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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of diabetes complications in China, threatening people's health and quality of life seriously. Over the past few years, with the change in lifestyle and dietary habits, the course of diabetes mellitus is gradually prolonged, and complications in diabetic patients are becoming increasingly common, so scholars have studied the syndrome associated with this disease, which has led to certain research findings. The purpose of this article is to summarise the research progress of diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetes mellitus with heart disease, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and other chronic complications of diabetes mellitus from two aspects of literature and clinical research, present directions and strategies for standardising syndrome types of diabetes mellitus and its common chronic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problems of poor accuracy, low angular resolution, and low degree of freedom in traditional bistatic nested multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radar for target parameter estimation, a method based on the use of virtual redundant array elements is proposed. The reconstructed Toeplitz matrix algorithm is a method of parameter estimation for the direction of departure (DOD) and direction of arrival (DOA) of the target. Firstly, the two nested sub-arrays are arranged with the zero point as the center to form the receiving array and the transmitting array of the bistatic MIMO radar. The virtual receiving signal processed by the array has a large number of redundant virtual array elements. Second, the covariance values corresponding to the redundant virtual array elements are averaged to replace the original values to form a new virtual received signal, and then two selection matrices are used to construct spatial smoothing sub-arrays in the virtual receiving array and the virtual transmitting array. The method reconstructs the Toeplitz matrix to reconstruct the virtual received signal. Finally, the conventional subspace algorithm is used to estimate the space spectrum of the equivalent virtual signal to realize the mutual matching of DOD and DOA. The proposed algorithm compares better with other algorithms in terms of estimation performance and degree of freedom performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For differentiable dynamical systems with dominated splittings, we give upper estimates on the measure-theoretic tail entropy in terms of Lyapunov exponents. As our primary application, we verify the upper semi-continuity of metric entropy in various settings with domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) and a spatial scheme of parameter estimation, spatial patterns of extreme monthly precipitation (EMP) in China were studied using 740 stations' data from 1960 to 2007. The spatial patterns of EMP are described by the GPD's scale and shape parameters, whose regional features depend on ENSO activities. The results show that the scale parameter (representing variability) in monsoon areas, such as southern China, is greater than that of non-monsoon areas, such as northern China, and that it is greater in summer than that in autumn. The shape parameter (representing record-breaking probability) reaches a maximum in non-monsoon areas and a minimum in monsoon areas. For the time scale, record-breaking events would occur more easily in the seasons other than summer. The regional difference in terms of dependence of EMP's variability on Southern Oscillation (SO) was also related to the monsoon transition zone. The variability with great dependence on SO was in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in the region between the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, which are dry-wet transition zones. The response of EMP's record-breaking probability to SO is apparent in most regions of China, and its spatial pattern becomes the largest in summer and much smaller in spring and autumn. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating evidence highlights the role of histone acetyltransferase GCN5 in the regulation of cell metabolism in metazoans. Here, we report that GCN5 is a negative regulator of autophagy, a lysosome‐dependent catabolic mechanism. In animal cells and Drosophila, GCN5 inhibits the biogenesis of autophagosomes and lysosomes by targeting TFEB, the master transcription factor for autophagy‐ and lysosome‐related gene expression. We show that GCN5 is a specific TFEB acetyltransferase, and acetylation by GCN5 results in the decrease in TFEB transcriptional activity. Induction of autophagy inactivates GCN5, accompanied by reduced TFEB acetylation and increased lysosome formation. We further demonstrate that acetylation at K274 and K279 disrupts the dimerization of TFEB and the binding of TFEB to its target gene promoters. In a Tau‐based neurodegenerative Drosophila model, deletion of dGcn5 improves the clearance of Tau protein aggregates and ameliorates the neurodegenerative phenotypes. Together, our results reveal GCN5 as a novel conserved TFEB regulator, and the regulatory mechanisms may be involved in autophagy‐ and lysosome‐related physiological and pathological processes. Synopsis: GCN5‐mediated TFEB acetylation inhibits autophagy and lysosome biogenesis by disrupting the dimerization and DNA binding of TFEB. GCN5 negatively regulates autophagy and lysosome biogenesis.TFEB is a direct acetylation substrate of GCN5.Acetylation disrupts TFEB dimerization and DNA binding.Interfering with GCN5‐mediated acetylation of TFEB/dMitf reduces Tau aggregation and neurotoxicity in Drosophila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) offer promising prospects for treating pyroptosis-related autoimmune diseases. However, poor stability and off-target effects during in vivo transportation hinder their practical clinical applications. Precision delivery and adaptive release of siRNAs into inflamed tissues and immune cells could unleash their full therapeutic potential. This study establishes a pyroptotic-spatiotemporally selective siRNA delivery system (PMRC@siGSDME) that selectively targets inflammatory tissues, responds to pyroptosis, and exhibits remarkable therapeutic efficacy against various autoimmune diseases. Novel hybrid nanovesicles (NVs) are designed as a combination of pyroptotic macrophage membranes (PMs) and R8-cardiolipin-containing nanovesicles (RC-NVs). Evidence provides that PM-derived proteins involved in cell-cell interactions and membrane trafficking may contribute to the specificity of NVs to inflammatory tissue. In addition, cardiolipin anchored in the hybrid NVs increases its affinity for activated gasdermin E (GSDME) and achieves pyroptosis-adaptive release of siGSDME for the spatiotemporally selective suppression of immune responses. More importantly, PMRC@siGSDME displays significant anti-inflammatory and therapeutic effects in multiple mouse autoimmune disease models, including arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Collectively, an innovative siRNA delivery strategy precisely tailored for pyroptotic cells has been developed, paving the way for new treatments for autoimmune inflammatory diseases with minimal side effects and wide clinical applicability., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: Cuproptosis is a recently discovered form of nonapoptotic programmed cell death. However, no research on cuproptosis in the context of adrenocortical carcinoma has been conducted, and the prognostic value of assessing cuproptosis remains unclear., Methods: In this study, we established comprehensive models to assess gene expression changes, mutation status, and prognosis prediction and developed a prognostic nomogram for cuproptosis-related genes. Using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, an analysis of 11 cuproptosis-related genes was performed. Additionally, a risk scoring method and nomogram were used to assess the relationships among cuproptosis-associated genes, transcript expression, clinical characteristics, and prognosis. The connections among tumors, immune checkpoints, and immune infiltration were also analyzed., Results: The patterns observed in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma who were assessed using cuproptosis-associated risk scores provide useful information for understanding gene mutations, clinical outcomes, immune cell infiltration, and immune checkpoint analysis results. FDX1 , LIPT1 , MTF1 , COX11 , CYP2D6 , DLAT , ATP7B and CDKN2A were differentially expressed in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma and normal controls. In addition, higher risk scores were significantly associated with poor overall survival and progression-free interval. The nomogram model subsequently developed to facilitate the clinical application of the analysis showed good predictive and calibration capabilities. GSE10927 and GSE33371 were used for independent cohort validation. Moreover, CDKN2A , FDX1 , and other cuproptosis-related genes were significantly associated with immune infiltration and checkpoints., Conclusion: We confirmed that our model had excellent predictive ability in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Therefore, an in-depth evaluation of patients using cuproptosis-related risk scores is clinically essential and can assist in therapy in the future., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)