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In order to select suitable plum varieties for plum wine fermentation, this study was investigated seven plum varieties cultivated primarily in Sichuan Province, including newly bred varieties. Physicochemical analysis and headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and combined differential significance analysis with orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to examine the basic physicochemical characteristics of the seven varieties. And a comprehensive analysis and comparison of the quality of fermented plum wine from these varieties were conducted. The results showed that the seven plum varieties exhibited a rich diversity in fruit quality. Among them, the Zihuang (ZH) and Dashi Zao Sheng (DS) varieties, which had high soluble solids content (SSC), polyphenol, and flavonoid levels. Thus, theyare the best choices for producing high-quality plum wine. Furthermore, the comparison of the quality of fermented plum wines from the seven varieties showed that the wines fermented by ZH and DS had significantly higher antioxidant capacities, dry extract content (over 52.08 g/L), and alcohol content (over 14.03%vol) than the other five varieties (P

The Penthorum chinense Pursh leaves were rich in active ingredients. The active ingredient content, in vitro antioxidant capacity and pancreatic lipase inhibition ability of P. chinense leaves extracted by different solvents (80% acetone, 80% ethanol, 80% methanol, water) were compared in this study. The results showed that the total phenolic content (250.04 mg/g) extracted by 80% acetone was highest, while both the total flavonoid content (176.96 mg/g and 174.89 mg/g) and total proanthocyanidins content (43.05 mg/g and 42.87 mg/g) extracted by 80% methanol and 80% ethanol were highest. Except for rutin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, pinocembrin 7-O-D-glucoside, pinocembrin 7-O-(3''-O-galloy-4'',6''-hexahydroxydiphenoyl)-β-glucoside and thonningianin A, the content of nine phenolic compounds showed insignificant differences among three organic solvent extracts, which were significantly higher than those in water extract (P0.05 ), while 80% acetone extract showed the strongest ABTS+ free radical scavenging ability (IC50=48.92 μg/mL) and 80% ethanol extract also showed the strongest ferric reducing antioxidant power. In addition, in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of 80% acetone extract (IC50=0.46 mg/mL) was the strongest. Correlation analysis showed that DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging ability and pancreatic lipase inhibition ability were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with 11 phenolic compounds (P

The exploration of sustainable and valuable by-products from industrial and agricultural processes is increasingly recognized for its economic, environmental and health advantages. This review examines the phytochemical constituents, biological properties, current applications and future directions of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) leaf (PGL). PGL exhibits broad biological activities, aiding in managing health conditions like chronic diseases, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and neurological disorders. Anti-cancer and anti-diabetic effects are demonstrated in vitro and in vivo using animal models. Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties are also observed in cell cultures and animal studies. Its anti-microbial properties show efficacy against pathogens. However, variability in phytochemical composition due to different extraction methods and environmental conditions poses challenges for standardization. The review underscores the urgent need for comprehensive human clinical trials to confirm PGL's therapeutic benefits and safety, calling for future research to fully harness PGL's potential as a sustainable and bioactive compound in various industrial applications.

To investigate the quality characteristics of different varieties of blueberry, the quality differences on appearance, physicochemical properties, and sugar and acid composition were analyzed. At the same time, correlation analysis was employed to analyze the correlation of different indexes and principal component analysis was employed to evaluate the quality characteristics of 9 varieties of blueberry. The results showed that different varieties of blueberry exhibited rich diversity in appearance, physicochemical properties, and sugar and acid composition. There was a high correlation between multiple indicators such as glucose and fructose (r=0.93), FRAP and DPPH (r=0.755). PCA results indicated that citric acid, pH, b*, total phenol, DPPH, flavonoid and juice yield were key indicators for evaluating the quality of blueberry, and the quality characteristics of 'Canlan', 'Laigexi' and 'Shuangfeng' were excellent fruit shape index (>0.73), good solid to acid ratio of 6.12~9.57 and suitable for fresh consumption. The quality characteristics of 'Baerdewen', 'Duke' and 'Weisan' included the high in sugar, acid and antioxidant capacity, suitable for juice and wine and other products development. The flavonoid contents of 'Weisan' and 'Duke' were 1.95 and 1.62 mg/g, and the total phenol contents were 1.34 and 1.38 mg/g, respectively. The quality characteristics of 'Weisan' and 'Duke' were high content of total phenol and flavonoid, suitable for functional product development. The results above will serve an important reference to screen blueberry varieties for different purposes.

To investigate the quality characteristics of different varieties of plums, the quality such as appearance, physicochemical properties, and sugar and acid composition of 12 varieties were analyzed. At the same time, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were employed to evaluate the quality characteristics of 12 varieties comprehensively. The results showed that different varieties of plum exhibited rich diversity in appearance, physicochemical properties, sugar and acid composition. Sugar and acid composition, color, single fruit weight, fruit density, and fruit shape index were key indicators for evaluating the quality of plums. Among the 12 varieties, ZH, SXP, ALS, XL, XTL had a positive values, represent a good quality. Among them, the quality characteristics of ZH and SXP were high juice yield, soluble solids, total sugar content, and color quality. The quality characteristics of ALS included the highest total sugar, total sweetness, sweet acid ratio, and sugar acid ratio. The quality characteristics of XL and XTL were high soluble solid content, sugar acid ratio, and sweet acid ratio, but low juice yield. The results above served an important reference to screen plum varieties for different purposes.

