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This study investigates the economic effects (output, value added and employment) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of small-scale hydropower [comprising construction and operation/maintenance (O&M) stages] using a 47-prefecture interregional input–output analysis. We evaluated both backward and income linkage effects using the Miyazawa model, and consequently demonstrated that: (1) with respect to output and employment, the backward linkage effects of the O&M stage are smaller than the construction stage, while the opposite is true for the income linkage effects. This may be mainly attributed to high value-added ratios of the O&M sectors, and implies relatively lower inputs and labor are required for running hydropower facilities than for constructing them. (2) Income linkage effects with respect to all the parameters are dispersed over several prefectures due partly to the income redistribution effect. (3) Analyses of life-cycle GHG emissions in physical terms reveal that the smaller the hydropower plant, the larger the GHG emissions per unit electricity production. This may be because more machinery must be used per unit electricity production at smaller plants, causing more emissions from both construction and maintenance works. (4) Assuming small-scale hydropower generation is conducted across 1602 sites in place of the general (including fossil fuel) power sector, Japan’s national GHG emissions are expected to be moderated by 0.145%, of which 55% is due to the technological effect and the remaining portion is through the electricity-saving effect from higher prices for small-scale hydropower.

This chapter investigates the regional economic and mitigative effects on CO2 from installing renewable energy facilities, such as mega solar and wind power generation systems. The economic effects of renewable energy are often estimated using a regional input–output (I–O) model. However, when analyzing the economic effects on a small region, such as a municipality, an I–O table for the region may not be available. Therefore, we propose a versatile multiregional I–O model for estimating the regional economic effects of installing renewable energy. As an example, we analyze the effects of installing renewable energy facilities in an affected region of the Great East Japan Earthquake. As a result, it was observed that installing renewable energy facilities in the affected region and the supply of electricity by a conventional power source to the rest of Japan have larger effects on the regional economy.

Two massive earthquakes have occurred in Japan since 1995: the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and the Great East Japan Earthquake. The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake that occurred in 1995 mainly damaged Kobe City; following the earthquake, its population declined from 1.52 million to 1.42 million. The Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred in 2011 significantly damaged the Tohoku region in Japan. The coastal area of Fukushima Prefecture is still suffering from the impacts of the nuclear power plant accident that occurred as a result of the earthquake. There is the possibility of a long-term population decline due to the evacuation that followed, particularly in the coastal area of Fukushima Prefecture. In this chapter, the author analyses the recovery process of the population in the affected regions due to these two massive earthquakes. Furthermore, as a case study, the economic impacts of population decline due to the Great East Japan Earthquake are estimated for the affected region. From the results of the analysis, the author shows the difference in the population recovery process between the two earthquakes, and the negative impacts on the region affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake.

Aerobic cross-dehydrogenative coupling between terminal alkynes and hydrosilanes occurred in the presence of nanoporous gold catalyst under O2 atmosphere. A variety of alkynylsilanes were synthesized in good-to-high yields and the catalyst was easily recovered and reused many times. Furthermore, the chemoselective direct silyl protection of terminal acetylenes of alkynols over the hydroxyl groups was achieved with this catalytic system.

Ultrafine cerium oxide nanorods are produced from rapidly liquid quenched Ce-Al alloy precursors by a corrosion method through the selective leaching of Al and the oxidation of Ce in an alkaline medium under mild conditions. The obtained nanorods, having 5-7 nm diameter, exhibit unprecedented low-temperature oxygen-storage capacity (OSC) performance.

We report for the first time that zero-valent nanoporous gold (AuNPore) is a robust and green heterogeneous catalyst for α-C-H functionalization of various tertiary amines. AuNPore combines with molecular oxygen at 80 °C or tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide at room temperature and catalyses the heterogeneous cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction efficiently to afford the corresponding C-C and C-heteroatom coupling products in good to excellent yields with excellent reusability.

