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Abstract Topological lasers (TLs) have attracted widespread attention due to their mode robustness against perturbations or defects. Among them, electrically pumped TLs have gained extensive research interest due to their advantages of compact size and easy integration. Nevertheless, limited studies on electrically pumped TLs have been reported in the terahertz (THz) and telecom wavelength ranges with relatively low output powers, causing a wide gap between practical applications. Here, we introduce a surface metallic Dirac-vortex cavity (SMDC) design to solve the difficulty of increasing power for electrically pumped TLs in the THz spectral range. Due to the strong coupling between the SMDC and the active region, robust 2D topological defect lasing modes are obtained. More importantly, enough gain and large radiative efficiency provided by the SMDC bring in the increase of the output power to a maximum peak power of 150 mW which demonstrates the practical application potential of electrically pumped TLs.

BackgroundAlthough diabetic retinopathy (DR) is closely related to dietary patterns and oxidative stress, there is little research on the relationship between the compound dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) and DR. This study aims to fill this gap by analyzing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to explore the association between CDAI and DR in patients with type 2 diabetes, in order to provide a basis for dietary guidance to prevent DR.MethodsData for this study was obtained from NHANES conducted between 1999 and 2020. Information regarding dietary intake was collected through 24 h dietary recall interviews. Multivariate logistic regression analyses and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were employed to explore the association between CDAI and DR. Furthermore, subgroup analyses were conducted to further examine the relationship.ResultsIn this study, a total of 2,158 participants were included, with a mean age of 58.87 years. After adjusting for all potential confounding factors, multivariate logistic regression analyses consistently demonstrated a negative correlation between CDAI and DR (OR = 0.94, 95%CI: 0.90–0.98, p = 0.007). Specifically, individuals in the highest quartile of CDAI had a significantly reduced risk of DR compared to those in the lowest quartile (OR = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.34–0.75, p

BackgroundIncreased levels of serum Klotho have been associated with a reduced risk of several cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, limited studies exist on the association between serum Klotho and mortality in patients with CVD.MethodsWe collected data from CVD patients in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2007 to 2016. We linked NHANES data with the National Death Index to determine the survival status of participants. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression models were used to investigate the relationship between serum Klotho levels and mortality in CVD patients. The relationship between serum Klotho quartiles and mortality in CVD patients was visualized using Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves and restricted cubic spine. Finally, subgroup analyses were used to examine the association between serum Klotho and all-cause mortality in different populations.Results1905 patients with CVD were finally enrolled in our study with a mean follow-up of 7.1 years. The average age of the participants was 63.4 years, with 58.40% being male. KM showed that lower Klotho levels were associated with lower survival rates. After adjusting for potential confounders, patients with higher serum Klotho levels had lower all-cause mortality (Q1: 1.00, Q2: 0.58 (0.42–0.80), Q3: 0.69 (0.47–1.01), and Q4:0.64 (0.45–0.92). However, the relationship between serum Klotho levels and cardiovascular mortality was not statistically significant. Dose-response analysis shows a U-shaped relationship between serum Klotho levels and all-cause mortality in patients with CVD (P nonlinear=0.002). Subgroup analysis indicated that participants with a history of hypertension had a higher risk of all-cause mortality in serum Klotho Q4 compared to Q1 (P trend

The issue of environmental pollution has received considerable critical attention in recent years. It is necessary to develop the green and efficient corrosion inhibitors. In this paper, the inhibition of doxazosin mesylate (DM) and terazosin hydrochloride (TH), as green corrosion inhibitors, were explored systematically by electrochemical impedance, polarization curves, SEM, AFM and contact angle. The effect of different heterocyclic amounts on the corrosion inhibition efficiency for Q235 steel in 1 M HCl was also discussed. It was found that DM showed the better performance than TH, with the best corrosion inhibition efficiency of 96.4 % at 1 mg/L. The FTIR and XPS analysis of the corroded Q235 steel surface revealed that the two drugs formed adsorption films on the steel surface and the types of adsorption were chemical and physical adsorption. Finally, the mechanism of the two drugs was analyzed in detail by isothermal adsorption simulations, quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations.

