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1. The present study was conducted to investigate whether brain somatostatin increases feed intake in neonatal chickens. The mediating role of neuropeptide Y receptors on feed intake induced by somatostatin was investigated. 2. In this study, seven experiments were designed, each with four treatment groups (n = 44 in each experiment). In Experiment 1, chicks received control solution and 0.5, 1 and 2 nmol of somatostatin through intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection. In experiments 2, 3 and 4, chickens were ICV injected with control solution and 1.25, 2.5 and 5 μg of B5063 (NPY1 receptor antagonist), SF22 (NPY2 receptor antagonist) and SML0891 (NPY5 receptor antagonist), respectively. In experiment 5, 6 and 7 chickens received ICV injection of B5063, SF22, SML0891, with a co-injection of + somatostatin, control solution and somatostatin. The cumulative feed intake was measured until 120 min post injection. 3. Somatostatin significantly increased feed intake in FD3 chicks. Both B5063 and SML0891 dose-dependently decreased feed intake compared with the control group, while SF22 led to a dose-dependent increase in feed intake. In addition, the hyperphagic effect of somatostatin significantly decreased with co-injection of B560 plus somatostatin (p < 0.05), but SF22 and SML0891 had no effect on feed intake induced by somatostatin in chicks (p > 0.05). 4. Based on the results of this study, it is likely that somatostatin increased feed intake and NPY1 receptor acts as a mediator in hyperphagic effect of somatostatin in neonatal chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify factors affecting quality of life of rural staff aquaculture units in the selseleh township that has been with Exploratory and confirmatory methods. This research is a survey practical that need data's were collected using questionnaires and interviews of the 160 workers, 35 of rural aquaculture in the region as a whole number. Initially by doing a comparative study documentary in the previous literature and a pilot study of 15 members of community members has been that helped to Reliability and validity of the survey instrument to complete a standard questionnaire and then one scale consisting 34-item and 12 indicators of both economic and social impacts for this study were selected. The analysis was exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis that helps of spss software and required tests were performed in three stages: the first stage for detection sampling adequacy and Bartlett and varimax rotation, 7 The primary factors were extracted. In the second stage verification method identified five independent variables were defined by regression function that ability explanted effective quality of life of rural staff aquaculture in the region. In third analysis stage it became clear that underlying variables of marital status, income and housing conditions can influence the quality of life for community members. Summing up results of three exploratory analysis, verification and underlying that: contribution retrieved from social factors on quality of life of rural staff aquaculture units in the selseleh township is most of the economic dimensions. since the main objective of establishing aquaculture units achieving employment and sustainable security economic- Social in the region and is very important, however it does not require the neglect of the environment dimension of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence from animal studies suggests that the opioidergic system and ghrelin have a regulatory role in food intake, but their interaction(s) have not been studied in laying chickens. So in this study, four experiments (each included four groups) were designed. The first experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of ghrelin on the cumulative food intake. Experiments 2-4 were designed to investigate the possibility of μ, δ, or κ opioid receptors mediating ghrelin-induced hypophagia. All drugs were injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) at 5 days of age. The results of this study showed that the ICV injection of 1.5 nmol ghrelin did not affect cumulative food intake. However, ICV injection of ghrelin with doses of 3 and 6 nmol significantly reduced the cumulative food intake ( p  < 0.05). However, co-injection of ghrelin with naltrindole and norbinaltorphimine did not show a significant change in decreased food intake compared with ghrelin. Also, opioid μ receptor gene expression significantly increased ( p  < 0.05), but δ and κ opioid receptors' gene expression did not significantly change. These results indicated that the opioidergic system is involved in developing ghrelin-induced hypophagic effects in laying chickens. Accordingly, this effect of ghrelin to modify the nutritional behavior is possibly mediated by opioid μ receptor.

Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) is a hemiparasitic plant that absorbs water and nutrients from the host tree. Mistletoe contains two groups of cytotoxic, immunomodulatory and antitumor proteins, viscotoxins and lectins. This study evaluated the quantity and quality of viscotoxins and total lectins in the stems with leaves (foliage) and fruit of mistletoe on Parrotia persica and Carpinus betulus in September with immature green berries and in December with mature white berries. Viscum album L. plants were harvested from host species located in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran in 2019. The highest level of viscotoxins was detected in the December foliage of V. album settled on C. betulus (9.25 mg/g dry weight [DW]), and the highest content of lectins was found in the December foliage of V. album settled on P. persica (0.79 mg/g DW) and C. betulus (0.73 mg/g DW) respectively. The immature green berries of V. album from both host species contained much higher concentrations of viscotoxins and lectins than the mature white berries. Four isoforms of viscotoxins, viscotoxin A1, A2, A3 and B could be identified in all samples of both host species. Viscotoxin A3 was the predominant viscotoxin isoform followed by viscotoxin A1., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Thyroid hormones are essential to maintain the tissue's metabolism throughout the life. Thyroid hormones exert their effects on physiology and almost all body functions. Carrot is a rich source of iodine and carotenoids that can interfere in the synthesis of thyroid hormones., Materials and Methods: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of carrot consumption on T4 levels and its effect on memory, nerve conduction velocity (NCV), animal weight, and finally, on water and food intake in Wistar rats. In this study, 24 male rats were used and divided into three groups: Control, Ca 200 mg/kg, and Ca 400 mg/kg., Results: The results indicated that carrot consumption at Ca 200 mg/kg treated group increased the level of serum T4 and induced hyperthyroidism. Animal weight in both treated groups did not change compared to the control group ( P > 0.05). Water and food consumption, and the level of T4 in Ca 200 mg/kg group increased when compared to the control group ( P < 0.05). NCV in both treated groups was not significantly different in comparison with the control group ( P > 0.05). Spatial memory and passive avoidance memory in both treated groups significantly decreased compared to the control group ( P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Carrot consumption, via increases the synthesis of thyroid hormones, creates hyperthyroidism, but due to induced moderate hyperthyroidism did not impact on weight. Moderate hyperthyroidism induced appetite and memory impairment. Then increased food intake or effect of hyperthyroidism on metabolism increased water intake., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Advanced Biomedical Research.)