The Great Earthquake of March 11, 2011, significantly damaged the Tohoku region in Japan. Particularly, Fukushima Prefecture is still suffering from the impacts of the Great Earthquake and the nuclear power plant accident and the consequent evacuation of numerous people. It is considered that the population decline due to deaths, those declared missing, and evacuation has a negative impact on the regional economy through a decline in consumer demand. Therefore, using a 47-region inter-regional input–output table at prefecture level, we analyzed the economic impacts of the population decline for the past 5 years after the Great Earthquake. Consequently, it was observed that the impact was spread across the country. In particular, while the amount of production in the Tohoku region, including Fukushima, decreased, that of the Kanto region, including Tokyo, increased because many evacuees moved from the three affected prefectures and then became consumers in their new region. In addition, it is considered that the population decline will continue in the affected area in the long term. Therefore, based on population projections that consider the impact of the earthquake, we analyzed its long-term economic impacts. Consequently, it is shown that in the worst case, production in Fukushima in 2030 will decline by 15.4% compared with 2010. Thus, there is concern that the population decline in affected regions, such as Fukushima, will continue in the long term, and the regional economy will decline.

Unlike crystalline materials, metallic glasses usually have a uniform structure without long-range periodicity and characteristic structural constituents. It has long been believed that no interfaces associated with separate grains can be found in metallic glasses. Here, we report on the successful synthesis of a gold-based nanograined metallic glass (NGMG) exhibiting a heterogeneously granular structure but possessing a glassy nature. The smallest particle size of the NGMG can be less than 10 nm. Having the advantage of the high surface area typical for nanostructures, the Au-based NGMG shows significantly enhanced catalytic activity. In addition, this NGMG sustains the good mechanical properties of metallic glasses, showing a high hardness of ∼5.3 GPa. This work provides new insights into glass formation, offers the opportunity for further studies of the physical and chemical properties of this new type of non-crystalline solid, and promotes the applications of metallic glasses as catalysts, which may trigger intensive research in materials science.

Zero-valent nanoporous gold is shown to be a robust and green heterogeneous catalyst for α-C—H functionalization of various tertiary amines.

Ultrafine sodium titanate nanowires are produced from TiAl alloy precursors via a nonthermal process where Al leaching and Ti oxidation occur simultaneously in an alkaline medium. The obtained nanowires demonstrate a layered crystal structure with a diameter of a few nanometers and exhibit remarkable Sr ion-exchange properties.

最終需要の増大による地域の経済波及効果を産業連関分析により推計する場合, 一般に当該地域を対象とした地域産業連関表が必要となる. しかしながら, 需要変動に伴う経済波及効果について関心がある地域は, 必ずしも地域産業連関表が作成されているエリアだけではなく, 例えば都道府県の下位レベルとしての小都市圏などがある. 本研究では, 産業連関表の作成されていない小地域を計測の主な対象地域とした上で, それを包含する中地域, さらに小地域及び中地域を包含する大地域の3地域を対象とした Nonsurvey 手法による3地域間産業連関モデルを開発する. また, 提案されるモデルでは, 所得地と消費地が異なる地域間の所得分配・消費支出を内生化することを試みている.

The construction of several regional input-output tables in Japan has enabled us to employ them for regional economic analysis in various regions. The most important of these tables is the nine-region interregional input-output table, which covers the whole of Japan by MITI, and is which is the first of its kind in Japan. However, the regional divisions in this table do not correspond with those of the local government. Therefore, researchers have rarely used this table. Most regional input-output tables, excluding this, are intraregional, rather than interregional, input-output tables. Therefore, the analysis using these tables does not take interregional interdependence into consideration.In this study, we attempted to compile a 47-region interregional input-output table at the prefecture level, covering all of Japan. The hybrid approach of constructing regional input-output tables was adopted in this 47-region interregional input-output study. First, all intraregional input-output tables were prepared at the prefecture level. We used intraregional input-output tables of all prefectures in Japan from 1990 onwards. The second step was to estimate the interregional trade coefficients because this is a very important step in the construction of interregional input-output tables. In this study, we propose a method for the estimation of interregional trade using a distribution census and some data. In addition, the interregional trade coefficients were adjusted using a new iterative method to ensure that the sum total of the total output of 47 regions would match the total output of Japan. Finally, a 47-region interregional input-output table was compiled using tables of all 47 prefectures and the interregional trade coefficients.In this paper, we show the characteristic features of a 47-region interregional input-output table. Further, this paper presents a regional economic analysis using the 47-region interregional input-output table. We analyzed regional relations among all prefectures by measuring interregional input coefficients and using the Leontief inverse matrix. As a result, we found that most industries in local prefectures have economic linkages with services in Tokyo. In addition, we estimated the effects of an increase in the demand for automobiles in the Aichi prefecture on each prefectural economy in Japan. We could observe the relation between the transportation networks and interregional economic linkage at prefectural regional level.