Gravity energy storage is a type of energy storage method that utilizes gravitational potential energy to store energy. In recent years, it has been widely concerned by scholars and enterprises at home and abroad for its unique advantages. From the perspective of long-term profit, the economic analysis of the gravity energy storage system is essential. In previous studies, only some specific economic models are available for describing the gravity energy storage system. This article proposes a revenue model for the gravity energy storage system first. Then, suggest a method for operating and scheduling a decentralized slope-based gravity energy storage system based on peak valley electricity prices. This method aligns with the current business model of using user-side energy storage to participate in power system auxiliary services. Last, verify the feasibility of the process through analysis. This study will make a beneficial attempt for the market promotion and application of gravity energy storage.

Integrated energy systems (IESs) are complex multisource supply systems with integrated source, grid, load, and storage systems, which can provide various flexible resources. Nowadays, there exists the phenomenon of a current power system lacking flexibility. Thus, more research focuses on enhancing the flexibility of power systems by considering the participation of IESs in distribution network optimization scheduling. Therefore, the optimal scheduling of IESs considering virtual heat storage and electric vehicles (EVs) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the basic structure of IESs and mathematical models for the operation of the relevant equipment are presented. Then, an optimal scheduling strategy of an IES considering virtual heat storage and electric vehicles is proposed. Finally, an IES with an IEEE 33-node distribution network, 20-node Belgian natural gas network, and 44-node heating network topologies is selected to validate the proposed strategy. The proposed models of integrated demand response (IDR), EV orderly charging participation, virtual heat storage, and actual multitype energy storage devices play the role of peak shaving and valley filling, which also helps to reduce the scheduling cost from CNY 11,253.0 to CNY 11,184.4. The simulation results also demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively improve the operational economy of IESs, and the scheduling strategy can promote the consumption of renewable energy, with the wind curtailment rate decreasing from 63.62% to 12.50% and the solar curtailment rate decreasing from 56.92% to 21.34%.

Abstract Edge‐side services provide new ideas for microgrid operational control, but as the microgrid control structure becomes increasingly large, the cost of configuring edge‐side services also grows. In this context, it is necessary to find a modelling approach that can unify the mathematical models involved in microgrid control systems. First, a microgrid control structure with edge‐computing services based on hybrid control theory is proposed, which can exploit the hybrid characteristics of the microgrid control and reduce the amounts of communication using event‐triggered technology. Then, a hybrid control modelling method based on activity‐on‐edge networks is proposed, along with a standardised control strategy configuration method. The texts entered by the configurator can be parsed in an intuitive way. Complex control strategies can be configured with low‐code input while improving the reliability of the strategies. Finally, a distributed control strategy for DC microgrids was studied and modelled using the hybrid control modelling approach based on activity‐on‐edge networks. The superiority of edge‐computing services based on hybrid control theory and event‐triggered technology in reducing communication and improving control in real time is demonstrated through the case study.

Present study investigated the difference between the fruit weight and the quality of 'Hongyang' kiwifruit. The 'Hongyang' kiwiruit from 2 orchards collected from Pujiang and Jintang County of Sichuan Provence were classified according to the weight into five grading (130 g). The soluble solid content, titratable acid content, solid acid ratio, hue angle value, sweet and sour taste, VC content of different grades of fruits were analyzed and compared, and partial least squares-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) was employed to screen the main differential substances in fruits of different weight grading. The results showed that at the same maturity, the fruit size of 'Hongyang' kiwifruit had an impact on the sweet substances such as sugar (SUC) and SSC, sour substances quinic acid (QA) and VC, but had no significant impact on the color, TA, RTT, etc. The content of SUC and SSC increased with the increase of fruit weight, and the characteristic of fruit with a fruit weight greater than 110 g was sweet. While the content of VC and QA decreased with the increase of fruit weight, and when the fruit weight more than 90 g, the content of VC decreased significantly. Although the content of QA decreased with the increase of fruit weight, it had no significant effect on fruit flavor. According to the above results, sweet and sour substances were the main factors affecting the quality of fruits of different weight grading, and the sweet and sour flavor of fruits with larger weight (> 90 g) was better, but the VC content was lower. The research results provide a scientific basis for the revision of fruit grading standards, production management and rational consumption.

