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This study aimed to directly replicate Diener, Wirtz, & Oishi (2001, Study 1). This research will be conducted in 2020, 2021, and 2023 as part of the psychological experiment method practice B, a class at Showa Women's University. Study 4 was a direct replication of Diener, Wirtz, & Oishi (2001, Study 1). Study 4 uses the same procedures as Study 1 and complements Study 1, which had an insufficient sample size. Like Study 1, The present study is a direct follow-up to Diener, Wirtz, & Oishi (2001, Study 1). They found that when people evaluate their lives as a whole, they ignore duration and emphasize the final stage of life more. Participants rated the abrupt end of a beautiful life more favorably than a moderately happy life followed by several years of happiness (the James Dean effect). Similarly, they rated a miserable life followed by a few years of slightly better years more favorably than a wretched life followed by a sudden end (the Alexander Solzhenitsyn effect). Study 4 will test whether these findings can be replicated.

This study aimed to directly replicate Risen & Gilovich (2008, Study 2). This research will be conducted in 2023 as part of the psychological experiment method practice B, a Showa Women's University class. Risen & Gilovich (2008) demonstrated that people indeed have the intuition that actions that tempt fate increase the likelihood of adverse outcomes. In their study2, participants were more likely to guess that students would be called on when they did not prepare for the class than when they did, and this occurred strongly when the imagined protagonist was themselves rather than others. This study follows up on t Risen & Gilovich (2008, study 2).

This project will conduct a systematic review of conference papers that had been presented at the Japanese Psychological Association and the Japanese Society of Social Psychology. This is a protocol for the stage 1 data collection of the review.

The present study investigates the effect of construal level on unconscious evaluation of the stimuli about Black people who are inconsistent with racial stereotypes. While Black people could be represented abstractly as a "prototype", they could also be represented concretely as an "exemplar". Construal level should moderate which group representation would be used. Especially, people who think abstractly should represent Blacks as a prototype, while people who think concretely should represent them as an exemplar. Sixty-six female undergraduates participated in an experiment in which their construal mindset was manipulated and were asked to do the single category IAT using pictures of competent Black celebrities. Contrary to the prediction, participants in concrete mindset condition evaluated positive black celebrities negatively. It suggests that they might use racial stereotypes(i.e. prototypes). The results are discussed in terms of the availability of exemplars, the contents of stereotypes, and the cognitive structure of group representation.

Self-esteem is a global representation of the self that varies in its level of activation. Self-esteem should have an influence on future prediction depending on its activation level. According to the construal level theory, temporal distance moderates the influence of the activated self-esteem. Undergraduates (n=89) participated in a panel survey on predictions about their examination performance, in which their level of self-esteem activation was manipulated. Contrary to the hypothesis, the valence of activated self-esteem did not influence predictions of the participants that were made five weeks before the exam, whereas it did influence their predictions made just after they completed the exam. It is concluded that perceived temporal distance moderated the effect of self-esteem on predictions that were made after the exam. The effects of acquiring new data on future outcomes and on contrasting optimistic predictions with the level of salient self-esteem that leads to self-verification are discussed.

Planning fallacy refers to the underestimation of the time taken to complete a future task, despite knowing that previous tasks have generally taken longer than planned. It was hypothesized that mood and delay of reward would intensify the planning fallacy. Forty-five female undergraduates participated in a cognitive experiment while hearing calm, toe-tapping music,or depressive music in the background. In the delay condition, participants were asked to write and submit an essay about the experiment in two weeks,and were promised a monetary reward on the day of submission. In the no-delay condition,participants received the reward and were asked to write an essay in two weeks.Then,participants predicted the date and the time required for completing the task.The delay of monetary reward apparently intensified the planning fallacy about the date of completion. However,the null effect on the predicted date suggested that participant`s commitment resulting from getting the reward might facilitate their performance and diminish the planning fallacy.Positive mood intensified the planning fallacy about the time required. It is suggested that this could be a mood-congruent effect. The effects of motivation and mood on the planning fallacy were discussed.

To investigate whether and how the Beijing Olympic Games influenced the Chinese competitiveness towards foreigners, we conducted a three-wave longitudinal study and found that participants' competitiveness towards foreigners from five comparison target nations, particularly towards Japanese, South Koreans and Kenyans, was higher during the Games than before and/or after. We further found that nationalism predicted the competitiveness toward Japanese and South Koreans, but did not predict the competitiveness toward Americans, Russians and Kenyans. Additionally, we found that patriotism played little role in the effects of the Games on competitiveness towards foreigners. We herein discuss the relationship between national comparisons, nationalism and national conflict.

The present study investigates the effect of ambiguous rejection(e.g., people are ignored by others)and obvious rejection(e.g., people are negatively evaluated by others)on predictions of future rejection. One hundred and thirty-seven male and female undergraduates were asked to imagine situations in which they were either accepted, rejected implicitly, or rejected explicitly, and to complete a questionnaire. The results suggest that social rejection lowered participants' state self-esteem and boosted the perceived likelihood of future rejection by the rejecter. However, social rejection did not boost the perceived likelihood of future rejection by people they didn't already know. Although there was no difference between ambiguous rejection and obvious rejection generally, males were less likely than females to lower their state self-esteem in cases of obvious rejection. The results are discussed from the perspective of sociometer theory.

