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IntroductionInvolvement in sexual activities increases during adolescence in many countries, including Cambodia. The objective of this study is to explore the perspectives and interpretations of sex held by Cambodian adolescents within the context of their social norms and culture.MethodsA qualitative research design was used to conduct in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of 91 Cambodian adolescents aged between 15 and 19 years. Participants were recruited from rural areas, and data was collected through face-to-face interviews using semi-structured interview guides. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.ResultsFour themes as perspectives of sex were identified: (1) Desire: Releasing sexual desire and stress; (2) relationship: an emotional connection and demonstration of love; (3) roles: responsibilities within a woman's marital duties; and (4) values: the value of virginity and future engagement. Cambodian adolescents' perspectives and interpretations of sex were deeply influenced by their social norms and cultural values. Men typically perceived sex through the lens of instinct and pleasure, while women often emphasized a deep sense of familial duty and held premarital sex to be morally unacceptable.DiscussionThe findings suggest that interventions aimed at improving the sexual health of Cambodian adolescents should be designed with an understanding of the social norms and cultural values that shape their perspectives and interpretations of sex. Such interventions should focus on promoting safe sex practices and providing accurate and comprehensive sexual education.

Abstract Aims The purpose of this study was to identify unmet medical needs and related factors in patients with diabetes. Design A cross‐sectional study. Methods Participants included 2269 diabetes patients aged >19 years by using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. A complex sample design multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. Results The study found that 8.7% of diabetes patients experienced unmet medical needs, and it was found to be higher for those who thought their self‐assessed health status was unhealthy and often felt stressed in their daily life. Gender and education level had a moderating effect on income level on unmet medical needs experience. Conclusion These findings have important implications for nursing practice in the management of diabetes. Nurses can develop targeted interventions that address the specific needs of patients who are at risk for unmet medical needs, particularly those from low‐income backgrounds. By considering the factors that contribute to unmet medical needs and the moderating effect of income level, nurses can improve patient outcomes and reduce the burden of diabetes.

Abstract Aims To examine the associations between social processes and mechanisms within the community and risky sexual behaviour (RSB) among adolescents and young adults. Design Systematic review. Methods We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines and conducted a literature search in August 2020. From 11,216 identified articles, 605 were for full‐text screen. We used 24 articles, 22 after applying inclusion criteria and 2 manually searched relevant articles. Results Social processes and mechanisms within the community included collective efficiency and social support, community safety and community norm. Collective efficacy and social support and community safety were examined using 10 and 16 studies, respectively. We found that collective efficiency and social support, and community norms partially supported the occurrences of RSB among adolescents and young adults. Community safety displayed inconclusive relationships with RSB. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of social processes and mechanisms within the community in preventing RSB among adolescents and young adults. Community‐based programs to improve community efficacy and social support would be effective strategies to reduce such RSB and to promote better reproductive health among adolescents and young adults.

Male youths are more likely to experience peer pressure that encourages them to engage in risky behaviors than female youths, and this pressure can lead to an increased risk of sexting among male youths. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with sexting among Cambodian male youths. The correlational cross-sectional study design was utilized. This study surveyed 647 Cambodian male youths aged 15 to 24 years. The measurement included sending or receiving messages (sexts) that contain sexually explicit messages, images, or videos, and affecting factors to sexting. Around 32.5% of participants sent sexts, and 38.9% received them. Open relationships, pornographic website use, perception of friends’ sexual activity, frequent thoughts about sex, higher sexual sensation-seeking tendencies, positive attitudes toward sex, and sexual experience were associated with increased likelihood of sending and receiving sexts. Based on the findings of this study, by offering suitable education, guidance, and intervention programs, we can effectively mitigate the adverse repercussions of sexting while fostering healthy sexual behaviors among youths.

