and 1.3 dB, respectively. The minimum bending radius of the sensing structure is 2.25 mm, which is much better than that of the SMFs. The bidirectional optical losses between the SMF and the 50 μm graded index multimode fiber are measured by a simple experiment system and are 0.106 dB and 1.35 dB, respectively. The temperature-sensing characteristics of the sensing structure are measured by the self-built frequency-shift local heterodyne BOTDR sensor, and the measured temperature sensitivity and accuracy are 0.946 MHz/℃ and 1 ℃, respectively. The design provides a reference for BOTDR with a high SNR and has great potential for structural safety and health monitoring of infrastructures.

Mobile edge computing (MEC) has the potential to realize intensive applications in 5G networks. Through migrating intensive tasks to edge servers, MEC can expand the computing power of wireless networks. Fifth generation networks need to meet service requirements, such as wide coverage, high capacity, low latency and low power consumption. Therefore, the network architecture of MEC combined with ultra-dense networks (UDNs) will become a typical model in the future. This paper designs a MEC architecture in a UDN, which is our research background. First, the system model is established in the UDN, and the optimization problems is proposed. Second, the action classification (AC) algorithm is utilized to filter the effective action in Q-learning. Then, the optimal computation offloading strategy and resource allocation scheme are obtained using a deep reinforcement learning-based AC algorithm, which is known as the DQN-AC algorithm. Finally, the simulation experiments show that the proposed DQN-AC algorithm can effectively reduce the system weighted cost compared with the full local computation algorithm, full offloading computation algorithm and Q-learning algorithm.

BackgroundThe administration of second- or third-generation anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has remarkably improved the survival of patients with relapsed or refractory B cell malignancies. However, there are limited clinical results from fourth-generation CAR-T cell therapy, and the factors affecting response rate and survival have not been fully determined.MethodsLymphoma patients with progression or relapse after intensive treatments, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and life expectancy >2 months were enrolled in the study. Peripheral lymphocytes were collected through apheresis, and magnetically selected T cells were lentivirally transduced with a 4th-generation CAR featuring an anti-CD19 CAR and the iCasp9 suicide switch (4SCAR19). The patients received 4SCAR19 T cell infusion after approximately seven days of expansion and a conditioning regimen comprising cyclophosphamide/fludarabine. The efficacy, safety, and risk factors were evaluated.ResultsA total of 21 patients with relapsed/refractory B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma were enrolled and received 4SCAR19 T cell infusions at a median dose of 8.9×105 CAR-T cells/kg. The overall response rate was 67% [95% confidence interval (CI), 43 to 85], with 43% of patients achieving a complete response and 24% having a partial response. The overall and complete response rates were 58 and 33% in the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) group and 78 and 56% in the non-DLBCL group, respectively. The median overall survival was 23.8 months (95% CI, not reached), with a median follow-up of 13.7 months. Factors affecting overall survival were International Prognostic Index (IPI), disease type, and remission status after CAR-T cell treatment. The most common adverse events of grade 3 or 4 during treatment were neutropenia (76%), leukopenia (71%), and thrombocytopenia (29%). The incidence of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) was 14%, and all cases were grade 1. One patient developed grade 3 neurotoxicity. No deaths were attributed to infusion of 4SCAR19 T cells, CRS, or neurotoxicity.ConclusionsIn this study, patients with relapsed or refractory B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma who received 4SCAR19 T cell therapy had durable responses and few of adverse events. The IPI model is suitable for evaluating the prognosis of patients receiving CAR-T cell therapy.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn): ChiCTR-OOC-16007779.

The effect of micro-morphology of resistive strain gauges on gauge factor was investigated numerically and experimentally. Based on the observed dimensional parameters of various commercial resistive strain gauges, a modeling method had been proposed to reconstruct the rough sidewall on the sensitive grids. Both the amplitude and period of sidewall profiles are normalized by the sensitive grid width. The relative resistance change of the strain gauge model with varying sidewall profiles was calculated. The results indicate that the micro-morphology on the sidewall profile led to the deviation of the relative resistance change and the decrease in gauge factor. To verify these conclusions, two groups of the strain gauge samples with different qualities of sidewall profiles have been manufactured, and both their relative resistance changes and gauge factors were measured by a testing apparatus for strain gauge parameters. It turned out that the experimental results are also consistent with the simulations. Under the loading strain within 1000 μm/m, the average gauge factors of these two groups of samples are 2.126 and 2.106, respectively, the samples with rougher profiles have lower values in gauge factors. The reduction in the gauge factor decreases the sensitivity by 2.0%. Our work shows that the sidewall micro-morphology on sensitive grids plays a role in the change of the gauge factor. The observed phenomena help derive correction methods for strain gauge measurements and predict the measurement errors coming from the local and global reinforcement effects.