Most of the previous SOC equalization methods for microgrid energy storage target DC microgrids and use centralized control structures, while in recent years many researchers have begun to focus on a decentralized, communication-based implementation of distributed control structures. In this paper, based on the existing research, we use the multi-agent system (MAS) structure and dynamic consistency algorithm (DCA) to realize the estimation of the SOC mean value of microgrid energy storage obtained by each agent in the system. For the problems of the iterative convergence that exists in the distributed control, such as being too slow, too frequent communication, stability, etc., we optimally select the parameters of the consistency iterative summation to improve convergence. In addition, we use the event-driven method to further reduce the unnecessary communication frequency. Finally, a numerical simulation model of the AC microgrid is established by Matlab to verify the effectiveness of the method, which reduces the communication volume by about 50% while maintaining the effect of the control strategy.

Constipation, a widespread gastrointestinal disorder, often leads to the exploration of natural remedies. This study examines the efficacy of Golden Flower Tibetan Tea Polysaccharides (GFTTPs) in alleviating constipation in mice. Chemical analyses reveal that GFTTPs possess O-H, carboxyl, carboxylic acid (-COOH), and C-O-C groups, alongside a porous crystal structure with thermal stability. In animal experiments, GFTTPs significantly upregulated aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and aquaporin 8 (AQP8) expressions in the colon, enhancing water absorption and reducing fecal water content. At a 400 mg/kg dosage, GFTTPs notably improved colonic tissue alterations and serum levels of excitatory neurotransmitters caused by loperamide hydrochloride. They also beneficially altered gut microbiota, increasing Coprococcus, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus populations. These changes correlated with improved stool frequency, consistency, and weight in constipated mice. Importantly, GFTTPs at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses exhibited comparable effects to the normal control group in key parameters, such as gastrointestinal transit rate and fecal moisture. These findings suggest that GFTTPs may serve as a potent natural remedy for constipation, offering significant therapeutic potential within the context of gut health and with promising implications for human applications.

The contents of polysaccharides, triterpenes, ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid C1 and ganoderic acid F in Kangding Ganoderma leucocontextum were analyzed by pharmacopoeia and HPLC. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH· and ABTS+· scavenging abilities and total antioxidant capacity, and hypoglycemic activities were evaluated by the inhibitory effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. The results showed that the contents of polysaccharides and triterpenes in Kangding Ganoderma leucocontextum were 1.15% and 1.50%, and the contents of ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid C1 and ganoderic acid F were 0.052%, 0.020% and 0.064%, respectively. The antioxidant activities and hypoglycemic activities in vitro showed that IC50 values of polysaccharide extract for DPPH· and ABTS+· scavenging were 0.75 mg/mL and 1.24 mg/mL, and IC50 values of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were 1.45 mg/mL and 1.97 mg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values of triterpenoids extract for DPPH· and ABTS+· radical scavenging were 0.65 mg/mL and 1.06 mg/mL, and the IC50 values of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were 1.44 mg/mL and 1.09 mg/mL, respectively. The results of this study show that Kangding Ganoderma leucocontextum contain high content of functional components, and presented favourable antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, which would provide the theoretical basis for the development and utilization of Kangding Ganoderma leucocontextum in food, medicine and health products.

The phenolic components, antioxidation, and anticancer effects of different polar parts of ethanol extract of Jinhua Tibetan tea were studied. Three polar fractions, i.e., ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol, and water fractions, of ethanol extract of Jinhua Tibetan tea were obtained via liquid-liquid extraction process. The contents of total polyphenols and total flavonoids of the three fractions and ethanol extract were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride-potassium acetate method, respectively. The contents of tea polyphenol monomers in all the parts were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Their antioxidant activities of all the parts were tested and compared using DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS+ radical scavenging, and Fe2+ ion chelating methods. Their anti-proliferation effects on human cervical cancer HeLa cell were evaluated using cell counting Kit8. Results indicated that ethyl acetate fraction had the highest contents of total polyphenols and total flavonoids, as 384.65 mg/g and 188.82 mg/g, respectively, including gallic acid (GA), gallocatechin (GC), and epigallocatechin (EGC) as major phenolic monomers. Antioxidant activity test showed that compared with vitamin E, the DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity of all the parts were as the sequence vitamin E>ethyl acetate fraction>n-butyl alcohol fraction>ethanol extract>water fraction, with Pethyl acetate fraction (332.4 µg/mL)>n-butyl alcohol fraction (1332.0 µg/mL)>ethanol extract (1846.0 µg/mL) and water fraction (1952.0 µg/mL), with P0.05. All the results indicated that the general antioxidant ability sequence was ethyl acetate fraction>n-butyl alcohol fraction>ethanol extract>water fraction. All the parts showed anti-proliferation activity to human cervical cancer HeLa cell, and all with dose-effect relationship. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest anti-proliferation activity (IC50 111.6 µg/mL) to the HeLa cell. In conclusion, ethyl acetate fraction possessed the strongest capacity of both antioxidation and anti-proliferation to HeLa cell, resulted from its highest contents of polyphenols and flavonoids. The studies provide some preliminary scientific evidence of the antioxidant and anticancer effects of Jinhua Tibetan tea.