Energy meter billing is an important part in the Energy Management System and Feed-in tariff schemes become more popular in many countries nowadays. However traditional techniques are complicated for getting the tariff values. Therefore, a novel IoT based technique namely Smart TARiff (STAR) calculator has been proposed for calculating the Feed-in tariff for residents which in turn improves the efficiency of the feed-in tariff scheme for renewable resources. The power generated from the solar panel has been stored in batteries. The sensors such as current and voltage sensors are used to measure the voltage and electricity supplied and fuzzy system will calculate the tariff and the calculated tariff will be send to the user via the internet. The experimental findings reveal that the energy generated by the suggested system is three times that of the system without intelligent functionalities. The Proposed approach improves the overall accuracy of the proposed Star, Chip based IoT Electrical Meter, and EMS is 99.03 %, 91.36 %, and 99.03 respectively.

Abstract Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) is a woody tree species of ecological, economic, and social importance. To evaluate the genetic diversity, differentiation, and structure of P. sibirica, we analyzed 176 individuals from 10 natural populations using 14 microsatellite markers. These markers generated 194 alleles in total. The mean number of alleles (13.8571) was higher than the mean number of effective alleles (6.4822). The average expected heterozygosity (0.8292) was higher than the average observed heterozygosity (0.3178). Shannon information index and polymorphism information content were separately 2.0610 and 0.8093, demonstrating the rich genetic diversity of P. sibirica. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that 85% of the genetic variation occurred within populations, with only 15% among them. The genetic differentiation coefficient and gene flow were separately 0.151 and 1.401, indicating a high degree of genetic differentiation. Clustering results showed that a genetic distance coefficient of 0.6 divided the 10 natural populations into two subgroups (subgroups A and B). STRUCTURE and principal coordinate analysis divided the 176 individuals into two subgroups (clusters 1 and 2). Mantel tests revealed that genetic distance was correlated with geographical distance and elevation differences. These findings can contribute to the effective conservation and management of P. sibirica resources.

Abstract Background WRKY transcription factors are a prominent gene family in plants, playing a crucial role in various biological processes including development, metabolism, defense, differentiation, and stress response. Although the WRKY gene family has been extensively studied and analysed in numerous plant species, research on Prunus sibirica’s WRKY genes (PsWRKY) remains lacking. Results This study analysed the basic physicochemical properties, phylogeny, gene structure, cis-acting elements, and Gene ontology (GO) annotation of PsWRKY gene family members using bioinformatics methods based on the whole-genome data of P. sibirica. In total, 55 WRKYs were identified in P. sibirica and were heterogeneously distributed on eight chromosomes. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, these WRKYs were classified into three major groups: Group I, Group II (II-a, II-b, II-c, II-d, II-e), and Group III. Members of different subfamilies have different cis-acting elements, conserved motifs, and intron-exon structures, indicating functional heterogeneity of the WRKY family. Prediction of subcellular localisation indicated that PsWRKYs were mainly located in the nucleus. Twenty pairs of duplicated genes were identified, and segmental duplication events may play an important role in PsWRKY gene family expansion. Analysis of the Ka/Ks ratio showed that the PsWRKY family’s homologous genes were primarily purified by selection. Additionally, GO annotation analysis showed that the WRKY gene family was mainly involved in responses to stimuli, immune system processes, and reproductive processes. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that 23 PsWRKYs were highly expressed in one or more tissues (pistils and roots) and PsWRKYs showed specific expression patterns under different low-temperature stress conditions. Conclusions Our results provide a scientific basis for the further exploration and functional validation of WRKYs in P. sibirica.

In order to investigate the effects of different water inlet droplet diameters on the performance of aluminum-based water ramjet engines, the internal flow field of the engine was analyzed through numerical simulation. The results showed that by selecting a suitable water droplet diameter at the water inlet and controlling the time required for water droplet evaporation and heat absorption, the working range of aluminum-water combustion reaction can be expanded and the specific impulse of the engine can be increased. In engine design and practical application, the design of the water injection nozzle upstream of the engine is critical, and the droplet diameter at the water inlet should be controlled within a suitable range. A diameter that is too large will reduce the evaporation efficiency and hinder the further diffusion of combustion reaction. Droplet sizes that are too small will rapidly evaporate, causing the temperature in the flow field to decrease rapidly, leading to a large range of low-temperature regions in the main reaction zone of the combustion chamber, thereby reducing the overall aluminum-water reaction rate of the engine. In addition, the variation of droplet diameter in the downstream water atomization nozzle has little effect on the aluminum-water reaction in the main combustion zone. However, reducing the droplet diameter can facilitate the downstream diffusion of the combustion reaction, further expanding the combustion range and increasing the specific impulse. Furthermore, it can also reduce the temperature near the wall, which is beneficial for reducing the overall thermal protection requirements of the engine.