Objectives: Adolescents exposed to alcohol have increased risky sexual behaviors (RSBs); however, the association between alcohol consumption and RSBs has to be systematically and quantitatively reviewed. We conducted a meta-analysis of the literature to systematically and quantitatively review the association between alcohol consumption and RSBs in adolescents and young adults.Methods: We searched for qualified articles published from 2000 to 2020 and calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) using the random-effect model. We also conducted meta-regression and sensitivity analyses to identify potential heterogeneity moderators.Results: The meta-analysis of 50 studies involving 465,595 adolescents and young adults indicated that alcohol consumption was significantly associated with early sexual initiation (OR = 1.958, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.635–2.346), inconsistent condom use (OR = 1.228, 95% CI = 1.114–1.354), and having multiple sexual partners (OR = 1.722, 95% CI = 1.525–1.945).Conclusion: Alcohol consumption is strongly associated with RSBs, including early sexual initiation, inconsistent condom use, and multiple sexual partners among adolescents and young adults. To prevent the adverse consequences of alcohol consumption, drinking prevention programs should be initiated at an early age and supported by homes, schools, and communities.

Objectives: This review aims to examine the association between community-level factors, namely, community structure and condition, and risky sexual behavior (RSB) including early sexual debut, having multiple sex partners, and unprotected sex, in adolescents and young adults.Methods: In total, 17 observational studies were identified for review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Among the 11,216 identified articles, excluded articles comprised 8,361 duplicates, 2,855 articles by title screening, 893 by abstract screening, and 667 by full-text screening. Finally, eight additional articles were added by manual search.Results: The community structural factors included social disadvantage, economic, employment, education status, racial or ethnic composition, residential stability, and physical environment. The current review found that social disadvantage (six studies) and economic status (10 studies) were most frequently examined. Particularly, higher levels of social disadvantage were associated with higher rates of early sexual initiation, inconsistent condom use, and multiple sexual partners.Conclusion: This study highlights that community structure and conditions in terms of social disadvantages should be addressed to prevent RSB in the young population.

This study aimed to assess the attitudes of Cambodian women toward menopause and its associating factors. A cross-sectional study design was used to examine the attitudes of 181 Cambodian women ages 40–60 years toward menopause using the Attitude toward Menopause (ATM) scale. The mean total attitude score was determined as 84.54 ± 11.55 on a scale of 35–140, indicating that most participants had negative attitudes toward menopause. Perimenopausal women had more negative attitudes (80.02 ± 9.19) while postmenopausal women had more positive attitudes (86.63 ± 12.07) and was statistically significant ( p = .006). Perimenopausal women perceived menopause as a health concerning medical issue requiring treatment, and something unpleasant in their lives. Older age and employment were the independent factors associated with positive attitudes to menopause. Tailored menopausal interventions and counseling for women in perimenopause, and younger and unemployed women regarding the symptoms of menopause should be considered as crucial for midlife Cambodian women.

Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of hand-to-environmental contact (HEC) and to identify the factors influencing HEC behavior in Korean adults’ indoor daily life. Methods Thirty participants were enrolled from January 14 to February 12, 2018 after providing informed consent for being videotaped. Data were collected by recording their indoor daily lives for 2 hours, resulting in 4,732 HEC cases. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the HEC readings, 3 training sessions were conducted for the videotape readers. Rereading and verifying randomly selected data ensured the validity of intra- and inter-reader readings. Results The most frequent contact items were phones, papers, computer accessories, and furniture surfaces. The contact density (frequency-duration/min) was highest for category II (items occasionally shared by others, 56.8), followed in descending order by category I (items for individual use, 35.9), and category III (public use items, 3.4). Significant differences in contact density were found according to participants’ demographic characteristics. Conclusion As mobile phones were the most frequent contact item, regular and strict mobile phone cleansing or disinfection strategies are needed, in addition to preventative measures taken for category II and III items. Avoiding sharing personal items with others, refraining from unnecessary HEC, and maintaining strict hand hygiene are recommended.