Previous studies have discussed the effects of others with whom one has a close relationship on one's desire to lose weight. The present study investigates whether the statements of people with whom one is close affect one's desire to lose weight. One hundred and fifty-seven female undergraduates were asked to imagine situations in which people close to them(e.g., father, mother, intimate partner, close acquaintance)praised another female and to imagine how this would affect their desire to lose weight. Results of the analyses of their self-ratings for 11 items designed to measure the desire to lose weight showed that the desire to lose weight was higher when participants imagined that the person doing the praising was a close acquaintance of the same generation than when participants imagined their parents. This difference tended to be pronounced when the person whom the participant imagined was male(i.e. opposite sex)compared to cases in which the person whom the participant imagined was female(i.e. same sex). We discuss the effects of kinship relations and the gender of people close to one who comment on someone's weight, and the desire to lose weight. We discuss this from the perspective of evolutionary psychology and social psychology.

本研究は，達成動機づけと締め切りまでの時間的距離感が計画錯誤に及ぼす影響について検討した。計画錯誤は，課題の遂行を楽観的に予測するために生じるといわれている。先行研究は，予測時の動機づけが予測を楽観的にし，また時間的距離感は楽観的予測を調整することを示唆している。そこで本研究は，48人の参加者に動機づけの操作のための乱文再構成課題（達成プライミングvs.誘惑プライミング）と期末テストまでの時間的距離感に回答してもらい，また期末テストのための勉強時間を予測してもらった。その後，テスト当日に，実際に行った勉強時間について回答してもらった。その結果，達成プライミング条件の参加者は，誘惑プライミング条件の参加者に比べて，勉強時間をより楽観的に見積もり，計画錯誤が生じていた。またこの傾向は，時間的距離感により調整されており，テストまでの時間的距離感が遠い場合にのみ，この傾向はみられた。最後に，計画錯誤における動機づけと時間的距離感の影響および今後の研究の可能性について考察した。

Previous studies have shown that people committing social blunders anticipate being judged more harshly by others than they actually are.Because self-esteem reflects the feeling that the person expects to be accepted by others,it was hypothesized that the overestimation bias would be moderated by individual differences in trait self-esteem.Female undergraduates(n=118)considered two hypothetical scenarios.In the actor condition,participants were asked to imagine that they had committed a social blunder and anticipate how negatively observers would judge them.In the observer and the third person conditions,participants imagined watching someone else commit a blunder.Participants in the observer condition judged those actors.Participants in the third person condition anticipated how negatively observers would judge those actors.Results indicated that participants in the actor condition anticipated that they would be evaluated more negatively compared to the judgments by participants in the observer and the third person conditions.In the actor condition,people with low self-esteem overestimated others'negative evaluation compared to those with high self-esteem.The implication of these findings for social interactions and the limitation of the present study are discussed.

This study investigated whether the effects of self-enhancing and self-effacing presentations on impression formation could depend on audiences' expectancies. When self-presentation is consistent with audiences' expectancies about the presenter, such a presentation should be regarded as trivial and have no influence on one's impression of the presenter. On the other hand, when self-presentation is inconsistent, it should be regarded as unusual and have an influence on the impression. One hundred and seventy one undergraduates participated in a scenario experiment where expectancies about the presenter and the self-presentation style were manipulated. In general, self-effacing presentations were preferred to self-enhancing presentations. But when participants were given the expectancy that the presenter was a selfassured person, participants regarded self-enhancing presentation as trivial and evaluated the self-enhancing person as positively as the self-effacing person. The influences of cultural norm and the consistency between personal expectancies and the self-presentation styles were discussed.

Social evolutionary studies have predicted and demonstrated that, men are less selective than women when considering relationships with the opposite sex in low involvement situations, whereas they are equally selective when considering relationships in high involvement situations. Previous studies have also indicated that self-appraisals were positively correlated with mate selection criteria, but that self-ratings of men were less correlated with their criteria for a casual sex liaisons. The present study attempted to replicate these findings in Japanese undergraduates by inquiring about their mate selection criteria for 1-night stand liaisons, as well as about dating, and marriage partners. Sex differences were highest for casual sex liaisons, and these differences were in line with previous findings. However, the low correlation between male self-appraisal and their mate selection criteria for 1-night stand liaisons was not observed in this sample. The validity of the perspectives in evolutionary psychology is discussed.

In accordance with the social cognitive career theory, the present study investigates how a variety of job-hunting activities could make undergraduates receive informal job offers, and explore the relationships between those activities and their subjective well-being. Eighty-nine female undergraduates participated in a longitudinal study from December 2004 to July. 2005. Results showed that proactive rather than reactive action of undergraduates and the utilization of the career department made it easy for them to get a job before graduation. Skills acquisition and clarification of job wishes hindered undergraduates to get a job, although these effect. sizes were weak. Subjective well-being of undergraduate was positively correlated with the emotionalsupport from their friends, parents, and mentor. The validity, generalizability and applicability of the findings were discussed.