“Golden-flower” Tibetan tea (GTT) is an innovative dark tea fermented via fungus Eurotium cristatum. To study GTT effects on alleviating the symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), GTT's extract (GTTE) was prepared. GTTE chemical compositions were analyzed via HPLC, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass (Py-GC-MS) spectrometry analysis, and chemistry analyses. GTTE effects on T1DM were explored on T1DM mice model induced by streptozotocin (STZ). GTTE was composed mainly of tea pigment theabrownin (TB) (49.18%), with high percentages of polysaccharide (16.93%), protein (10.15%), polyphenols (13.90%), amino acids (5.89%), caffeine (1.83%), and flavonoids (0.67%). Py-GC-MS results exhibited that GTTE constituted of phenols, lipids, sugars, and proteins. GTTE attenuated T1DM conditions of mice, relieved their liver and pancreatic injury, restored damaged islet cells, decreased oxidative stress by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels, modulated cytokine expression leading to the decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, increased anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 to improve inflammatory responses, and optimized gut microbiota composition and structure based on high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing, suggesting multi-channel anti-diabetes mechanisms.

Anthocyanidins and flavonoids are important components in plant. In present study, the anthocyanidins and flavonoids in black hulless barley bran were identified by operating UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Among them, chrysoeriol 7-O-glucouronid, luteolin 7-O-glucouronid, chrysoeriol, and luteolin were quantified by using UPLC. Additionally, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) were determined. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity (via ferric reducing, DPPH and ABTS method) and α-glucosidase inhibition effect were estimated. From the results, fifty-one constituents comprised 19 anthocyanidins and 32 flavonoids were detected in hulless barley bran fractions. Wherein compounds 1 and 9–19 (belong to anthocyanidins), and 21, 25–32, 35–42, 44–50 (belong to flavonoids) were first identified in hulless barley. The contents of chrysoeriol 7-O-glucouronid luteolin 7-O-glucouronid, chrysoeriol and luteolin were higher in E80% than that of in E40%, but were not detected in E20%. Another, the TAC exhibited the trend of E40% > E80% > E20%, and the TPC and TFC showed same trend of E40% > E20% > E80%. The higher TPC and TFC showed stronger antioxidant activity. However, no significant correlation between TAC, TPC, TFC and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was observed. These results provided the anthocyanidins and flavonoids information, antioxidant value and α-glucosidase inhibition potential, which could provide reference in the development of black hulless barley bran.

Background. Anastrozole has been approved for treatment of hormone receptor-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer by FDA. This study was to assess Anastrozole-related adverse events (AEs) of real-world through data mining of the US Food and drug administration adverse event reporting system (FAERS). Methods. Four different disproportionality analyses, including the reporting odds ratio (ROR), the proportional reporting ratio (PRR), the Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN) and the multiitem gamma Poisson shrinker (MGPS) algorithms were employed to quantify the signals of Anastrozole-associated AEs. Results. A total 25 system organ class (SOCs) and 300 significant disproportionality Preferred Terms (PTs) were found in this study. The top 5 most significant SOCs were Eye disorders, renal and urinary disorders, respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders, investigations, and cardiac disorders. Unexpected significant AEs was vitreoretinal traction syndrome (ROR = 1108.22, PRR = 1103.98, IC025 = 9.51, EBGM05 = 389.98), nitrituria (ROR = 3561.82, PRR = 3557.28, IC025 = 10.38, EBGM05 = 318.83) and human epidermal growth factor receptor negative (ROR = 675.04, PRR = 674.01, IC025 = 9, EBGM05 = 204.57). Conclusion. The Unexpected significant AEs associated with anastrozole were identified in this study, warrants urgent clarification through additional prospective studies.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) possesses potent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. In this study, a novel glucose-modified EGCG encapsulated liposome (EGCG-Glu-Lip) was developed and characterized. EGCG-Glu-Lip liposome’s cytotoxicity, brain targeting ability, and its antioxidative neuroprotection were examined via bEnd.3 and PC12 cells testing. EGCG-Glu-Lip liposome particle mean size was 158.7 nm, with encapsulation efficiency 73.05 % under EGCG/lipid mass ratio 1:22 and soybean phospholipids (SPC) to cholesterol (Chol) mass ratio 3.84:1. EGCG-Glu-Lip exhibited less cytotoxicity, stronger protection to PC12 cells from H2O2 induced oxidative damage, keeping reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Glucose modified liposome (Glu-Lip) cellular uptake in bEnd.3 and PC12 cells were 1.5-fold and 1.3-fold higher than that of Lip, supporting EGCG-Glu-Lip possessing enhanced blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability mediated via glucose transporter protein 1 (GLUT1) and neuronal cell uptake for brain targeting. EGCG-Glu-Lip could provide an efficient nano delivery pathway to deliver sufficient EGCG to brain tissue exerting its antioxidative neuroprotection more efficiently.

