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古代日本文学は中国文化の影響を多く受けている。しかし事物への概念や表現方法が必ずしも中国の影響かどうかは判別しにくいものもある。事物や表現が同様だからと言って影響関係にあるとは一概に言えないからである。そこで本稿では具体的に「雪」の概念や描き方を例にして、その関係を考えてみる。 「雪」が厳冬期の行路難渋や苦寒という意味では当然のことながら一致している。また影響関係は不明であるが、五穀豊穣の予祝的なものという認識は共通している。しかし『万葉集』では「遠い山に降るもの」という概念があり、神の存在する場所に降る神聖なものという認識がある一方で、中国では神仙的な彼岸と区分するという意味があって、ここが本質的に相違が見られる所である。 本稿では宴席を中心とした「雪」については考察していない。このことについては別稿で論じる。

中国六朝時代に発達した「閨怨詩」は『詩経』を源流とし、漢代の文学に対する経学思想から解放され、人間の内面を深めて行った実相と感応する文学的なとらえ方の中に成立する。それは劉勰の『文心雕龍』に代表される「詩学」とも言うべき理論の中で整備され、人間性が色濃く出た文学創作である。一方、それらの詩文が日本にもたらされ、『万葉集』にその足跡を見ることが出来る。ただ中国文学とは異なり、実質的な内容に自発的に表現が獲得されたのではなく、中国文学の思潮の中で表現が用いられたと言ってよい。従って文学的作為の中で「閨怨詩」の影響はあると指摘出来る。

In this paper, I examine how the theory of bijas (“seeds”) was interpreted in the Weishi School (Chinese Yogacara) in the early Tang.The most authoritative exposition of seeds was articulated in vol. 2 of the Cheng weishi lun, translated into Chinese by Xuanzang in 659. The main point of this bija theory was to prove the existence of “uncontaminated seeds” (anasravabija). In particular, the idea of originally existing uncontaminated seeds (dharmatanasravabija) worked successfully to flesh out the theory of five different natures of religious capacity.The purpose of presenting the theory of uncontaminated seeds in the Cheng weishi lun was not only to justify the theory of five different natures, but also to rescue the theory of “seeds that take thusness as causal referent” (tathatalambanapratyayabija) that was set forth in vol. 52 of the Yuqie shidi lun (Yogacarabhumi; translated by Xuanzang in 648).This was done because the seeds that take thusness as causal referent were taken as buddha-nature (buddhadhatu) or Tathagatagarbha by the people who believed in the Mahaparinirvanasutra—which claimed that all sentient beings have the buddha-nature within themselves and that each and every one can reach Buddhahood.Faced with this crisis, the Weishi school needed a new framework for its seed theory, in order to bring added nuance to its theory of seeds that take thusness as causal referent and the theory of five natures. Thus, the uncontaminated seeds postulated in the Cheng weishi lun superceded the thusnessreferential seeds.

At meander concave bank, Spur dike is appropriate for protecting bank from erosion and control bed topography. But the flow around spur dike are occur transverse component of spiral current. The meander zone is expanded to overcome the frictional resistance of the channel boundary in case during floods. So, without designing spur dike by more carefully using detail survey, numerical simulation and laboratory experimentation test, the scour and deposition of sediment occur a undefined and unexpected place by the stream flow variations caused by flood. Numerical simulation a two-layer model was developed as the extension of the two-dimensional flow model could get good result, comparing with field measurement distributions of velocity around spur dikes in Ushizu River, Saga Prefecture Kyushu region. The field observation continued from 1994 to 1996 covering the pre-and past-construction periods of the spur dikes. The characteristics of physical current at low and high water have been studied through field measurement and numerical simulation using two dimensional flow models. At result of spiral current, primary and intermittent vortex deflected current could define by numerical simulation. This basic equations are constructed by the finite element method to be appropriate for complicated topography like around spur dikes.

制度:新 ; 文部省報告番号:甲1805号 ; 学位の種類:博士(文学) ; 授与年月日:2003-06-17 ; 早大学位記番号:新3599