Creep behavior and fatigue life are important performance indexes that affect the long-term stability of resistive strain gauges. The resistive strain gauges, fabricated with wet etching and resistance trimming, present micro-morphology such as textures and uneven edges on the surface and side-wall profile of sensitive grids. This paper observed the micro-morphology of the sensitive grids by microscope and analyzed its range of geometric dimensions. A sine function was used to establish equivalent geometric models for the surface textures and side-wall profile. Based on time hardening theory and the S–N curve, the dependence of micro-morphology of metal resistive strain gauges on creep behavior and fatigue life was studied. The results indicate that the roughness of micro-morphology has an influence on creep behavior and fatigue life. The surface textures and side-wall profile lead to the increase of creep strain and the decrease of fatigue life in varying degrees. When 60% of the ultimate stress of the strain gauges is loaded, the average creep strain in steady-state calculated by the maximum roughness of the side-wall profile reaches up to 6.95 times that of the perfect flat surface. Under the condition of loading 70% of the ultimate stress and the same roughness, the fatigue life led by side-wall profile could be reduced to 1/25 of the textured surface. The obtained achievements promote an understanding for optimizing the fabrication process of resistive strain gauges as well as developing high-precision and long-life force sensors.

Band selection has imposed great impacts on hyperspectral image processing in recent years. Unfortunately, few existing methods are proposed for hyperspectral underwater target detection (HUTD). In this paper, a novel unsupervised band selection method is proposed for HUTD by embedding the bathymetric model into the band selection process. Considering the dependence between targets and background, a bathymetric latent spectral representation learning scheme is designed to investigate a physically meaningful subspace where the desired targets are the most distinguishable from the background. This calculated subspace is exploited as a reference to select out desired bands based on the spectral distance metric. Then, we propose an iteration-based band subset generation strategy for the sake of promoting the diversity of the band selection results and taking full advantage of the ample spectral information. Moreover, a representative band selection approach based on sparse representation is also conducted to eliminate the redundant information among adjacent bands. The band selection result is eventually achievable by connecting the representative bands of all the band subsets. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method in comparison with state-of-the-art band selection methods.

Resistance strain force sensors have been applied to monitor the strains in various parts and structures for industrial use. Here, we review the working principles, structural forms, and fabrication processes for resistance strain gauges. In particular, we focus on recent developments in resistance stress transfer for resistance strain force sensors and the creep effect due to sustained loads and/or temperature variations. Various error compensation methods to reduce the creep effect are analyzed to develop a metrology standard for resistance strain force sensors. Additionally, the current status of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), silicon carbide (SiC), gallium nitride (GaN), and other wide band gap semiconductors for a wide range of strain sensors are reviewed. The technical requirements and key issues of resistance strain force sensors for future applications are presented.

Metal corrosion is of worldwide concern because it is the cause of major economic losses, and because it creates significant safety issues. The mechanism of the corrosion process, as influenced by bacteria, has been studied extensively. However, the bacterial communities that create the biofilms that form on metals are complicated, and have not been well studied. This is why we sought to analyze the composition of bacterial communities living on steel structures, together with the influence of ecological factors on these communities. The corrosion samples were collected from rust layers on steel plates that were immersed in seawater for two different periods at Sanya and Xiamen, China. We analyzed the bacterial communities on the samples by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bacteria fell into 13 phylotypes (similarity level = 97%). Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla, accounting for 88.84% of the total. Deltaproteobacteria, Clostridia and Gammaproteobacteria were the dominant classes, and accounted for 70.90% of the total. Desulfovibrio spp., Desulfobacter spp. and Desulfotomaculum spp. were the dominant genera and accounted for 45.87% of the total. These genera are sulfate-reducing bacteria that are known to corrode steel. Bacterial diversity on the 6 months immersion samples was much higher than that of the samples that had been immersed for 8 years (P < 0.001, Student’s t-test). The average complexity of the biofilms from the 8-years immersion samples from Sanya was greater than those from Xiamen, but not significantly so (P > 0.05, Student’s t-test). Overall, the data showed that the rust layers on the steel plates carried many bacterial species. The bacterial community composition was influenced by the immersion time. The results of our study will be of benefit to the further studies of bacterial corrosion mechanisms and corrosion resistance.