Objectives This study aimed to develop a valid social contact survey instrument and to verify its feasibility for use among Korean adults. Methods The Delphi technique was used to develop an instrument to assess social contacts, which was then applied in a cross-sectional pilot study. A panel of 15 medical professionals reviewed the feasibility and validity of each item. The minimum content validity ratio was 0.49. Thirty participants used the developed measure to record contacts during a 24-hour period. Results After a systematic review, the survey instrument (parts I and II) was developed. Part I assessed social contact patterns over a 24-hour period, and part II assessed perceptions of contacts in daily life and preventive behaviors (hand hygiene and coughing etiquette). High validity and feasibility were found. In the pilot study, the 30 participants had a combined total of 198 contacts (mean, 6.6 daily contacts per person). The participants’ age (p=0.012), occupation (p

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Purpose: This study aimed to examine the impact of alcohol use on the antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence of Koreans living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods: A total of 144 HIV-infected Koreans older than the age of 19 years who had been receiving antiretroviral drugs for at least 3 months were surveyed. Alcohol use was identified as nonhazardous, binge, hazardous, and alcohol dependent as determined by the Alchol Use Disorder Identification Test-Korea (AUDIT-K). ART adherence was defined according to the components of adherence motivation, adherence knowledge, and 95% medication adherence using the modified Morisky scale. Collected data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis for each component of therapy adherence. Results: Of all participants, 13.9% were binge drinkers, 17.4% were hazardous drinkers, and 4.2% were alcohol dependent. For low adherence motivation, the odds ratio for the hazardous drinkers was 7.47 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.72-32.41; p = .007] and for the alcohol dependent, it was 12.61 (95% CI: 1.38-115.38; p = .025) when compared with the nonhazardous drinkers. For medication adherence under 95%, the odds ratio for binge drinkers was 4.65 (95% CI: 1.15-18.92; p = .032), for hazardous drinkers was 8.05 (95% CI: 2.08-31.20; p = .003), and for the alcohol dependent was 27.67 (95% CI: 2.12-360.51; p = .011). Conclusion: It is recommended that Korean institutions and governments develop specific mediation and counseling programs that include alcohol use–related monitoring for the improvement of the ART adherence of people living with HIV. Keywords: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, alcoholism, HIV, Korea, medication adherence

OBJECTIVES Hand-to-face contact (HFC) is the major route for the self-inoculation of pathogens. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of HFC behaviors among Korean adults during indoor activities. METHODS Thirty participants were enrolled in the study, and 2 hours of videotaped data were collected from each participant. Contact data were recorded by examining the frequency and duration of HFC on the videos. Three training sessions were conducted for 2 readers to ensure the accuracy and reliability of videotape reading. Re-reading and verification of selected video data were performed to confirm intrapersonal and interpersonal validity. Contact exposure (CE) was determined by multiplying the contact frequency (CF) by the contact duration (CD) to quantify the intensity of contact during the observation time (2 hours). RESULTS A total of 3,007 HFCs (1,305 mucous membrane contacts and 1,702 non-mucous membrane contacts) were observed for 60 person-hours. The median CF (person/2 hr) of the mucous membranes (eye; 4.0, nose; 15.5, mouth; 16.5) was 39.5/person and the median total CD was 177.0 sec/person. The median CE (frequency-duration/sec/person) was 5,795.0 (mouth: 1,356.0, nose: 600.0, eye: 57.5). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the mouth and nose were the most frequent exposure sites for HFC. Avoiding habitual HFC, awareness of self-inoculation by HFC, and vigorous hand hygiene should be strengthened to prevent the spread of infections.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the personal, interpersonal, and organizational factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention behavior among office workers using an ecological model. A total of 221 office workers working in areas such as personnel, design, and accounting, and who work in offices, completed the survey. Health Perception Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) Scale, the Korean Occupational Stress Scale–Short Form (KOSS-SF), and Social Environment Influencing Health form were used to measure each factor. Health perception (β = .207, p = .003), family support (β = .185, p = .005), and organizational health culture (β = .175, p = .012) were found to have a significant association with the CVD prevention behaviors of office workers. Comprehensive and multidimensional intervention is essential to enhance the CVD prevention behaviors of office workers. This study informs the development of a workplace-based intervention program to prevent CVD among office workers.