This paper presents a method for use in the construction of a 47 region-interregional input-output table at the prefecture level in Japan using intraregional input-output tables. When input-output tables are constructed, Estimation of interregional trade coefficients is important. In this study, we propose a method for estimation of interregional trade using a distribution census. The input-output table presented in this study is extremely precise.

Zr-Pd metallic glassy thin films with a hierarchical nano-scale structure, produced by magnetron sputtering of the Zr and Pd powder mixture, demonstrate a unique combination of physical and biochemical properties. Thermal stability of the nano-structured glassy samples, their resistance to oxidation in dry air and phase transformation behavior are discussed in the present work. These binary alloy samples also show exceptionally high corrosion resistance and spontaneous passivation in a simulated body fluid. Experiments on the catalytic activity and biocompatibility of this nanostructured metallic glass indicate that this is a very suitable material for biochemical applications. Compared to the multicomponent alloys studied earlier this binary alloy has much simpler chemical composition, which makes preparation of the sample with defined stoichiometry easier, especially when the elements have different sputtering rates.

The nanoporous AuPd (AuPdNPore) alloy catalyst showed superior chemoselectivity and high catalytic activity for the direct 1,4-hydrosilylation of the conjugated cyclic enones with hydrosilane in comparison with the monometallic nanoporous Au and Pd catalysts. The enhanced catalytic properties of AuPdNPore arise mainly from the nanoporous structure and the synergistic effect of the AuPd alloy.

A novel catalytic property of nanoporous gold for activation of bis(pinacolato)diboron has been reported that allows the direct diboration of alkynes to proceed sufficiently in a heterogeneous process. The experimental results revealed that the nanoporous gold catalyst is able to cleave the B–B bond of bis(pinacolato)diboron without using any additives.

The local government financial sources depend on the intergovernmental fiscal transfers such as national treasury disbursements and local allocation tax. In recent years the decentralization is being discussed actively. And then, there is an assertion that fiscal transfers to the local government from the central government should be reduced, and it should be transferred to the independence revenue sources such as local taxes. We can get some analysis results that it should be transferred to the independence revenue sources in each place from resource allocation function. But it is thought that inter-regional income redistribution function becomes weak on one side, and that lack of the annual revenue arises in weak region of the economic structure.In this paper, We present an input-output model in consideration of fiscal transfers to the local government from the central government. And it is possible that the regional economic impacts when it cut fiscal transfers, a local independence revenue source was raised are analyzed by the application of this model. We analyzed the economic impacts of a tax source transfer to the local taxes from the local allocation tax about Kagoshima Prefecture and Aichi Prefecture. It was shown that it decreased in the amount of net product of Kagoshima Prefecture when it was transferred to the independence revenue sources from the local allocation tax. And it increased in it of Aichi Prefecture.

本研究は公共投資の景気対策としての有効性を, 主に生産誘発効果の観点から検討することを目的としている. この検討においてはまず, 18種類の公共事業 (建設事業) の生産誘発効果を, 昭和40年から平成2年の6時点について計測し, 公共事業の景気対策としての効果の経年推移を事業種ごとに把握するとともに, 各時点の公共事業の事業種内訳を考慮して, 公共投資全体の生産誘発の効率性の変遷を明らかにする. またこれに続いて, 生産誘発効果の経年変化の要因を, 投資に伴う最終需要の生成効率, 国際貿易の変化, 生産波及の効率性の観点から検討し, 生産誘発効果の経年変化の要因構成を明らかにする.

A novel catalytic property of nanoporous gold for activation of bis(pinacolato)diboron has been reported that allows the direct diboration of alkynes to proceed sufficiently in a heterogeneous process. The experimental results revealed that the nanoporous gold catalyst is able to cleave the B–B bond of bis(pinacolato)diboron without using any additives.

本研究は, 同じ投資によって生じる経済波及効果を計測することを目的として全国産業連関分析と地域間産業連関分析を行った場合では, 一般に両分析法による計測値は一致しないことに着目し, それぞれの分析法によって計測される経済波及効果の間に生じる差の発生構造を, 地域間交易係数ならびに地域産業連関分析の地域分割による地域経済規模の構成の観点から理論的に検討を行ったものである. 検討に際しては, 両分析法による経済波及効果の計測値に差異が発生しないための地域間交易係数の定義上の追加的条件を提示するとともに, 地域分割によって生じる各地域の地域経済規模の構成が両分析法の等価性に与える影響について考察を行った.