The strain transfer characteristics of resistance strain gauge are theoretically investigated. A resistance strain-type transducer is modeled to be a four-layer and two-glue (FLTG) structure model, which comprises successively the surface of an elastomer sensitive element, a ground adhesive glue, a film substrate layer, an upper adhesive glue, a sensitive grids layer, and a polymer cover. The FLTG model is studied in elastic–mechanical shear lag theory, and the strain transfer progress in a resistance strain-type transducer is described. The strain transitional zone (STZ) is defined and the strain transfer ratio (STR) of the FLTG structure is formulated. The dependences of the STR and STZ on both the dimensional sizes of the adhesive glue and structural parameters are calculated. The results indicate that the width, thickness and shear modulus of the ground adhesive glue have a greater influence on the STZ ratio. To ensure that the resistance strain gauge has excellent strain transfer performance and low hysteresis, it is recommended that the paste thickness should be strictly controlled, and the STZ ratio should be less than 10%. Moreover, the STR strongly depends on the length and width of the sensitive grids.

Integration of different energy networks will increase additional flexibility to system operation. The key component in such a coupled infrastructure is the energy router, which plays an important role in energy transition and storage to smoothing the prediction error both in renewables and load. The router has the multi-carrier energy generation capability, and builds physical linkages among the power network, heat network, and other networks in the micro energy internet. The economic dispatch problem of the micro energy internet is formulated as a bi-objective optimization problem. Golden section search method is adopted to locate a compromising solution in the sense of Nash Bargaining. Case studies on a typical test system verify the effectiveness of the proposed bi-objective dispatch model and solution method.

In this paper, four kinds of block diffraction models were proposed on the basis of the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction, and these models were validated by experiments with 45 GHz millimeter wave in the laboratory. The results are in agreement with the theoretical analysis. Some errors exist in the measurement results because of the unsatisfactory experimental environment. Single conducting cylindrical block measurement error was less than 0.5 dB, and single man block measurement error in the school laboratory was less than 1 dB, while in the factory laboratory environment, the peak to peak error reached 1.6 dB. Human body block attenuation was about 5.9–9.2 dB lower than that of the single conducting cylinder. A human body and a conducting cylinder were used together as a block in model (c) and model (d), but the positions of the cylinder in the two models were different. The measurement results showed that the attenuation of model (d) is about 3 dB higher than that of model (c).

A useful method for eliminating the detrimental effect of laser frequency instability on Brillouin signals by employing the self-heterodyne detection of Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering is presented. From the analysis of Brillouin scattering spectra from fibers with different lengths measured by heterodyne detection, the maximum usable pulse width immune to laser frequency instability is obtained to be about 4 µs in a self-heterodyne detection Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer (BOTDR) system using a broad-band laser with low frequency stability. Applying the self-heterodyne detection of Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering in BOTDR system, we successfully demonstrate that the detrimental effect of laser frequency instability on Brillouin signals can be eliminated effectively. Employing the broad-band laser modulated by a 130-ns wide pulse driven electro-optic modulator, the observed maximum errors in temperatures measured by the local heterodyne and self-heterodyne detection BOTDR systems are 7.9 °C and 1.2 °C, respectively.