Background: Research on body size phenotype according to metabolic syndrome and obesity is being actively conducted. Quality of sleep can vary depending on the body size phenotype. This study aimed to investigate the effects of body size phenotype on sleep quality in middle-aged Korean men. Methods: This study used secondary data analysis from a community-based cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). Using BMI and metabolic health status, among 3675 men aged between 40 and 65 years, body size phenotypes were classified as follows: metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) (50.8%), metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) (32.5%), metabolically abnormal obesity (MAO) (12.7%), and metabolically abnormal but normal weight (MANW) (4.0%). Results: MANW men had the most prolonged sleep duration (more than 7 hours), and MHO men had the shortest sleep duration. The degree of difficulty falling back to sleep after waking in MHO men was 0.76 times that of MHNW men (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Sleep duration and difficulties falling back to sleep were independently associated with body size phenotype in middle-aged men after adjusting for confounding factors. Health professionals and officials in labor departments may use the results of this study to improve the quality of sleep and ultimately help with productivity in the workplace.

Abstracts Abstracts Abstracts

(1) Background: Attitudes toward menopause are believed to play a potential role in the experience of menopause, including its perceived severity. However, the studies available on the perspectives of women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on menopause in Cambodia are very limited. This study aimed to evaluate the attitudes toward menopause of Cambodian women living with HIV. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 189 women using a questionnaire titled Attitude toward Menopause Scale and socio-demographics. (3) Results: The study analysis showed that the participants had slightly negative attitudes toward menopause with the mean attitude score of 86.81 ± 10.79 (Range 35–140). Postmenopausal women displayed more positive attitudes than premenopausal women. Older age, higher education, and a non-drinking habit were independently associated with a positive attitude toward menopause. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest the need for a multidisciplinary team of health care experts that would address the special needs of this population marked by the menopausal transition.

Background: The incident of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) has not been consistently determined. Methods: This study used data of Anseong Ansan community-based cohort, a part of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) provided by the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). Surveys were received from the Anseung and Ansan residents every two years between 2001-2002 and 2015-2016 for a total of 7 surveys over all. The subjects were divided into 4 phenotypes based on the presenting obesity and metabolic syndrome; 1) metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), 2) metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), 3) metabolically abnormal normal weight (MANW), and 4) metabolically abnormal obesity (MAO). Data were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: Of 8,865 subjects, 1,551 cases of 49,995 person-year (3.1%) developed incident CKD. At an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.13, the MHO group was not associated with a higher risk of incident CKD (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92-1.41, P =0.234, using MHNW as the reference). The adjusted HRs of the MANW and MAO groups for incident CKD were significantly higher than those of the MHNW groups: 1.31 (95% CI: 1.05-1.64, P=0.017) for MANW and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.23-1.79, P

Sexual infidelity plays a significant role in the high rate of spousal transmission of HIV in Cambodia. The sexual beliefs and attitudes of a person begin in childhood and are developed through multiple chains in early adolescence, affecting his or her future sexual behavior and future incidence of HIV. A deeper understanding of the perspectives of adolescents regarding infidelity is critical to effective HIV prevention efforts during adulthood. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study explored the perceptions of male adolescents regarding male infidelity. Through the thematic analysis method, themes and subcategories were developed from the responses of 48 male high school students from three provinces. Majority of the participants ( n = 33) were found to have liberal attitudes not only toward male infidelity but also toward the high possibility of their own future infidelity ( n = 14). Almost 45% ( n = 21) of the participants explained that men would fulfill their sexual desires outside, such as in karaoke, when their wives are unable to have sex with them. Participants believed it annoying for men to disclose their extramarital activities to their wives. The study concluded that the participants hold accepting perceptions about infidelity; they are part of the HIV problem and must be part of the solution. Educators and counselors need to deliver age-appropriate, scientifically correct, and culturally relevant messages about sexual health and HIV prevention to growing adolescents.