Objectives: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurs mostly in the striatum. In ICH, blood prolactin level increases 3-fold. The effects of intracerebroventricular injection (ICV) of prolactin on motor disorders will be investigated., Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 32 male Wistar rats in 4 groups: sham, ICH, and prolactin with 1 μg/2 μl (P1) and 2 μg/2 μl (P2) doses., Results: The weight of animals on days 1 ( P ˂0.01), 3, and 7 ( P ˂0.05) in the sham and P2 groups increased compared with the ICH group. Neurological Deficit Score (NDS) in ICH and P1 groups decreased, and increased compared with sham and ICH groups ( P ˂0.001), respectively. NDS in the P1 group increased compared with the P2 group on days 1 ( P ˂0.0 5), 3, and 7 ( P ˂0.001). The duration time of rotarod in ICH and P1 groups decreased and increased compared with sham and ICH groups ( P ˂0.001), respectively. The duration time of rotarod in the P1 group on days 3 and 7 increased compared with the P2 group ( P ˂0.001). Travel distance in days 1( P ˂0.01), 3( P ˂0.001), and 7( P ˂0.01) decreased in the ICH group. Prolactin receptor (PRL receptor) expression in ICH, P1, and P2 groups increased compared with sham and ICH groups ( P ˂0.001). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression ( P ˂0.001) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ( P ˂0.01) expression in the ICH group increased compared with the sham group. GFAP and APOE expression in the P1 group increased compared with the ICH group ( P ˂0.001). APOE expression in the P1 group increased compared with the P2 group ( P ˂0.001)., Conclusion: According to the results, prolactin reduces movement disorders.

Pulmonary hypertension is one of the most common diseases among older people. This disease is usually associated with complications such as vascular changes, vascular remodeling, vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, right ventricular failure, and reduction in nitric oxide availability. Many chemical drugs have been used to treat pulmonary hypertension, but result in limited efficacy and several side effects, and these medications are not always available worldwide. Various studies in traditional medicine have shown that changes in lifestyle and nutritional habits can be extremely effective in both the prevention and treatment of various diseases. One treatment method related to changing nutritional habits is the use of curcumin as a nutritional supplement. Curcumin plays an important role in treating pulmonary hypertension and positively alters the aforementioned complications., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Aims: Brain injuries based on their causes are divided into two categories, TBI and NTBI. TBI is caused by damages such as head injury, but non-physical injury causes NTBI. Prolactin is one of the blood factors that increase during brain injury. It has been assumed to play a regenerative role in post-injury recovery., Materials and Methods: In this review, various valid papers from electronic sources (including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SID, Google Scholar, and ISI databases) used, which in them the protective effect of prolactin on brain injury investigated., Key Findings: Inflammation following brain injury with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the affected area can even lead to excitotoxicity and cell death in the damaged area. Medical brain damage treatments are long-term, and can have several side effects. Therefore, it is better to consider medication treatments that have fewer side effects and greater efficacy. Research suggests that prolactin has numerous regenerative effects on brain injury, and prevents cell death. Prolactin is one of the hormones produced in the body; therefore it has fewer side effects and may be more effective because it increases during brain injury., Significance: Prolactin can be used peripherally and centrally, and exerts its neuro regenerative effects against further damage post-TBI and NTBI., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Watermelon is a fruit with the thirst-quenching effect and especially is consumed in summer. In this study, the effect of consumption of watermelon extract (in drinking water) on thyroid hormone level (TT4), animals' weight, water and food consumption, nerve conduction velocity (NCV), and memory in Wistar rats were investigated., Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, CT 1500 mg/kg, and CT 3000 mg/kg ( n = 8, in each group). Watermelon extract was administered for 42 days. The results measured in this study were analyzed with repeated measures or one-way analysis of variance and compared by the least significant difference post hoc . P < 0.05 was considered as significant difference., Results: The results showed that animals' weight in both the treatment groups decreased compared to the control group ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Water and food consumption and the level of TT4 increased when compared to the control group in both the treated groups (both P < 0.001). NCV in both the treated groups decreased in comparison with the control group (both P < 0.001). Spatial memory did not change significantly, but passive avoidance memory in both the treated groups significantly decreased in comparison to the control group (respectively, with P < 0.05 and P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Based on these finding, in spite of increase in food and water consumption in the treated groups, animal weight did not increase significantly. Impairment in memory and decrease in NCV were also occurred, but TT4 level was increased in animals treated with watermelon extract., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Advanced Biomedical Research.)