Abstract Background Despite centuries of traditional use of silymarin for hepatoprotection, current randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies on the effectiveness of silymarin in managing metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are limited and inconclusive, particularly when it is administered alone. The low bioavailability of silymarin highlights the possible influence of gut microbiota on the effectiveness of silymarin; however, no human studies have investigated this aspect. Objective To determine the potential efficacy of silymarin in improving MASLD indicators and to investigate the underlying mechanisms related to gut microbiota. Method In this 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 83 patients with MASLD were randomized to either placebo (n = 41) or silymarin (103.2 mg/d, n = 42). At 0, 12, and 24 weeks, liver stiffness and hepatic steatosis were assessed using FibroScan, and blood samples were gathered for biochemical detection, while faecal samples were collected at 0 and 24 weeks for 16S rRNA sequencing. Results Silymarin supplementation significantly reduced liver stiffness (LSM, -0.21 ± 0.17 vs. 0.41 ± 0.17, P = 0.015) and serum levels of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT, -8.21 ± 3.01 vs. 1.23 ± 3.16, P = 0.042) and ApoB (-0.02 ± 0.03 vs. 0.07 ± 0.03, P = 0.023) but had no significant effect on the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), other biochemical indicators (aminotransferases, total bilirubin, glucose and lipid parameters, hsCRP, SOD, and UA), physical measurements (DBP, SBP, BMI, WHR, BF%, and BMR), or APRI and FIB-4 indices. Gut microbiota analysis revealed increased species diversity and enrichment of Oscillospiraceae in the silymarin group. Conclusion These findings suggest that silymarin supplementation could improve liver stiffness in MASLD patients, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota. Trial registration The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2200059043).

A physical mechanics simulation experiment is one of the important technical methods to study the inoculation mechanism and development laws of coal and gas outburst. A new type of coal and gas outburst simulation system has been developed, aiming at developing an advanced experimental design scheme with the help of existing advanced monitoring technology, combined with specific gas geology conditions, to realize the simulation of coal and gas outburst phenomenon in complex scenes, and to promote the study of coal and gas outburst mechanism. The physical mechanics simulation system consists of following seven parts: stress loading subsystem, test chamber subsystem, power traction subsystem, gas pressure control subsystem, induced equipment subsystem, simulated roadway subsystem, and measurement and control subsystem. The design of each subsystem has been improved to different degrees, and the whole system has formed a landmark innovation. The simulation system has the following characteristics: ① the high load loading and unloading function of the three-axis synchronous continuous non-uniform loading technical equipment is improved. The specimen loading is done by 10 independent indenters in X, Y, and Z directions. The size of the experimental chamber is 400 mm × 400 mm × 1200 mm, the maximum load strength is 25 MPa, and the maximum closed gas pressure is 6.0 MPa. Each of the above 10 indenters can operate asynchronously or synchronously for loading or unloading tasks according to instructions, and horizontal stress loading and unloading layered processing function is implemented. ② An integrated process of systematic sample preparation, sample packing, sealing, and loading has been formed completely. The experimental chamber is designed as a new type of split structure, and the dynamic traction system is used to assist the experimental chamber to complete the molding, stress loading and material handling, and the translation amount of the chamber structure is controlled accurately. ③ The four kinds of technologies for inducing coal and gas outburst are integrated and applied in the same simulation platform, and some equipment functional innovations are realized, such as the test chamber, the pressure relief window, etc. Many kinds of technology and equipment have been successfully developed, as original innovation products, the dynamic technology and the drilling equipment have been verified by the experimental simulation. ④ The design innovation of key device structure is realized. The problems of stress concentration and high pressure gas leakage under synchronous loading are solved by the design of double-layer steel plate chamber structure. The experimental efficiency is improved by the structural optimization of the launching cavity, the safety of the simulation system is significantly improved by the design of the pipe end structure, a combination of soft and hard material pipe structure, and the variable diameter drilling technology has achieved the engineering application of the Rouleauxs triangle theory. ⑤ Simulation test precision is generated by multivariate information. Advanced data acquisition systems (stress, gas pressure, temperature, etc.) and monitoring technology equipment including acoustic emission and high-speed cameras are used to achieve multi-data monitoring of coal and gas outburst. ⑥ The reliability of the experimental system has been verified by laboratory simulation. Through the case simulation of the “3·22 accident in Pingdingshan”, the overall test of the system function is completed, and the influence law of fault structure on in-situ stress, gas pressure and temperature in the process of coal and gas outburst is discovered in a new way. It is proved that the physical mechanics simulation system is reliable and could provide a platform to support the research on the coal and gas outburst mechanism.