(1) Background: Glycemic control is an effective way to reduce the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated with poor glycemic control amongst rural residents with diabetes in Korea. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional analysis was conducted amongst a total of 522 participants who had completed baseline health examinations for the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) Rural Cohort from 2005 to 2011. The subjects were divided into two groups: the good glycemic control group (GCG) (glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) < 7%) and the poor GCG (HbA1C ≥ 7%). Logistic regression was used to examine the role of sociodemographics, health-related behavior, comorbidity and diabetes-related and clinical factors in poor glycemic control amongst rural residents with diabetes. (3) Results: In total, 48.1% of participants were in the poor GCG. Poor GCG was significantly associated with drinking (odds ratio (OR) = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.24–0.71), lack of regular physical activity (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.03–2.76), fasting blood glucose (FBG) > 130 mg/dL (OR = 7.80, 95% CI = 4.35–13.98), diabetes for > 7 years (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.08–2.98), cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.05–2.84) and positive urine glucose (OR = 6.24, 95% CI = 1.32–29.44). (4) Conclusion: Intensive glucose control interventions should target individuals amongst rural residents with diabetes who do not engage in regular physical activity, have been diagnosed with diabetes for more than seven years and who have high fasting-blood glucose, high cholesterol levels and glucose-positive urine.

(1) Background: This study aimed to describe the characteristics of hand-to-environment contact (HEC) and identify the influencing factors of HEC behavior during the indoor daily life of Korean older adults in senior welfare centers. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was used with 30 participants over 65 years of age attending programs in senior welfare centers. Video recordings of the 30 participants were collected for two hours a day for participants selected from 20 November to 4 December 2018. Contact frequency, density, and duration were measured. (3) Results: Video recordings of 3,930 HEC cases were analyzed. Furniture surface (25.0%), tableware and cooking utensils (5.4%), phones (5.3%), and door handles (0.1%) were found to be the items with the most frequent contact, in this order. The average contact frequency and contact density (frequency-duration/min/person) of HEC for two hours were highest for the Category I equipment (personally used, accounting for 70.4%), and the average contact duration of HEC was highest in the Category III equipment (commonly used, 47.7 s/contact/person). Contact density was as high as 266.5 (frequency-duration/min/person). Participants above 75 years of age and the unemployed showed high HEC with Category III. (4) Conclusions: Older adults need to be educated to avoid unnecessary hand contact with items in Category III. In particular, hand hygiene and sanitization through the regular and thorough disinfection of furniture surfaces and shared equipment are very important to prevent the spread of pathogens.

Studies have been conducted on the development of healthcare programs for older adults in rural areas, not only in Asia but also in Europe and the United States. However, these reports have been limited by largely non-comprehensive results, lack of demand surveys, or programs with no systematic development. The purpose of this study was to develop an integrated healthcare program for rural older adults and investigate the effects of the program. A nonequivalent control group pretest–posttest design was used. Subjects were aged over 65 and lived in the rural community. The integrated healthcare program involved 12 three-hour sessions over 12 weeks. Compared with the control group, the experimental group demonstrated significant differences in both upper extremities strengths (t = 2.74, p = 0.008; t = 2.03, p = 0.047), static balance (z = −2.38, p = 0.017), dynamic balance (t = −4.82, p < 0.001), loneliness (t = −3.02, p = 0.003), and role self-efficacy (t = 2.39, p = 0.020), but no differences for ego integration (t = 1.51, p = 0.137). To improve physical, mental, and social health of the rural older adults, we developed an integrated healthcare program. The program improved physical functions, loneliness, and role self-efficiency of the rural older adults. Therefore, it is recommended that healthcare professionals actively apply this program in primary healthcare institutes and elsewhere.

