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Adhesive biomaterials, historically, have had a wide range of applications in all medical fields. With the extensive variety of biomaterials with adhesion properties, the field of orthopedics benefits from using adhesives which can provide superior biocompatibility, resorbability, and low immunogenicity. The goal of this review is to serve as a reference of the types of adhesive biomaterials used clinically and their specific applicability in the field of orthopedics. The applications of adhesive biomaterials in orthopedics are as scaffolds, filler materials to treat bone defects and as carrier materials to deposit other bioactive materials to a site. First, we review the history and background of adhesive biomaterials and some of their general applications in orthopedics. Then we focus on the various types of adhesive biomaterials which include fibrin, collagen, polyurethane, epoxy resin, cyanoacrylates, polyesters and polymethylmethacrylate, all of which are excellent candidates for the field of orthopedics. We discuss their properties, current applications in all fields, and advantages and disadvantages found in some studies. Lastly, we indicate some future directions for adhesive biomaterials in orthopedics and highlight their advantages over conventional biomaterials in orthopedics.

Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease (AD); where Alzheimer’s accounts for 60–70% of cases of dementia and VaD accounts for 20% of all dementia cases. VaD is defined as a reduced or lack of blood flow to the brain that causes dementia. VaD is also known occasionally as vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) or multi-infarct dementia (MID). VCID is the condition arising from stroke and other vascular brain injuries that cause significant changes to memory, thinking, and behavior, and VaD is the most severe stage while MID is produced by the synergistic effects caused by multiple mini strokes in the brain irrespective of specific location or volume. There are also subtle differences in the presentation of VaD in males and females, but they are often overlooked. Since 1672 when the first case of VaD was reported until now, sex and gender differences have had little to no research done when it comes to the umbrella term of dementia in general. This review summarizes the fundamentals of VaD followed by a focus on the differences between sex and gender when an individual is diagnosed. In addition, we provide critical evidence concerning sex and gender differences with a few of the main risk factors of VaD including pre-existing health conditions and family history, gene variants, aging, hormone fluctuations, and environmental risk factors. Additionally, the pharmaceutical treatments and possible mitigation of risk factors is explored.