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This study involved a survey of fire safety managers to understand the educational content necessary to improve their job performance. The survey examined awareness of safety management work, standard cognition of firefighting facilities, capacity to maintain firefighting facilities, and so on to identify the elements required for improving the fire safety manager's job performance capabilities. The survey found that the work of fire safety management was satisfactory and that the level of knowledge regarding the structure and operating principles of most facilities is high. However, fire safety managers were found to be struggling to maintain and address firefighting facilities owing to a lack of experience and parallel work. Furthermore, they experienced difficulties operating and inspecting facilities due to a lack of practice opportunities and concerns surrounding malfunctions. The study concluded that an education system that can be easily managed and provides training in firefighting is imperative to improve the performance of fire safety managers.

This study analyzed the applicability of CO sensors through UL 268 unwanted alarm tests and real-scale unwanted alarm verification tests tailored to the domestic format. A comprehensive literature review indicated that the UL 268 fire test and the cooking nuisance test results revealed the fire-detection concentration and unwanted alarm concentration of CO and suggested that a real fire can be detected if the concentration of CO is above 17 ppm. Accordingly, during the pork belly and mackerel cooking events, which triggers frequent unwanted alarms in domestic multi-unit dwellings, the UL 268 domestic-type and real-scale unwanted alarm tests were conducted. The test results proved that the smoke detector sufficiently generated a fire alarm owing to the cooking by-products, as it measured up to 21.0 ppm, which is the maximum smoke concentration of the analog smoke detector under all conditions. However, as it was confirmed that the CO concentration was not more than 4.9 ppm in all experiments, it was confirmed that it was suitable for the fire and unwanted alarm-detection concentrations suggested in previous studies. Therefore, in the case of fire detectors, to prevent unwanted alarms in the future, it is important to distinguish between fire alarms and unwanted alarms further through crosschecking according to the applications of smoke and CO sensors.

This study attempted to design a scenario to improve a fire safety manager's actual fire response-ability based on elements that may occur in actual fire situations. The scenario was linked with revised educational subjects, starting with fire recognition, propagation, occupant evacuation guidance, use of fire extinguishers and indoor (outdoor) fire hydrants considering combustion characteristics, and protection safety. Finally, it covered fire brigade induction and police handover. The scenario demonstrates the procedures to respond to fire from the fire safety manager's perspective and includes seven stages. These are fire outbreaks, fire situation propagation, initial fire extinguishing, evacuation guidance, firefighting facility operation and action, protective measures and first aid, fire brigade guidance, and collaboration. The study concluded that it would be helpful to improve the fire safety manager's decision-making ability to respond to critical situations and prepare for recurring diverse situations by developing scenarios by utilizing fire safety manager instructional and practical training.

This study investigates the response characteristics of smoke detectors based on the smoke colors. Experiments on white paper fires similar to the UL 268 real fire garden test, domestic-type approval reference tests, and black polyurethane foam and flammable liquid fire tests that did not undergo domestic-type approval were conducted to examine the response characteristics of smoke detectors according to the smoke color. Consequently, all analog smoke detectors (ASDs) subjected to the paper fire experiments, which generated white smoke, met the UL 268 operating conditions. However, in the flammable liquid and polyurethane foam fire experiments, which generated black smoke, none of the ASDs subjected to the experiment met the UL 268 operating conditions. The total average error for the smoke concentration was measured by the ASDs based on optical concentration ODM, and was found to be -24.54%/m in flammable liquid fires and -81.22% in polyurethane foam.

This is a study on the development of education and training scenarios to enable fire safety managers to improve their fire response-ability. Based on 10 fire accidents that occurred in Korea, we analyzed the fire response problems that occurred in fire recognition, fire situation propagation, 119 reports, evacuation guidance, and initial fire extinguishing. We derived scenarios by designing sample scenario events based on fire response failure factors observed from accidents for scenario development. Additionally, a fire response scenario was developed including psychological conflict factors so that fire safety managers can solve various situations without falling into a panic in the event of a fire. Based on this study, if repeated education and training are conducted by implementing content similar to the actual situation, it is judged that fire safety managers will be able to make quick judgments and correct responses in the case of a fire.

