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In this article, the exact wave structures are discussed to conformable time-fractional system of ion sound under influence of ponderomotive force. It is caused by non-linear force and is experienced by a charged particle in an oscillating electromagnetic field (EMF) of inhomogeneity. It is investigated that system exhibits the trigonometric, hyperbolic and exponential function solutions including some special known solitary, shock, singular, single and mixed solitons. The strategy that is used to extract the wave structures for this ionic system of Langmuir waves is known as generalized exponential rational function method. Moreover, the constraint conditions are also reported which validate the existence of solutions. Furthermore, 3-dimensional, 2-dimensional and corresponding contour graphs are presented for the physical movement of the earned solutions under the appropriate selection of the parameters. The obtained results are helpful for understanding of the study of wave propagation and are also vital for numerical and experimental verification in plasma physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we pay attention to the nonlinear dynamical behavior of ultra-short pulses in optical fiber. The new Hamiltonian amplitude equation is used as a governing model to analyze the pulses. We secure the ultra-short pulses in the forms of bright, dark, singular, combo and complex soliton solutions by the utilization of three of sound computational integration techniques that are protracted (or extended) Fan-sub equation method (PFSEM), the generalized exponential rational function method (GERFM), extended Sinh-Gordon equation expansion method (ShGEEM). Moreover, Jacobi's elliptic, trigonometric, and hyperbolic functions solutions are also discussed as well as the constraint conditions of the achieved solutions are also presented. In addition, we discuss the different wave structures by the assistance of logarithmic transformation. The findings demonstrate that the examined equation theoretically contains a large number of soliton solution structures. By selecting appropriate criteria, the actual portrayal of certain obtained results is sorted out graphically in 3D and 2D profiles. The results suggest that the procedures used are concise, direct, and efficient, and that they can be applied to more complex phenomena. The resulting solutions are novel, intriguing, and potentially useful in understanding energy transit and diffusion processes in mathematical models of several disciplines of interest, including nonlinear optics. Our new results have been compared to these in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a specific consideration is paid to the nonlinear dynamics of solitary waves to kinetics of phase separation in iron (Fe-Cr − X (X = Mo, Cu)) based on ternary alloys. The convective–diffusive Cahn–Hilliard (CH) equation is used as a mathematical model to describe the dynamics of the separation phase for the ternary alloys of iron. A variety of solitary wave solutions with unknown parameters are extracted in different shapes like kink-type, bell-shape, shock-type, combine soliton, trigonometric, hyperbolic and Jacobi's elliptic function solutions with the assistant of recently computational tools, namely, extended Fan-sub equation method (EFSEM) and extended auxiliary equation method (EAEM). In addition, 3D, 2D, and their corresponding contour profiles of earned results are sketched in order to observe their dynamics with the choices of involved parameters. On the bases of achieved results, we may claim that the proposed computational methods are direct, dynamics, well organized, and will be useful for solving the more complicated nonlinear problems in diverse areas together with symbolic computations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we successfully extract solitary wave solutions in the shape of rational, hyperbolic and periodic functions by means of (G¹/G²)-expansion approach to the strain wave equation in micro-structure solids, longitudinal wave equation in magneto-electric-elastic circular rod and discrete nonlinear electrical transmission line in (2+1) dimension, which are being widely discussed in mathematical physics. (G¹/G²)-expansion method is a very useful approach and exceptionally helpful in contrast with other analytical methods. For the validity of the obtained solutions, the constraint conditions are also listed. This paper will be beneficial for the encouragement of researchers in modern era. Thus, this study shows the effectiveness and the reliability of the method. We also plot 30,2D and their crossponding contour graphs for better explanation of the achieved solutions by choosing the appropriate values of the parameters involved in solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is mainly concerning the study of truncated M-fractional Kuralay equations that have applications in numerous fields, including nonlinear optics, ferromagnetic materials, signal processing, engineering fields and optical fibers. Due to its ability to clarify a wide range of sophisticated physical phenomena and reveal more dynamic structures of localized wave solutions, the Kuralay equation has captured a lot of attention in the research field. The newly designed integration methods, known as the modified Sardar subequation method and enhanced modified extended tanh expansion method