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15. Biopolymers‐Based Proton Exchange Membranes For Fuel Cell Applications: A Comprehensive Review.

Author

Abouricha, Souhaib, Aziam, Hasna, Noukrati, Hassan, Sel, Ozlem, Saadoune, Ismael, Lahcini, Mohammed, and Youcef, Hicham Ben

Subjects
PROTON exchange membrane fuel cells, PROTON conductivity, BIOPOLYMERS, POLYMER networks, FUEL cells
Abstract

Nafion has been dominating the proton exchange membrane (PEM) market because of its adequacy for the proton exchange operation. However, because of its high cost, low performance at low relative humidity, and finally environmental unfriendliness, researchers have been developing and working on Nafion alternatives. In this review, we assess how biopolymers present an opportunity as an eco‐friendly material able to replace the conventional Nafion membrane in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Chitosan and cellulose were the most studied in literature owing to their abundance in nature, low cost, and high affinity for water, which are sought‐after properties for PEM. In addition to that, their ease of modification through their hydroxyl or amine groups represents an opportunity to further enhance their characteristics and thus meet the criteria of diverse applications. The use of biopolymers as an adequate PEM is facing many challenges. Having a practical proton conductivity and securing the physicochemical stability of the biopolymers in fuel cell operating conditions are two of the most important challenges to overcome. Promising strategies to simultaneously address these challenges such as crosslinking, making interpenetrated networks, and making blends and composites are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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17. Improvement of the electrochemical performance by partial chemical substitution into the lithium site of titanium phosphate-based electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries: LiNi0.25Ti1.5 Fe0.5(PO4)3

Author

Srout, Mohammed, Kazzi, Mario El, Youcef, Hicham Ben, Fromm, Katharina M., and Saadoune, Ismael

Abstract

Partial lithium substitution with nickel (0.25 of Ni2+ ion) in the previously reported Li1.5Fe0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3/C (LFTP@C) was performed to improve its structural and electrochemical properties. The new LiNi0.25Fe0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3/C (LNFTP@C) material was then tested as electrode for lithium ion batteries. In the voltage window 1.85V–3.0 V vs. Li+/Li, attractive electrochemical performances were obtained, mostly in terms of rate capability performance. At a current rate of 0.1C (6.6 mAg−1), the material delivered a capacity of around 120 mAhg−1, while at 5C, we observed a slight drop of the specific capacity reaching a value of 108 mAhg−1. Long-term cycling performance stability was also tested demonstrating a remarkable capacity decrease during the last 500 cycles. The capacity retention decreased from 94% to 91% after 500 cycles to about 77% and 74% after 1000 cycles at fast current rates of 5C (329.8 mAg−1) and 10C (659.6 mAg−1), respectively. In the wider voltage window, an average specific capacity of around 380 mAhg−1 was attained at a slow current rate of 0.1C.

Published
2020

20. Correlation between morphology, water uptake, and proton conductivity in radiation-grafted proton-exchange membranes

Author

Balog, Sandor, Gasser, Urs, Mortensen, Kell, Gubler, Lorenz, Scherer, Guenther G., and youcef, Hicham Ben

Abstract

An SANS investigation of hydrated proton exchange membranes is presented. Our membranes were synthesized by radiation-induced grafting of ETFE with styrene in the presence of a crosslinker, followed by sulfonation of the styrene. The contrast variation method was used to understand the relationship between morphology, water uptake, and proton conductivity. The membranes are separated into two phases. The amorphous phase hosts the water and swells upon hydration, swelling being inversely proportional to the degree of crosslinking. Hydration and proton conductivity exhibit linear dependence on swelling. Proton conductivity and volumetric fraction of water are related by a power law, indicating a percolated network of finely dispersed aqueous pores in the hydrophilic domains.

Published
2010

21. Improvement of the electrochemical performance by partial chemical substitution into the lithium site of titanium phosphate-based electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries: LiNi0.25Ti1.5 Fe0.5(PO4)3

Author

Srout, Mohammed, Kazzi, Mario El, Youcef, Hicham Ben, Fromm, Katharina M., Saadoune, Ismael, Srout, Mohammed, Kazzi, Mario El, Youcef, Hicham Ben, Fromm, Katharina M., and Saadoune, Ismael

Abstract

Partial lithium substitution with nickel (0.25 of Ni2+ ion) in the previously reported Li1.5Fe0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3/C (LFTP@C) was performed to improve its structural and electrochemical properties. The new LiNi0.25Fe0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3/C (LNFTP@C) material was then tested as electrode for lithium ion batteries. In the voltage window 1.85V–3.0 V vs. Li+/Li, attractive electrochemical performances were obtained, mostly in terms of rate capability performance. At a current rate of 0.1C (6.6 mAg−1), the material delivered a capacity of around 120 mAhg−1, while at 5C, we observed a slight drop of the specific capacity reaching a value of 108 mAhg−1. Long-term cycling performance stability was also tested demonstrating a remarkable capacity decrease during the last 500 cycles. The capacity retention decreased from 94% to 91% after 500 cycles to about 77% and 74% after 1000 cycles at fast current rates of 5C (329.8 mAg−1) and 10C (659.6 mAg−1), respectively. In the wider voltage window, an average specific capacity of around 380 mAhg−1 was attained at a slow current rate of 0.1C.

22. Correlation between morphology, water uptake, and proton conductivity in radiation-grafted proton-exchange membranes

Author

Balog, Sandor, Gasser, Urs, Mortensen, Kell, Gubler, Lorenz, Scherer, Guenther G., youcef, Hicham Ben, Balog, Sandor, Gasser, Urs, Mortensen, Kell, Gubler, Lorenz, Scherer, Guenther G., and youcef, Hicham Ben

Abstract

An SANS investigation of hydrated proton exchange membranes is presented. Our membranes were synthesized by radiation-induced grafting of ETFE with styrene in the presence of a crosslinker, followed by sulfonation of the styrene. The contrast variation method was used to understand the relationship between morphology, water uptake, and proton conductivity. The membranes are separated into two phases. The amorphous phase hosts the water and swells upon hydration, swelling being inversely proportional to the degree of crosslinking. Hydration and proton conductivity exhibit linear dependence on swelling. Proton conductivity and volumetric fraction of water are related by a power law, indicating a percolated network of finely dispersed aqueous pores in the hydrophilic domains.

23. Microstructured proton-conducting membranes by synchrotron-radiation-induced grafting

Author

Farquet, Patrick, Padeste, Celestino, Börner, Martin, youcef, Hicham Ben, Gürsel, Selmiye Alkan, Scherer, Günther G., Solak, Harun H., Saile, Volker, and Wokaun, Alexander

Subjects
*ARTIFICIAL membranes, *PROTON exchange membrane fuel cells, *SYNCHROTRON radiation, *X-ray lithography, *SCANNING electron microscopy, *STYRENE
Abstract

Abstract: Selective exposures of poly(ethylene-alt-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) films with hard X-rays through high aspect ratio Ni-masks were performed at the LIGA3 beamline of the “Angström Quelle Karlsruhe” (ANKA) to create patterns of radicals used as initiators for the grafting of styrene into the bulk of the ETFE films. Grafted films were then sulfonated to obtain proton-conducting membranes. The structure definition, as investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showed a perfect discrimination between exposed and shaded areas through all the film thickness. Structuring results in a more homogeneous appearance of the membrane without affecting the degree of grafting and proton conductivity in the grafted areas. In fuel cell tests the structured membranes showed slightly lower performance due to 10% lower active area, but had a significantly higher lifetime. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2008
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