Although it has been well documented that the HIV infection experience can be problematic for those affected, the experiences and perceptions of living with HIV among married males in Cambodia have not yet been examined until now. This study’s purpose was to describe the revelations, emotions, reactions, and adjustments to HIV diagnosis among infected Cambodian males in seroconcordant heterosexual relationship. Fifteen qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 HIV-positive males using unstructured, open-ended questions and in the local Khmer language. Conventional content analysis method was employed for analyzing data. After analysis, four main categories were developed: knowledge of HIV-positive status; realization of self-deeds; discouraging news for both partners; and comparative improvement of life. Participants reported the appearance of physical symptoms as the only reason for pursuing HIV testing. Feelings ranged from sadness and guilt to acceptance of HIV infection in their lives. The participants’ wives expressed anger and worry about being infected by their husbands. However, sufficient inspiration from medical personnel and peer groups, as well as a shared concern for their children, helped couples adjust to their dyadic relationship. The study results highlight the link between individual and couple experiences and emotions post-infection, with implications for designing and implementing coping interventions for this population. The findings of this study have public health implications in the design of couple-based intervention and counseling programs for HIV prevention and treatment with the input of the HIV-positive individuals’ voices.

The purpose of the study was to explore, within cultural and societal contexts, the factors of spousal HIV transmission as described by the experiences of HIV-positive Cambodian men. Using qualitative research methods, the researchers collected data from in-depth interviews with 15 HIV-positive Cambodian men of seroconcordant couples recruited from an HIV/AIDS clinic in Phnom Penh. Using a model of HIV transmission from husbands to wives, the questions were designed to elicit the men’s perspectives on the topics of promiscuity, masculinity, condom use in marriage, the image of the ideal Cambodian woman, and attitudes toward sex and marriage. Directed content analysis was used to analyze the interview data. The main results were as follows: (a) men involved with sex workers perceived this as a natural behavior and a necessary part of being an approved member in a male peer group, (b) married men never used condoms during sex with their wives prior to their HIV diagnosis, (c) men perceived a good wife as one who is diligent and loyal to her husband, and (4) men’s attitudes toward sex and marriage (e.g., sex perceived as a part of life pleasure) differed from those of their wives. Promoting honest spousal communication about sexuality, maintaining men’s marital fidelity, and increasing women’s comfort in the use of sexual techniques are suggested as strategies for reducing HIV transmission within marriage in Cambodia. Future interventions should focus on reshaping men’s behaviors and changing cultural norms to protect them and their spouses from HIV infection.

Health-related Quality of Life and Related Factors among Rural Residents in Cambodia

Our study aim was to determine whether local health department (LHD) services were associated with U.S. racial disparities in 1993-to-2005 mortality rates. In a national sample of LHDs, we examined 10 LHD service domains and gaps in Black–White all-cause mortality rates, drawing data from the National Association of County and City Health Officials’ National Profile of Local Health Departments surveys, as well as mortality and other public data files. Two service domains, maternal/child health and other activities, were significantly associated with decreases in the Black–White mortality gap for 15- to 44-year-olds. The health services domain approached significance in decreasing this gap. Screening was associated unexpectedly with a significant increase in the Black–White mortality gap for 15- to 44-year-olds. Selected LHD services that are provided directly to individuals and are allocated by need may have particular benefit for reducing Black–White mortality disparities for U.S. adults aged 15 to 44.