are used as solving tools to validate the solutions. The goal of this study is to extract several kinds of optical solitons, such as mixed, dark, singular, bright-dark, bright, complex and combined solitons. Due to the many potential applications for superfast signal routing techniques and shorter light pulses in communications, the optical propagation of soliton in optical fibers is now a topic of significant interest. In nonlinear dispersive media, optical solitons are stretched electromagnetic waves that maintain their intensity due to a balance between the effects of dispersion and nonlinearity. In addition, exponential, periodic, hyperbolic solutions are generated. The applied approaches are efficient in explaining fractional nonlinear partial differential equations by providing pre-existing solutions and also producing new solutions by combining results from multiple processes. Additionally, we plot the contour, 2D, and 3D graphs with the associated parameter values to visualize the solutions. The results of this study show the effectiveness of the approaches adopted and help enhance comprehension of the nonlinear dynamical behavior of specific systems. We expect that a substantial amount of engineering model specialists will greatly benefit from our work. The findings demonstrate the efficacy, efficiency, and applicability of the computational method employed, particularly in dealing with intricate systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted with an aim to evaluate the effect of housing strategies on the production and behavioral responses of Nili-Ravi buffaloes during dry hot summer (May and June). The study was conducted at Buffalo Research Institute (BRI), Livestock Experiment Station (LES), Bhunike, Distt. Kasur, Punjab. Nili-Ravi buffaloes (n=20) with similar milk production and stage of lactation were selected from the herds maintained at LES, Pattoki. Buffaloes were divided into four different groups with 5 buffaloes in each group. Group A was kept under roof shade only (control); B was given anti-stress supplement (10gm, dry yeast powder; Saccharomyces cerevisiae); C under fans and group D buffaloes under fans with showers, provided with roof shades. Correspond to the temperature humidity index (THI) for May (85.6) and June (87.6), the daily milk production (MP; liter) was noticed significantly (P≤0.01) high in group D (7.33±0.10) as compared to animals in group A (6.39±0.13), B (6.52±0.09) and C (6.95±0.11). Similarly, dry matter intake (Kg; weekly) was high for group D (15.4±0.16; P≤0.05). However, cost per liter of milk production was lower for group D buffaloes. Group D buffalo's performance was concluded best in terms of cost per liter of milk production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to determine voluntary nutrient intake, its digestibility and optimum fiber requirements in dry Nili Ravi buffaloes kept at Buffalo Research Institute (BRI), Pattoki district Kasur Punjab province Pakistan for a period of 60 days. The buffaloes (n=25) were selected from amongst the existing herd and randomly divided into five groups. These animals were fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets i.e. A, B, C, D and E based on different NDF levels i.e.23, 28, 33, 38 and 43%, respectively. Nutrient intake and nutrients digestibility differed (P<0.001) significantly among the dietary groups. In group C dry matter, (14.42±0.09 kg/d), crude protein (1.58±0.01 kg/d) and in group E neutral detergent fiber intake (5.52±0.010kg/d) were highest than rest of other treatment groups. Whereas, DM, and NDF digestibility was observed highest in the group B (62.5±1.04kg/d) and C (64.46±0.99kg/d) respectively as compared to other groups. The CP digestibility was non-significantly different among treatment groups. The average weight gain in dry Nili Ravi buffaloes was 0.48±0.045 kg/d. The results of this study indicate that dietary NDF level (33.0%) is better in terms of nutrients intake and digestibility in these animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty adult Beetal goats were divided into two groups viz. accelerated kidding and annual kidding having 25 animals each. Each group was further divided into 5 sub-groups, 5 animals in each and considered as replicate. The accelerated kidding group produced three crops where as the annual breeding group produced two crops. Birth weight of kids produced in three different seasons of March-April, 2010; October-November, 2010 and June-July, 2011 were as 2.85±0.13, 3.32±0.40 and 3.29±0.31 kg as compared to kid crop produced in annual kidding system showing birth weight as 3.09±0.16 kg and 3.08±0.16 kg, respectively. The average body weight at 3 months of age of first, second and third kid crop in accelerated kidding system was noticed as 12.72±2.29, 11.31=1=0.98 and 11.44± 1.60 kg, respectively as compared to 11.82 and 11.81 kg in annual kidding system. In order to minimize the gap of animal protein in human food, strategies like accelerated kidding may be adopted which might satisfy nutritional demands. The growth rate at 3 months age of two kid crops of annual and three kid crops of accelerated systems were observed as 97.00±2.54, 71.67±2.08, 109.44±5.83, 88.71±2.17 and 90.45±3.75gms, respectively. Whereas, at 6 months age of two kid crops of annual and three kid crops of accelerated systems, the growth rate was observed as 93.56±2.27, 110.71±0.94, 105.78±4.05, 109.86±1.03 and 