In this study, experimental research is conducted on the operation characteristics of smoke detection equipment in environments with varying humidity levels. To examine the smoke detection equipment’s operation characteristics with respect to humidity, we manufactured an experimental equipment based on the standard room size specified in ISO 9705. Furthermore, humidity was generated by boiling water via water mist generator, humidifier, coffee pot, and gas burner. Hence, in the static case under 80% humidity, the operation characteristics of the smoke detection equipment were not affected. However, the operation characteristics were observed under a dynamic airflow of 0.8 m/s. Furthermore, the most active operation characteristics were identified at dynamic airflow of 1.5 m/s as opposed to 3.0 m/s. Additionally, in the humidity experiment utilizing a gas burner, the water fog phenomenon was not observed. The smoke concentration, measured via the type one operation of the smoke detection equipment, was 7.5% /m. Hence, we sufficiently confirmed the potential of false alarms due to humidity even without the occurrence of the water fog (steam) phenomenon.

중합효소연쇄반응법을 이용한 축산물 가공식품 내에 존재하는 소고기 성분을 특이적으로 검출할 수 있는 방법을 개발하기 위하여 축산물 가공식품 78종류를 무작위로 선별하였다. 가공식품으로부터 추출한 genomic DNA를 이용하여 소의 미토콘드리아 16S rRNA 염기서열을 이용하여 strain-specific primer를 직접 제작하여 중합효소연쇄반응을 수행한 후, 증폭된 반응산물의 염기서열을 분석 하였다. 축산물 가공식품 내 소고기 성분 검출을 위한 중합효소연쇄반응 수행 결과, 소고기 성분이 함유되어 있는 17개의 축산물 가공식품이 정확히 증폭되었고, 증폭산물의 DNA 염기서열 분석 결과 소의 미토콘드리아 16S rRNA 서열과 95% 이상의 상동성을 보였다. 본 실험에서 제시된 방법으로 축산물 가공식품 내 소고기 성분검출을 적용하였을 시, 소고기 성분이 함유된 축산물 가공식품을 정확하게 감별할 수 있었으며, 나아가 식품 원재료의 허위기재 등에 의한 불량식품 유통 근절 및 종교적 이유로 인한 금기 식품감별 등과 같은 과학적 식품 감시에 기여할 수 있다고 사료된다.

We have studied the polymerization kinetics of acrylamide in aqueous solution with potassium persulfate as an initiator by using quantitative real-timein situ IR spectroscopy and monitoring the profiles of peaks in the range 1900–850 cm−1. The conversion of acrylamide was calculated from the disappearance of the peak at 988 cm−1, which is the out-of-plane bending mode of the =C−H unit, normalized to the C=O stretching peak at 1675 cm−1 as an internal standard. For reaction temperatures in the range 40–65 °C and initiator and monomer concentrations of 0.9–2.6 mmol/L and 0.5–1.1 mol/L, respectively, we deduced that the rate of monomer consumption follows the relationRp =k[K2S2O8]0.5[M]1.35±0.10. In addition, we obtained activation parameters from an evaluation of the kinetic data.

CuInSe2 (CISe) absorber layers for thin-film solar cells were fabricated through the selenization of amorphous Cu–In–S nanoparticles, which were prepared by using a low-temperature colloidal process within one minute without any external heating. Two strategies for obtaining highly dense CISe absorber films were used in this work; the first was the modification of nanoparticle surface through chelate complexation with ethanolamine, and the second strategy utilized the lattice expansion that occurred when S atoms in the precursor particles were replaced with Se during selenization. The synergy of these two strategies allowed formation of highly dense CISe thin films, and devices fabricated using the absorber layer demonstrated efficiencies of up to 7.94 % under AM 1.5G illumination without an anti-reflection coating.