The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family is one of the most well-known transcription factor families in plants, and it regulates growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. However, systematic analyses of the bHLH gene family in Prunus sibirica have not been reported to date. In this study, 104 PsbHLHs were identified and classified into 23 subfamilies that were unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes. Nineteen pairs of segmental replication genes and ten pairs of tandem replication genes were identified, and all duplicated gene pairs were under purifying selection. PsbHLHs of the same subfamily usually share similar motif compositions and exon-intron structures. PsbHLHs contain multiple stress-responsive elements. PsbHLHs exhibit functional diversity by interacting and coordinating with other members. Twenty PsbHLHs showed varying degrees of expression. Eleven genes up-regulated and nine genes down-regulated in −4°C. The majority of PsbHLHs were highly expressed in the roots and pistils. Transient transfection experiments demonstrated that transgenic plants with overexpressed PsbHLH42 have better cold tolerance. In conclusion, the results of this study have significant implications for future research on the involvement of bHLH genes in the development and stress responses of Prunus sibirica.

Using data from the 2018 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), this study investigates the impact of internet use on residents’ happiness. Empirical results show that internet use significantly enhances residents’ happiness. Considering the possible endogeneity problem, a two-stage tool variable estimation is carried out with ownership of a mobile phone as the tool variable. After overcoming the endogenous problem and conducting a series of robustness tests, the conclusion is still valid. The action mechanism finds that social interaction frequency and socioeconomic status (SES) play significant mediating effects in the process of internet use affecting happiness. Specifically, internet use significantly increases the social interaction frequency of residents and enhances their SES. The improvement of social interaction frequency and SES will significantly increase residents’ happiness. Therefore, this paper gives policy recommendations from the perspectives of regulating and deepening internet use, increasing the frequency of communication among residents, and improving their SES to better enhance their happiness.

In Prunus sibirica, the phenomenon of pistil abortion is very common and seriously affects its fruit quality and yield; however, the molecular mechanisms of pistil abortion remains unclear. In this study, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways associated with pistil abortion using transcriptome sequencing. After comparative analysis, a total of 1,950 DEGs were identified, of which 1,000 were upregulated, and 950 were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that metabolic process, cellular process, single-organism process, membrane, membrane part, cell, binding, catalytic activity, and transporter activity contained the largest number of DEGs. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that the plant-pathogen interaction, starch and sucrose metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways contained the largest number of DEGs. The NAC, bHLH, and B3 transcription factor families contained the largest number of DEGs. qRT-PCR detection confirmed that the gene expression levels were consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results. This study provides a theoretical basis and scientific basis for further research on the molecular mechanisms of P. sibirica pistil abortion.

In this article, we report a high-performance λ ~ 4.6 μm quantum cascade laser grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Continuous wave power of 3 W was obtained from an 8 mm-long and 7.5 μm wide coated laser at 285 K. The maximum pulsed and CW wall-plug efficiency reached 15.4% and 10.4%, respectively. The device performance shows the great potential of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition growth for quantum cascade material and devices.

To determine the role of physical self in body-involving consumption, we explore how body image influences purchasing intention toward hybrid products with body-involving features. In this study, we establish the dual nature of body image: specifically, body image influences intention to purchase via the perception of utilitarian value and symbolic value. Further, we find a competitive mediation in which positive body image (PBI) negatively influences purchase intention (direct effect), while PBI is positively related to purchase intention via utilitarian and symbolic value (indirect effect). This indicates that without the mediation testing of the utilitarian-symbolic framework, the positive influence of body image will be “hidden.” Additionally, the mediated effect of symbolic value is moderated by personal innovativeness toward technology (PITT), suggesting that a consumer’s knowledge of wearables enhances the effect of body image. With the introduction of body image, this paper provides a more comprehensive model to analyze purchase intention with regard to digital products with body-involving features.