In the event of a major power outage in the power systems, there is an urgent need to investigate entire-process coordinated restoration strategies for the transmission systems (TSs) and distribution systems (DSs), aiming to accelerate the restoration speed of generating units, network reconfiguration, and load restoration. Furthermore, it is imperative to address the multiple uncertainties that arise during the restoration process to mitigate potential security risks associated with the restoration. Hence, an adaptive ADMM-based entire-process distributed restoration method of TSs and DSs considering CVaR is proposed in this paper. Firstly, an entire-process distributed restoration model of TSs and DSs considering CVaR is proposed to maximize the total restoration benefits of TSs and DSs. Then, an adaptive ADMM-based distributed solving algorithm for the coordinated restoration model of the TSs and DSs is introduced, which incorporates adaptive penalty parameter adjustments, leading to faster convergence compared to the standard ADMM. Finally, case studies on an improved 179-bus transmission system are employed to verify that the proposed restoration method can achieve higher restoration benefits and faster convergence speed compared to existing restoration models.

Abstract Background Subtribe Swertiinae, a medicinally significant and highly speciose Subtribe of family Gentianaceae. Despite previous extensive studies based on both morphology and molecular data, intergeneric and infrageneric relationships within subtribe Swertiinae remain controversial. Methods Here, we employed four newly generated Swertia chloroplast genomes with thirty other published genomes to elucidate their genomic characteristics. Results The 34 chloroplast genomes were small and ranged in size from 149,036 to 154,365 bp, each comprising two inverted repeat regions (size range 25,069–26,126 bp) that separated large single-copy (80,432–84,153 bp) and small single-copy (17,887–18,47 bp) regions, and all the chloroplast genomes showed similar gene orders, contents, and structures. These chloroplast genomes contained 129–134 genes each, including 84–89 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. The chloroplast genomes of subtribe Swertiinae appeared to have lost some genes, such as rpl33, rpl2 and ycf15 genes. Comparative analyses revealed that two mutation hotspot regions (accD-psaI and ycf1) could serve as effective molecular markers for further phylogenetic analyses and species identification in subtribe Swertiinae. Positive selection analyses showed that two genes (ccsA and psbB) had high Ka/Ks ratios, indicating that chloroplast genes may have undergone positive selection in their evolutionary history. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 34 subtribe Swertiinae species formed a monophyletic clade, with Veratrilla, Gentianopsis and Pterygocalyx located at the base of the phylogenetic tree. Some genera of this subtribe, however, were not monophyletic, including Swertia, Gentianopsis, Lomatogonium, Halenia, Veratrilla and Gentianopsis. In addition, our molecular phylogeny was consistent with taxonomic classification of subtribe Swertiinae in the Roate group and Tubular group. The results of molecular dating showed that the divergence between subtrib Gentianinae and subtrib Swertiinae was estimated to occur in 33.68 Ma. Roate group and Tubular group in subtribe Swertiinae approximately diverged in 25.17 Ma. Conclusion Overall, our study highlighted the taxonomic utility of chloroplast genomes in subtribe Swertiinae, and the genetic markers identified here will facilitate future studies on the evolution, conservation, population genetics, and phylogeography of subtribe Swertiinae species.

Cloud-network integration was the main development direction of IP carrier networks.As the closest network to users, IP MAN has rich service features and it is also an important test field for network cloudification.Facing the carrier requirements of multiple access and the changes of traffic direction, IP MAN was transformed from the traditional north-south tree architecture to the Spine-Leaf architecture to meet the service requirements, such as fixed-mobile convergence and multi-cloud access scenarios.Based on the evolution of the cloud IP MAN, the deployment scheme of pooled vBRAS and key technologies were introduced, and technical reference for the large-scale commercial deployment and technology evolution of vBRAS were provided.

Digital and intelligent carrier network have become the priorities of network construction and operation.As a key technology to realize network interconnection and service carrying, carrier protocol critically decides the network scale and traffic efficiency.Facing the service consistent experience requirements, SRv6 as the most competitive technology of IPv6 evolution, has become the development direction in the future.Combined with the principle of SRv6 technology, the requirements of SRv6 compression were analyzed.Based on the main SRv6 compression schemes in the industry, the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme were analyzed, so as to provide guidance for the large scale deployment of SRv6 technology.

In order to investigate the formation and changes of aroma components during the pile-fermentation of Jinhua Tibetan tea, chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the volatile component, and sensory evaluation was used to test the flavor. Results showed that, 80 volatile compounds were identified from Jinhua Tibetan tea. The main aroma components were alcohols, acids, hydrocarbons, and heteroaxygens in the Mao'chao stage, which were alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons, and others in the final stage. The main alcohol compounds such as 2,3-butanediol, cyclohexanol,2,5-dimethyl-, 2-decen-1-ol, (2E)-, 1,2,3-butanetriol disappeared over the fermentation. In S2 stage, limonene became the main volatile component, accounting for 85.4%. With the pile-fermentation of Jinhua Tibetan tea, alpha-terpineol, linalool and its oxides, which were associated with floral smell, decreased significantly. 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene and alkenals, which were associated with woody and stale smell, increased significantly. The results of this study would lay a theoretical foundation for aroma characteristics of Jinhua Tibetan tea, and provide a reference for tea processing and quality control.