109.64 ±1.26gms, respectively. The growth rate of two kid crops of annual and three kid crops of accelerated systems was 66.64 ±1.42, 91.22 ±2.74, 67.00 ±0.48, 67.57 ±2.72 and 67.73 ±6.08gms at 9 months of age, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data were collected on 214 Kajli lambs (109 females and 105 males) of different age groups maintained at Livestock Experiment Station Khizrabad (Sargodha) Pakistan. The animals were divided into three age groups as 0-3, 4-6 and 7-9 months. Within each group, the data on male and female lambs were collected separately. To predict the weight of Kajli sheep three body measurements (wither height, body length and heart girth) were recorded on each animal. Body measurements varied with increasing age of animals. In male lambs, the highest correlation (r2) was observed between body weight and heart girth at 0-3 (r2 =0.86) and 4-6 (r2 =0.91) months of age, while in females the highest relationships 0.79 and 0.80 were observed between body weight & heart girth at 0-3 months and body weight & body length at 4-6 months of age, respectively. These correlations between body weight and body measurements were positive and significant (P<0.05). The regression analysis indicated that live weight and body measurements (wither height, body length and heart girth) had linear relationship (P-value = 0.0001, 0.0001 and 0.0001) at 0-3 month of age. During present investigation, males were found heavier (P<0.05) and longer (P<0.05) than females in the first two age groups. Similarly, in the first age group, the height at withers was higher (P<0.05) in males than in females. In male Kajli lambs, The coefficient of determination (R2) for weight estimation were for body length and height at wither (74.2%) at 4-6 month, while in female the higher value of R2 was observed between height at wither and heart girth (89.0%) at 4-6 month of age. It was concluded that body weight of Kajli lambs can be estimated in field using morphometric measurements taken with a tape in the absence of weighing scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the fractional form of modified Korteweg-de Vries-Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation. This equation offers the physical description of how waves propagate and explains how nonlinearity and dispersion may lead to complex and fascinating wave phenomena arising in the diversity of fields like optical fibers, fluid dynamics, plasma waves, and shallow water waves. A variety of solutions in different shapes like bright, dark, singular, and combo solitary wave solutions have been extracted. Two recently developed integration tools known as generalized Arnous method and enhanced modified extended tanh-expansion method have been applied to secure the wave structures. Moreover, the physical significance of obtained solutions is meticulously analyzed by presenting a variety of graphs that illustrate the behaviour of the solutions for specific parameter values and a comprehensive investigation into the influence of the nonlinear parameter on the propagation of the solitary wave have been observed. Further, the governing equation is discussed for the qualitative analysis by the assistance of the Galilean transformation. Chaotic behavior is investigated by introducing a perturbed term in the dynamical system and presenting various analyses, including Poincare maps, time series, 2-dimensional 3-dimensional phase portraits. Moreover, chaotic attractor and sensitivity analysis are also observed. Our findings affirm the reliability of the applied techniques and suggest its potential application in future endeavours to uncover diverse and novel soliton solutions for other nonlinear evolution equations encountered in the realms of mathematical physics and engineering., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Plastic pollution has become a major environmental problem because it does not break down and poses risks to ecosystems and human health. This study focuses on the environmentally friendly synthesis of ZnO nanocubes using an extract from Ceropegia omissa H. Huber plant leaves. The primary goal is to investigate the viability of these nanocubes as visible-light photocatalysts for the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). The synthesized ZnO nanocubes have a highly crystalline structure and a bandgap of 3.1 eV, making them suitable for effective visible-light photocatalysis. FTIR analysis, which demonstrates that the pertinent functional groups are present, demonstrates the chemical bonding and reducing processes that take place in the plant extract. The XPS method also studies zinc metals, oxygen valencies, and binding energies. Under visible light irradiation, ZnO nanocubes degrade BPA by 86% in 30 min. This plant-extract-based green synthesis method provides a long-term replacement for traditional procedures, and visible light photocatalysis has advantages over ultraviolet light. The study's results show that ZnO nanocubes may be good for the environment and can work well as visible light photocatalysts to break down organic pollutants. This adds to what is known about using nanoparticles to clean up the environment. As a result, this study highlights the potential of using environmentally friendly ZnO nanocubes as a long-lasting and efficient method of reducing organic pollutant contamination in aquatic environments., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)