Abstract Background Intertrochanteric fracture is a common fracture suffered by elderly patients. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is regarded as a salvage operation to restore hip joint function after fixation failure, which remains somewhat controversial due to some clinical potential issues. Methods 18 elderly patients (average age 70.3 years) each with intertrochanteric fracture fixation failure treated with THA between September 2013 and October 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Internal fixation treatments involved 5 patients who had received proximal femoral nail anti-rotation, 7 who received locking proximal femur plates and 6 who received dynamic hip screws. All patients were treated with THA using biological acetabular prosthesis and hip arthroplasty (HA) coating skillet femoral prosthesis, with the greater trochanter fixed using wire or steel when necessary. Patients’ Harris scores pre- and post-treatment, SF-36 Health Questionnaire score and digital radiology (DR) were used for joint prostheses initial stability and survival evaluation. Results 15 patients completed follow-up periods ranging between 19 and 54 months (mean 26.2 months; 1 patient died from a pulmonary embolism, 1 patient died from pulmonary heart disease 1 year after surgery and 1 patient withdrew for personal reasons). There were no joint infections, periprosthetic fractures or dislocations. The average Harris score increased significantly, from 32.68 ± 12.04 points before surgery to 91.08 ± 5.9 points at 24 months post-treatment. SF-36 scores were significantly increased. Conclusion THA as salvage treatment for failed internal fixation of intertrochanteric femoral fractures in elderly patients significantly reduced hip pain and restored joint function, and early clinical outcomes were satisfactory.

In the aging population, the decrease on osteogenic differentiation resulted into a significant reduction in bone formation. Bone tissue engineering has been a successful technique for treatment of bone defects. It is reported that adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have pluripotency to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts. However little is revealed about the effect of the herbal medicine Asperosaponin VI (ASA VI) on ADSCs differentiation. In our study, we isolated and identified ADSCs from rats. We examined the effect of different concentrations of ASA VI in ADSCs on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition, the expression of bone-related proteins and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Flowcytometry assay showed ADSCs were highly expressed CD44 and CD105, but hardly expressed CD34 and CD45, suggesting ADSCs were successfully isolated for follow-up experiments. ALP activity examination and Alizarin red (AR) stain showed that ASA VI enhanced the ALP activity and promoted matrix mineralization in ADSCs. In addition, bone-related protein OCN and RUNX2, and Smad2/3 phosphorylation was upregulated after ASA VI treatment in ADSCs. ELISA results showed that ASA VI blocked the release of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in ADSCs. Considering this results, we concluded that ASA VI promotes osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs through inducing the expression of bone-related proteins. These findings enriched the function of ASA VI as a regenerative medicine and shed new light for the treatment of bone defects in clinical research. Keywords: Asperosaponin VI, Adipose-derived stem cells, Osteogenic differentiation, Bone defects

This study analyzes the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban land use structure of more than 18,000 small towns in China by using the National Urban Land Use Survey Data between 2009 and 2013. It finds that the urban land area of small towns expanded rapidly during the research period. The spatial pattern of urban land use structure in small towns exhibits significant regional differences. Small towns in developed coastal regions, particularly those located in global urban areas, have a higher urban land use scale relative to small towns in central and western regions. However, the urban land use scale of small towns located in less developed inland areas has grown faster. The spatial distribution of urban stock land in small towns is mainly influenced by demographic and socio-economic factors. However, the spatial distribution of new urban land is primarily influenced by the land supply policy, which is tilted toward the central and western regions. In terms of structure, the proportion of production and living land in small towns is high, while the proportion of public services and facilities land is low. This trend is being strengthened, with commercial service land and industrial, mining, and storage land becoming the major drivers for the rapid rise of urban land in small towns. The allocation of construction land quotas should be consistent with the direction of population movement and the demands of socioeconomic development.