In order to study the distribution of components (aqueous extract, alcohol precipitation and supernate) in the water extract of Tibetan tea after alcohol precipitation, the basic components, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and tea pigments were comprehensively analyzed and compared. The contents of polyphenols were detected by high performance liquid chromatography, and the differences of DPPH· and ABTS+· scavenging abilities and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase digestive enzyme were investigated. Results indicated that the contents of total sugar (17.73 g/100 g), total polysaccharide (16.93 g/100 g), amino acid (5.89 g/100 g) and the abrownin (49.18 g/100 g) in the alcohol precipitation were significantly higher than those in the supernatant. However, the contents of total polyphenols (195.93 mg/g), total flavonoids (61.61 mg/g) and main polyphenols (GA, GC, EGC, C, CA, EC, EGCG, GCG, ECG and CG) in the supernatant were significantly higher than those in the alcohol precipitation. The results of antioxidant activity and digestive enzyme inhibition activity in vitro showed that the DPPH· and ABTS+· scavenging ability of alcohol precipitate was lower than that of supernatant, while had higher inhibition ability of α-glucosidase. The supernatant of Tibetan tea after alcohol precipitation had strong antioxidant activity, while the alcohol precipitation had strong digestive enzymes (α-glucosidase) inhibition activity.

Penthorum chinense Pursh (Penthoraceae) is a traditional herb used in Miao medical systems that is also processed into foods (e.g., tea products) in China. Different processing methods significantly affect the volatile compounds, phenolic constituents, and biological activities. This study aimed to produce P. chinense green tea leaves (GTL), black tea leaves (BTL), and untreated leaves (UL) to investigate differences in their flavor substances, functional components, antioxidant activity, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. The results showed that 63, 56, and 56 volatile compounds were detected in UL, GTL, and BTL, respectively, of which 43 volatile compounds were identified as differential metabolites among them. The total phenolic content (97.13–179.34 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoid content (40.07–71.93 mg RE/g DW), and proanthocyanidin content (54.13–65.91 mg CE/g DW) exhibited similar trends, decreasing in the order of UL > BTL > GTL. Fourteen phenolic compounds were determined, of which gallic acid, (−)-epicatechin, and pinocembrin 7-O-glucoside showed a sharp decrease in content from UL to BTL, while the content of pinocembrin 7-O-(3″-O-galloy-4″, 6″-hexahydroxydiphenoyl)-glucoside and pinocembrin significantly increased. GTL showed better DPPH/ABTS·+ scavenging ability and ferric-reducing ability than UL. The ADH and ALDH activities decreased in the order of GTL > UL > BTL. Therefore, tea products made with P. chinense leaves contained an abundance of functional compounds and showed satisfactory antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities, which are recommended for daily consumption.

A novel wearable upper arm tactile display device, which can simultaneously provide three types of tactile stimuli (i.e., squeezing, stretching, and vibration) is presented. The squeezing and stretching stimulation of the skin is generated by two motors simultaneously driving the nylon belt in the opposite and the same direction, respectively. In addition, four evenly spaced vibration motors are fixed around the user’s arm by an elastic nylon band. There is also a unique structural design for assembling the control module and actuator, powered by two lithium batteries, making it portable and wearable. Psychophysical experiments are conducted to investigate the effect of interference on the perception of squeezing and stretching stimulation by this device. Results show that (1) different tactile stimuli actually interfere with the user’s perception compared to the case where only one stimulus is applied to the user; (2) the squeezing has a considerable impact on the stretch just noticeable difference (JND) values when both stimuli are exerted on the user, and when the squeezing is strong, while the impact of stretch on the squeezing JND values is negligible.

The wild plant Campanumoea lancifolia (Roxb.) Merr (also called Hong Guo ginseng, HGG), is naturally distributed in a Hmong minority area in western Hunan Province, China. The objective of this study was to identify, quantify, and elucidate the polyphenols and anthocyanins, and their antioxidant activities (via 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2ʹ-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging abilities) tested in vitro in the whole fruit, fruit skin, fruit pulp, and leaves of the plant. Results showed that Total polyphenol content (TPC) was highest in leaves (97.76 mg/g), followed by whole fruit (18.18 mg/g), fruit skin (26.16 mg/g), and fruit pulp (8.99 mg/g). Total anthocyanin content (TAC) in fruit skin was the highest at 27.44 mg/g, compared with leaves (20.18 mg/g), whole fruit (12.94 mg/g), and fruit pulp (4.36 mg/g). DPPH scavenging ability and ABTS scavenging ability test followed a decreasing order with the highest ability in leaves, fruit skin, whole fruit, and fruit pulp. Main phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, rutin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and apigenin) were also highest in leaves. Phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in whole fruit and leaves were further identified using UPLC-QTOF-MS, resulting in the identification of six phenolic acids and their derivatives, seventeen flavonoids and their derivatives, and two anthocyanins observed. These results thus provide the phytochemical evidence to explain and understand the medical and health benefits of HGG.