Purpose: This study explored the meaning and essence of life experiences among community-dwelling frail older adults with diabetes. Methods: This study used Giorgi's phenomenological methods to analyze in-depth interviews with 16 people who were diagnosed with diabetes and scored 3~5 on the Korean version of the fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illnesses, and loss of weight (FRAIL) Scale. Participants were recruited from a public health and a senior welfare center in Jeollabuk-do province of South Korea. Results: The data analysis revealed four essential themes and 12 subthemes derived from the interview data. These themes provided valuable insights into the experiences of frail older people with diabetes and shed light on their perspectives and challenges. The four essential themes were as follows: A feeble body falling into a bottomless pit, a narrowed range of activity, enduring heavy emotional burden, and the prospect of being supported for life. Conclusion: This study revealed that community-dwelling frail older individuals with diabetes experience physical, psychological, and social frailty, exacerbating the need for aggressive diabetes management. These findings underscore the importance of providing holistic care to support this population in managing both diabetes and frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) plays a crucial role in helping patients with diabetes manage their blood sugar levels. This review aimed to understand the context and scope of CGM-related studies in Korea and identified areas for future research, particularly in nursing science. Methods: The search strategy involved examining eight electronic databases for published studies on CGM, with the search period ending in March 2022. Four independent reviewers conducted screening, selection, and narrative review of the studies. Results: Descriptive and substantive analyses were performed for 68 studies on CGM, which covered diverse areas, including: (1) evaluating the CGM performance through comparisons with self-monitoring of blood glucose and correlations with existing indices; (2) validating the efficacy of CGM in improving patient outcomes and assessing various interventions; and (3) expanding the use of CGM, such as clinical guidelines and reviews, developing predictive models, and other clinical studies. Conclusion: Research on CGM has expanded to include early performance evaluation, efficacy verification, and utilization in various clinical settings. However, there is a lack of nursing-focused studies of CGM. It is recommended to incorporate CGM in nursing research aimed at enhancing self-management for patients with diabetes. Future projects should focus on developing and applying patient-customized CGM user manuals, comparing the effectiveness of CGM among patients with different types of diabetes, exploring qualitative experiences of CGM use, and addressing related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: An increasing number of nursing home are being established because of the increased demand for treatment and care of older adults with chronic diseases related to population aging. This study aimed to examine the impact of Long COVID, infectious diseases-related to work stress, fatigue, and coping on burnout among care providers in nursing home during the persistent COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A total of 168 care providers, including nurses, nursing assistants, and caregivers working in nursing home between July 22 and August 12, 2022 were polled by a questionnaire survey. The collected data were analyzed using an independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analyses via SPSS 21.0. Results: The prevalence of Long COVID-19 among care providers in nursing home was 85.7%, with a mean burnout score of 2.59 out of 5. Work stress related to infectious diseases (β=.27, p=.002) and infection control fatigue (e.g., fatigue related to complexity of nursing duties and shortage in employees [β=.51, p=.019], conflicts caused by uncertain situations and a lack of support [β=.50, p=.012]) were the variables that significantly associated with burnout. Conclusion: It is crucial to actively explore strategies for reducing overall work stress, anxiety, and fatigue, particularly related to infection management to alleviate burnout among care providers in nursing home. Our findings provide fundamental data for the development of interventions and policies to prevent care providers’ burnout, thus enabling the provision of high-quality care in nursing home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigated the association between adolescent health behaviors (drinking, smoking, and drug use) and sexual intercourse, as well as the moderating effects of economic status, cohabitation with parents, and school type, among adolescents in Korea. Methods: Secondary data from the 16th Adolescent Health Behavior Survey (2020) were used. A total of 395 schools and 54,948 middle and high school students participated in the study. Complex sample frequency analysis, the Rao--Scott test, and complex sample logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Sexual intercourse rates for men and women were 5.8% and 3.3%, respectively. Approximately 7.3% of high school students and 1.8% of middle school students reported having had sexual relations. Drinking (odds ratio [OR] = 3.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.82~3.52), smoking (OR = 6.75, 95% CI = 5.90~7.71), and drug use (OR = 3.03, 95% CI = 2.23~4.11) significantly increased the risk of sexual intercourse. Economic status and school type had moderating effects on the association between drinking and sexual intercourse. Conclusion: Adolescent drinking, smoking, and drug use are associated with a higher risk of sexual experience. Thus, to reduce this risk, controlling alcohol consumption, smoking, and drug use is necessary. In addition, programs for healthy lifestyles and sexual intercourse should be differentiated according to the school type and the economic conditions of the adolescents' households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]