Numerous studies have shown that pesticide residues in tea exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRL) can cause harmful effects on the human body. There are many limitations in the existing analytical methods for pesticide residues in tea, so new analytical methods need to be developed. We developed a limit test method that combines thin-layer chromatography with Raman imaging microscopy (TLC-RIM). Seven residual pesticide components in tea (Avermectin, Methomyl, Carbendazim, Imidacloprid, Chlorothalonil, Azoxystrobin, and Acetamiprid) could be preliminarily separated by TLC and then irradiated by a 532 nm laser. Raman spectra of seven pesticides obtained by Raman imaging microscopy could be used to test whether the pesticide residues in tea exceed the MRL. The limits of detection of the seven pesticides were 0.04, 0.10, 0.24, 0.20, 0.12, 0.12, and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. The simulated positive test showed that the matrix in tea did not interfere with the test of the seven pesticides. When the pesticides were tested within 8 h, the RSD of the peak heights of the seven pesticides were 1.2%~9.6%; the test results of three batches of tea showed that the imidacloprid in one batch of tea exceeded its MRL, and the results were consistent with that by UPLC-MS/MS. The TLC-RIM is fast, sensitive, stable, specific, and reliable.

Abstract We investigate the monthly prediction of North Atlantic hurricane and especially major hurricane activity based on the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory High‐Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM). We compare the performance of two grid configurations: a globally uniform 25‐km grid and the other with an 8‐km interactive nest over the tropical North Atlantic. Both grid configurations show skills in predicting anomalous monthly hurricane frequency and accumulated cyclone energy. Particularly, the 8‐km nested model shows improved skills in predicting major hurricane frequency and accumulated cyclone energy. The skill in anomalous monthly hurricane occurrence prediction arises from the accurate prediction of zonal wind shear anomalies in the Main Development Region, which in turn arises from the sea surface temperature anomalies persisted from the initialization time. The enhanced resolution on the nested grid permits a better representation of hurricanes and especially intense hurricanes, thereby showing the ability and the potential for prediction of major hurricanes on subseasonal timescales.

Prunus sibirica is an economically important tree species that occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. For this species, creation of a core collection is critical for future ecological and evolutionary studies, efficient economic utilization, and development and management of the broader collection of its germplasm resources. In this study, we sampled 158 accessions of P. sibirica from Russia and China using 30 pair of simple sequence repeat molecular markers and 30 different schemes to identify candidate core collections. The 30 schemes were based on combinations of two different sampling strategies, three genetic distances, and five different sample sizes of the complete germplasm resource. We determined the optimal core collection from among the 30 results based on maximization of genetic diversity among groups according to Number of observed alleles (Na), Number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon’s information index (I), Polymorphic information content (PIC), Nei gene diversity (H) and compared to the initial collection of 158 accessions. We found that the optimal core collection resulted from preferred sampling at 25% with Nei & Li genetic distance these ratios of Na, Ne, I, PIC and H to the complete 158 germplasm resources were 73.0%, 113%, 102%, 100% and 103%, respectively, indicating that the core collection comprised a robust representation of genetic diversity in P. sibirica. The proposed core collection will be valuable for future molecular breeding of this species and management of its germplasm resources.

Objective: This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety, and bioequivalence (BE) of two formulations of rasagiline tablets in healthy Chinese subjects under fasting and fed conditions.Methods: An open, randomized, single-dose, double-cycle, two-sequence, self-crossover pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese subjects under fasting and high-fat postprandial conditions was performed. A total of 108 healthy subjects (36 in the fasting group and 72 in the postprandial group) were recruited. In each cycle of the study under both conditions, subjects received a single oral dose of 1 mg of a test or reference preparation of rasagiline tablets (1 mg each). A washout period of 3 days was observed. Blood samples were obtained up to 10 h post-intake. Primary endpoints were the BE of major pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0–t and AUC0–∞) and the maximum observed serum concentration (Cmax). Secondary endpoints were safety parameters.Results: The 90% confidence interval (CI) of the geometric mean ratio (GMR) of the test drug vs. the reference drug for rasagiline was 94.16–105.35% for the AUC0–t under fasting conditions and 99.88–107.07% under postprandial conditions. The 90% CIs for the AUC0–∞ were 93.55–105.01% and 99.59–107.05% under fasting and postprandial conditions, respectively. The 90% CIs for the Cmax were 88.26–108.46% and 89.54–118.23% under fasting and postprandial conditions, respectively. The 90% CIs for the test/reference AUC ratio and Cmax ratio were within the acceptable range (0.80–1.25) for BE. In this BE study, there were no serious adverse events (AEs).Conclusion: BE between the test and the reference products was established in both fasting and postprandial conditions. The two formulations of rasagiline showed good tolerability and a similar safety profile.Clinical Trial Registration:chinaDrugtrials.org.cn, identifier CTR20181466.