Hulless barley contains phenolic compounds and possesses various antioxidant activities. To clarify the effects of thermal processing and in vitro digestion on the release of phenolic compounds in hulless barley, we studied the phenolic components and antioxidant activities of hulless barley after steaming, roasting processes, and in vitro digestions. Both total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in raw hulless barley (HB, 4.14 mg/g DW and 1.53 mg/g DW, respectively) were higher than that of steamed hulless barley (SHB) and roasted hulless barley (RHB). In vitro digestion significantly released more ferulic acid from its bound form, but hydrolyzed some amount of flavonoid (luteolin). Chrysoeriol-7-O-glucouronide was significantly detected (412.13 µg/g DW in HB, 382.19 µg/g DW in SHB, and 396.91 µg/g DW in RHB) in all three hulless barley. The total released content of phenolic compounds obtained from each phase after digestion reached to 46% and 45% for SHB and RHB, which was higher than that in the HB (41%). The antioxidant assay (via DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays) indicated that the capacity of HB was obviously higher than that of SHB and RHB in undigested group. For digested group, the ABTS+ assay order was following, undigested > oral > small intestine > gastric > large intestine. The DPPH assay results indicated the antioxidant capacity as the order of undigested > oral > gastric > large intestine. Correlation analysis showed that ferulic acid, chrysoeriol-7-O-glucouronide, luteolin, chrysoeriol, and luteolin-7-O-glucouronide contributed to the antioxidant activities. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) grouped samples accordingly. Roasting process could be considered as a better daily thermal treatment for hulless barley than steaming in terms of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities.

Vinegar is used as an acidic condiment and preservative worldwide. In Asia, various black vinegars are made from different combinations of grains, such as Sichuan bran vinegar (SBV), Shanxi aged vinegar (SAV), Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar (ZAV), and Fujian Monascus vinegar (FMV) in China and Ehime black vinegar in Japan (JBV). Understanding the chemical compositions of different vinegars can provide information about nutritional values and the quality of the taste. This study investigated the vinegar metabolome using a combination of GC-MS, conventional LC-MS, and chemical isotope labeling LC-MS. Different types of vinegar contained different metabolites and concentrations. Amino acids and organic acids were found to be the main components. Tetrahydroharman-3-carboxylic acid and harmalan were identified first in vinegar. Various diketopiperazines and linear dipeptides contributing to different taste effects were also detected first in vinegar. Dipeptides, 3-phenyllactic acid, and tyrosine were found to be potential metabolic markers for differentiating vinegars. The differently expressed pathway between Chinese and Japanese vinegar was tryptophan metabolism, while the main difference within Chinese vinegars was aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis metabolism. These results not only give insights into the metabolites in famous types of cereal vinegar but also provide valuable knowledge for making vinegar with desirable health characteristics.

Digitization and intelligentization have become the main goals of infrastructure construction.As the most important part of the evolution of the network,the re-architecture of metropolitan area network (MAN) has directly determined the advanced level of the operator’s network.According to the new requirements,detail evolution of MAN re-architecture was discussed in detail based on the development of the key technologies and its application scene.Finally,the phased evolution solution was proposed,which can provide guidance for the technology research and the evolution of network re-architecture.

IP bearer network is one of the basic internet infrastructures.It plays a more and more important role in the cloud-network coordinated era.Entering the era of everything interconnected,the IP beaer network evolution has changed from network-centric to user-centric.Combined the current situation of the IP bearer network with the research of related technologies and service,some suggestions on IP bearer network development based on the concept of “experience circle” were given.The “experience circle” concept came from the research on traffic regional aggregation,which offered a way to optimize the IP bearer network based on user’s experience,as well as suggestions on IP-transport synergy and application coordination.

In order to achieve the new business deployment model by the convergence of cloud and network,SFC technology has been promoted greatly.As one of the key technologies in SFC,the SFP selection strategy affects the network performance and business experience directly.Aiming at the single target defect existing in business path se-lection strategy,the minimum weight algorithm based on the network delay and load was proposed and simulated.It could optimize the resources allocation and improve the network performance.A technical reference was provided for the operators to deploy the network and resources in the future.

The macroscopic and microscopic morphologies and indigo and indirubin concentration of the traditional Chinese medicine herbs Isatis indigotica Fort., Polygonum tinctorium Ait., and Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek, all commonly known as “daqingye”, were determined and compared. The morphological analyses indicated that I. indigotica has leaves with winged petioles and no glandular hairs or crystals, P. tinctorium has leaves with membranous ocrea and clusters of calcium oxalate, and B. cusia has palisade cells in the mesophyll running over the main vein and single cells containing calcium carbonate crystals. Indigo and indirubin are chemical constituents that have been previously isolated from daqingye and were selected in this study as identification markers for high-performance liquid chromatography analysis due to their pharmacological activities. The chromatographic results showed that indigo and indirubin concentration varied significantly among the three species: high concentration of both indigo and indirubin were observed in I. indigotica, the highest concentration among the three daqingye plants was found in P. tinctorium but with low levels of indirubin, and the concentration of indigo and indirubin was quite low in B. cusia. In summary, three different species commonly known as daqingye were accurately distinguished by morphological observation, internal leaf anatomy analysis, and chromatographic analysis.