The present study investigated the effects of the embellishment for a web page on the observer's attitude toward its topic. People with a high need for cognition are more likely to enjoy processing a persuasive message deliberately, but they don't always have the ability for processing because of their lack of enough knowledge about the topic. After all, the embellishment for a web page should play the role of peripheral cues and should change the attitudes of both observers with a high need for cognition and observers with a low need for cognition in the direction of the message. Fifty-five undergraduates who differ in the need for cognition looked at the web pages which were either embellished or not embellished, and then completed questionnaires asking about their attitudes. Results were consistent with the prediction. The validity of the elaboration likelihood model and the need for cognition and the implication for the real world were discussed.

The present study investigates the hypothesis that people should overestimate the extent to which their make-up changes are noticed by others. In Experiment 1, female participant who was asked to change her make-up overestimated the number of observers who would be able to notice her make-up change. Neither male nor female observers differed in their ability of noticing actor's make-up change. These results provide the evidence of the spotlight effect in cosmetic behaviors. In Experiment 2, a substantial time delay attenuated the actor's overestimation, but did not attenuate the actor's belief about the observer's ability of detection. It supports an anchoring-and-adjustment interpretation of the spotlight effect. Consistently with prior researches, the spotlight effect in cosmetic behaviors seems to be a kind of egocentiric bias. The implications for interpersonal relationships were discussed.

The present study investigated whether feelings about condom use might facilitate the intention of condom use, and whether perception of relationship to sexual partners and perception of possibility of being infected with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and/or STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease) might moderate the relation between their feelings and intention of condom use. The results of the questionnaire study, sampling 223 Japanese adolescents (94 males, 129 females) were as follows: Negative feeling toward HIV and/or STD did not influence their intention of condom use. On the other hand, positive feeling toward condom use facilitated their intention of condom use. The influence of the positive feeling on the intention was greater among the males who see the possibility of their infection very likely, compared to the males who see the possibility of their infection less likely. The inverse phenomenon emerged among the females. The influence of positive feeling on the intention was greater among the females who see the possibility of their infection less likely. Pregnancy and HIV and/or STD prevention was discussed.

The present study investigated the effects of the decoration for a web page on the observer's attitude toward its topic. Previous studies suggested that peripheral cues could change the attitude of the observer who has little motivation for processing information in the direction of the message. The study took the observer's interest in the topic of the web page as his or her motivation for processing information. Decoration for the web page should serve as a peripheral cue and should change the attitude of the observer not interested in the topic of the web page. Results were consistent with this prediction. Furthermore, the message of the web page without decoration was processed more deliberatively than that with decoration. The implications for the theories about attitude change and for the application in the real world were discussed.

The present study investigated whether the involvement period of relationships with the opposite sex might moderate the effects of social desirableness of a target person and similarity between the target and a perceiver on interpersonal attraction. One hundred and two female undergraduates rated themselves on 15 dispositions and received personal profiles of a male person, which varied in social desirableness of his dispositions and assumed involvement period of relationships. They reported interpersonal attraction of the target male person on IJS(Byrne, 1971). Results show that social desirableness and similarity influenced interpersonal attraction of the target male independently. The moderating effects of involvement period of relationships were not found. Involvement period of relationships had unique effects on interpersonal attraction of socially desirable males. The implications of the independent effects of social desirableness and similarity, and the sex differences on the impact of involvement period were discussed.

Using a field setting of the midterm examination in introductory psychology, the present study examined whether objective self-awareness would reduce unrealistically optimistic predictions about task performance. Two weeks before the examination, 88 high and low self-esteem participants predicted their task performance in either self-focus or no-focus condition. Then, all participants took the examination, and their actual performances were recorded. Generally, compared to low self-esteems, high self-esteems tended to predict their performances higher than their actual performances. However, high self-esteems reduced their optimism if they self-focused. Neither selfefficacy nor negative affect mediated between unrealistic optimism and self-focused attention among high self-esteems. The implications for a mechanism of unrealistic optimism and self-focus were discussed.

The present study examined the effects of public self-affirmation (PSA) by low self-esteem individuals (LSE) on the causal attributions of their performances. Presenting positive aspects of the self to other people should make LSE confirm them, and thus allow LSE to restore their self-integrity. This PSA should lead LSE to make self-effacing attributions for their failures. The Experimental design was Performance feedback (positive/negative) × Self-esteem (high/low) × PSA (affirming/not affirming) factorial.The main results were as followed; (1) In general, Participants tended to make self-effacing attributions for their performances. (2) LSE who were given the opportunity of PSA tended to make self-effacing attributions for their failures more strongly than did LSE who were not given the opportunity. PSA by High self-esteem individuals did not affect the causal attributions of their failures. These results suggest that LSE might need to affirm positive aspects of the self publicly in order to reduce the impacts of the threats to their self-integrity.