Abstract We present the System for High‐resolution prediction on Earth‐to‐Local Domains (SHiELD), an atmosphere model developed by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupling the nonhydrostatic FV3 Dynamical Core to a physics suite originally taken from the Global Forecast System. SHiELD is designed to demonstrate new capabilities within its components, explore new model applications, and to answer scientific questions through these new functionalities. A variety of configurations are presented, including short‐to‐medium‐range and subseasonal‐to‐seasonal prediction, global‐to‐regional convective‐scale hurricane and contiguous U.S. precipitation forecasts, and global cloud‐resolving modeling. Advances within SHiELD can be seamlessly transitioned into other Unified Forecast System or FV3‐based models, including operational implementations of the Unified Forecast System. Continued development of SHiELD has shown improvement upon existing models. The flagship 13‐km SHiELD demonstrates steadily improved large‐scale prediction skill and precipitation prediction skill. SHiELD and the coarser‐resolution S‐SHiELD demonstrate a superior diurnal cycle compared to existing climate models; the latter also demonstrates 28 days of useful prediction skill for the Madden‐Julian Oscillation. The global‐to‐regional nested configurations T‐SHiELD (tropical Atlantic) and C‐SHiELD (contiguous United States) show significant improvement in hurricane structure from a new tracer advection scheme and promise for medium‐range prediction of convective storms.

Digital technologies are ubiquitous in our everyday lives. They have been widely embedded into the core processes of services and products, as well as into the operations of many organizations. These digital technologies bring many changes to our work and lifestyles, to the organization of companies, and even to the structures of whole industries. Thus, digital innovation is a research hotspot. This study investigates the development of digital innovation research using a bibliometric method with visual mapping. The status of digital innovation research is analyzed through citation analysis. Influential references, authors, and top-tier journals are identified. The literature’s intellectual structure is mapped through co-word analysis. In addition, co-citation network analysis is used to describe the evolution of digital innovation research, and cluster analysis of the main research stream is conducted. Several research topics addressed by recent papers are also discussed. Finally, cross-country comparisons reveal that the US is currently taking the leading role and that China is a newcomer with potential contributions to make in this research area. Keywords: Digital innovation, Citation analysis, Cross-country comparison, Evolutionary footprint, Research trend

In this study, the chloroplast genome sequence of Prunus sibirica was obtained from the whole genome sequencing data of Prunus sibirica. Its length is 158,248 bp, which consists of 86,331 bp large single-copy region (LSC), 26,408 bp two reverse repeat regions (IR) and 19,101 bp small single-copy region (SSC). GC content of the whole chloroplast genome is 36.71%. Those of LSC region, SSC region, and IR region were 35, 30, and 43%, respectively. There are 131 unique genes in the chloroplast genome, including 90 protein-coding genes, 33 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was generated from the chloroplast genomes of 10 species of Rosaceae and 11 peripheral plants. The results showed that Prunus sibirica belongs to Rosaceae and is sister to Prunus salicina.

As social media is widely adopted in collaborative learning, which places teams in a virtual environment, it is critical for teams to identify and leverage the knowledge of their members. Yet little is known about how social media influences teams to coordinate their knowledge and collaborate effectively. In this research, we explore the roles of two kinds of social media activity – information processing and social connection in teamwork – by applying communication and transactive memory systems (TMSs) as the mechanisms of explicit and implicit coordination respectively. We test this model using partial least squares (PLS) method by treating team as the unit of analysis. Drawing on the data from a study that involves 40 teams of graduate students performing a complex research report over eight weeks, we find that both TMSs and communication can significantly improve teamwork outcomes, and communication can help teams to better coordinate implicitly. With regard to social media activities, the results reveal that both information processing and social connection can enhance the level of TMSs; however, only social connection is positively related to communication. Unfortunately, information processing cannot significantly strengthen communication quality. The possible reasons are discussed and some theoretical and practical implications are also put forward.