Based on the IP router developing history,the most eye-tracking technologies of IP router were analyzed and discussed in-depth with the growing service requirements.The future routers should be high-volumed,virtualized,open-architected and programmable.As a result,the IP network is about to evolve to software-defined and cloud-network converged architecture.

The young leaves and shoots of the Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem. tree, called Chinese toon, are commonly eaten as a vegetable in China. This study was conducted to develop a modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) system for Chinese toon tender shoots and to evaluate the effect of film oxygen transmission rate (OTR) on package atmospheres and consequent product quality changes during storage. Fresh precooled Chinese toon tender shoots (25±0.5 g each) were packaged in sealed 10 cm × 15 cm polyethylene bags prepared with films of OTRs of 8.0, 11.6, 16.6, 21.4, or 29.5 pmol s−1 m−2 Pa−1 and stored at 4±0.5°C for 25 days. Evaluations included package atmospheres, tissue electrolyte leakage, color, and sensory attributes (overall visual quality, off-odor, texture, and marketability). Results indicated that the OTR of the package film significantly (P

On the basis of analyzing the real use cases of network traffic optimization, an idea and system architecture were presented, which abstracted the current network to the overlay network and used the SDN controller to control the overlay network for smart traffic steering and optimization according the policies defined by users. This solution can be widely applied in multiple different type of IP networks, and utilize the mature protocols to migrate the existed network to SDN smoothly with the benefits from SDN.

The theory of OpenFlow and MSE equipment were deeply and widely discussed. On the basis of the research, the MSE implementation with the extension of the OpenFlow protocol was proposed. It is a feasible solution for the IP network evolving to the SDN architecture.

More and more telecom operators have been quick to embrace traffic-based operations. The industry and academia generally focus on the mobile internet, neglecting the wired markets. Aiming to explain the basic issues surrounding traffic-based operations on wired operators, the concept, characteristic and international operator's cases of the wired traffic-based operations were restudied. Finally, it was end with a series of conclusions and recommendations for wired traffic-based operations.

The development trend of new generation internet was analyzed.The vision of the new generation internet was also presented.At last，some key technologies related with the new generation internet were discussed.

The hybrid between Brassica napus and B. rapa displays obvious heterosis in both growth performance and stress tolerances. A comparative transcriptome analysis for B. napus (AnAnCC genome), B. rapa (ArAr genome), and its hybrid F1 (AnArC genome) was carried out to reveal the possible molecular mechanisms of heterosis at the gene expression level. A total of 40,320 nonredundant unigenes were identified using B. rapa (AA genome) and B. oleracea (CC genome) as reference genomes. A total of 6,816 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mapped in the A and C genomes with 4,946 DEGs displayed nonadditively by comparing the gene expression patterns among the three samples. The coexistence of nonadditive DEGs including high-parent dominance, low-parent dominance, overdominance, and underdominance was observed in the gene action modes of F1 hybrid, which were potentially related to the heterosis. The coexistence of multiple gene actions in the hybrid was observed and provided a list of candidate genes and pathways for heterosis. The expression bias of transposable element-associated genes was also observed in the hybrid compared to their parents. The present study could be helpful for the better understanding of the determination and regulation of mechanisms of heterosis to aid Brassica improvement.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, rapidly progressive disease leading to paralysis and death. Recently, intermediate length polyglutamine (polyQ) repeats of 27-33 in ATAXIN-2 (ATXN2), encoding the ATXN2 protein, were found to increase risk for ALS. In ATXN2, polyQ expansions of ≥ 34, which are pure CAG repeat expansions, cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. However, similar length expansions that are interrupted with other codons, can present atypically with parkinsonism, suggesting that configuration of the repeat sequence plays an important role in disease manifestation in ATXN2 polyQ expansion diseases. Here we determined whether the expansions in ATXN2 associated with ALS were pure or interrupted CAG repeats, and defined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs695871 and rs695872 in exon 1 of the gene, to assess haplotype association. We found that the expanded repeat alleles of 40 ALS patients and 9 long-repeat length controls were all interrupted, bearing 1-3 CAA codons within the CAG repeat. 21/21 expanded ALS chromosomes with 3CAA interruptions arose from one haplotype (GT), while 18/19 expanded ALS chromosomes with

Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci are described for Rhodiola, a medicinal herb genus widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Methods and Results: A total of 17 polymorphic microsatellite primer pairs were developed using the combined biotin-capture method. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to 12 across 192 individuals from R. bupleuroides, R. crenulata, R. fastigiata, and R. sacra, and the mean observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.177 to 0.412 and from 0.363 to 0.578, respectively. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the potential use of this new set of microsatellite markers for genotyping individuals and estimating genetic diversity in Rhodiola.