This article addresses the differentiated impacts of various sectors and branches in a multi-layer regional system. As a case-study the Cairngorms National Park (CNP) in Scotland is used. In this area, policy makers ”at different administrative levels” strongly emphasize the need for new sustainable economic development. We use a novel combination of stakeholder analysis with household questionnaires and interregional input-output analysis to define the most important local key-sectors as carriers for local sustainability. The methodological vehicle employed is based on microsimulation. This paper demonstrates how, even for small areas such as the CNP in Scotland, survey information combined with secondary data and existing input-output tables can be integrated into a useful policy tool.

We report for the first time the highly selective semihydrogenation of alkynes using the unsupported nanoporous gold (AuNPore) as a catalyst and organosilanes with water as a hydrogen source. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the present semihydrogenation of various terminal- and internal-alkynes affords the corresponding alkenes in high chemical yields and excellent Z-selectivity without any over-reduced alkanes. The use of DMF as solvent, which generates amines in situ, or pyridine as an additive is crucial to suppress the association of hydrogen atoms on AuNPore to form H(2) gas, which is unable to reduce alkynes on the unsupported gold catalysts. The AuNPore catalyst can be readily recovered and reused without any loss of catalytic activity. In addition, the SEM and TEM characterization of nanoporosity show that the AuNPore catalyst has a bicontinuous 3D structure and a high density of atomic steps and kinks on ligament surfaces, which should be one of the important origins of catalytic activity.

Distinct from inert bulk gold, nanoparticulate gold has been found to possess remarkable catalytic activity towards oxidation reactions. The catalytic performance of nanoparticulate gold strongly depends on size and support, and catalytic activity usually cannot be observed at characteristic sizes larger than 5 nm. Interestingly, significant catalytic activity can be retained in dealloyed nanoporous gold (NPG) even when its feature lengths are larger than 30 nm. Here we report atomic insights of the NPG catalysis, characterized by spherical-aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and environmental TEM. A high density of atomic steps and kinks is observed on the curved surfaces of NPG, comparable to 3-5 nm nanoparticles, which are stabilized by hyperboloid-like gold ligaments. In situ TEM observations provide compelling evidence that the surface defects are active sites for the catalytic oxidation of CO and residual Ag stabilizes the atomic steps by suppressing {111} faceting kinetics.

本研究では, 従来の地域内産業連関分析では計測することができなかった, 地域外から調達される投資財が地域間の波及を介して再び地域内の生産を誘発する効果 (はね返り需要) を, 特定地域の地域内産業連関表と全国表のみを使って計測する方法を提案する. この方法は, 地域間産業連関表が準備されていない地域であっても, 移出入額が輸出入額と分離された地域内産業連関表があれば, 地域間産業連関分析と等価な分析を可能とするものである.

Intraregional input-output analysis is widely used for measuring economic impacts which are derived from public investment. But in the usual intraregional input-output analysis, the Bounding-back effects that is a kind of intraregional repercussion effects have been ignored since the interregional trades are given externally. We have presented simple method which could measure interregional Bounding-back effects by using intraregional input-output table. Using this method within the context of intraregional analysis is equivalent to interregional input-output analysis, the method even uses intraregional input-output table only.In this paper, we discuss the following two problems: In the first place, we pay attention to the intraregional input-output framework and the interregional trades, and discuss the structure of the bounding-back effects. And then, the economic impacts in a region which are measured by intraregional input-output analysis should be the same result as it which is measured by the method which divide a region into two regions, a method that we already have presented. But these results aren't the same. Then we pay attention to that matter. And consider the factor.

The nanoporous AuPd (AuPdNPore) alloy catalyst showed superior chemoselectivity and high catalytic activity for the direct 1,4-hydrosilylation of the conjugated cyclic enones with hydrosilane in comparison with the monometallic nanoporous Au and Pd catalysts. The enhanced catalytic properties of AuPdNPore arise mainly from the nanoporous structure and the synergistic effect of the AuPd alloy.

The hydrosilylation of acetylenic compounds proceeded smoothly in the presence of a reusable nanoporous gold catalyst under mild conditions and the β-(E)-cis-addition products were obtained in good to high yields regio- and stereoselectively.

The incidence of infectious flacherie of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. in a mixed group of health silkworm larvae and infected larvae was investigated in relation to number of infected larvae mixed and length of mixed rearing period.The more infected larvae were mixed, the higher the incidence of infectious flacherie became. As the period of mixed rearing became longer, the incidence of infectious flacherie was increased.