Objective: According to the traditional medicine, lettuce can affect nerve conduction velocity and memory. So, to investigate the effect of lettuce seeds extract on body activities, lettuce seeds were used., Materials and Methods: In the present study, the effects of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) seeds extract consumption (in drinking water) on T4 level, animals' weight, water and food consumption, nerve conduction velocity (NCV), and memory in Wistar rats, were investigated. In this study, 24 Wistar rats were used, and divided into three groups: control, L 200 mg/kg, and L 400 mg/kg., Results: The results showed that, the T4 level, food and water intake, time spent and distance travelled in Q1, delay time to enter and the number of entrance into the dark room in both treated groups were not significantly different from the control group. Animal weight and NCV, in 400 mg/kg group were not significantly different from the control group, but in 200 mg/kg group, they were significantly decreased (p<0.05). The duration spent in the dark room (48 hr after shock) in L 400 mg/kg increased compared to the control group (p<0.05), but in L 200 mg/kg group at all time points, and in L 400 mg/kg treated group 3 and 24 hr after shock, it was not significantly different from the control group., Conclusion: Based on these findings, the T4 level, memory, food and water intake were not changed by lettuce extract, while NCV and animal weight were decreased following treatment with lettuce extract.

Background: Obesity, which has various complications and co-morbidities, is an epidemic issue worldwide. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a well-known metabolic disorder among patients with severe obesity. While they are good candidates for bariatric surgery, this deficiency can affect the outcome of surgery negatively., Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare 3 different VDD treatment strategies for use before bariatric surgery and compare serum vitamin D levels after 7 weeks., Settings: University hospital, Isfahan, Iran., Methods: This was a single-blinded, randomized clinical trial on 100 patients who were referred for bariatric surgery from 2016 to 2018. Vitamin D (VitD) level was checked before surgery for the patients included in the study, if their VitD level was <30 ng/mL. We rechecked their serum VitD in the 8 th week, after 7 weeks of treatment. The participants were randomly allocated into 3 groups: 33 patients were treated with 50,000 units VitD 3 capsules every week for 7 weeks; 33 patients were treated with a single dose of 300,000 units VitD 3 ampoule; and 34 patients were treated with a combination of a half of the injection dose, followed by the oral capsule for 4 weeks., Results: No case was lost during the follow-up time. No significant differences were found among the 3 groups in terms of their age (P = .654), body mass index (P = .434), sex (P = .799), initial 25(OH) VitD level (P = .273), and history of supplement use (P = .45). Mean serum VitD levels were 15.21, 13.16, and 13.37 ng/mL, respectively, before the surgery and reached 32.91, 24.74, and 29.49 ng/mL after 7 weeks of treatment in oral, injection, and combined groups, respectively. Finally, the 7-week oral treatment option had significantly higher levels of VitD (P value = .034)., Conclusion: VDD treatment with 50,000 units VitD 3 capsule every week for 7 weeks before bariatric surgery yields a higher level of VitD. Based on our findings, injectable supplements are not recommended for VDD treatment., (Copyright © 2019 American Society for Bariatric Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

1. The present study was conducted to investigate whether brain somatostatin increases feed intake in neonatal chickens. The mediating role of neuropeptide Y receptors on feed intake induced by somatostatin was investigated. 2. In this study, seven experiments were designed, each with four treatment groups (n = 44 in each experiment). In Experiment 1, chicks received control solution and 0.5, 1 and 2 nmol of somatostatin through intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection. In experiments 2, 3 and 4, chickens were ICV injected with control solution and 1.25, 2.5 and 5 μg of B5063 (NPY 1 receptor antagonist), SF22 (NPY 2 receptor antagonist) and SML0891 (NPY 5 receptor antagonist), respectively. In experiment 5, 6 and 7 chickens received ICV injection of B5063, SF22, SML0891, with a co-injection of + somatostatin, control solution and somatostatin. The cumulative feed intake was measured until 120 min post injection. 3. Somatostatin significantly increased feed intake in FD3 chicks. Both B5063 and SML0891 dose-dependently decreased feed intake compared with the control group, while SF22 led to a dose-dependent increase in feed intake. In addition, the hyperphagic effect of somatostatin significantly decreased with co-injection of B560 plus somatostatin (p < 0.05), but SF22 and SML0891 had no effect on feed intake induced by somatostatin in chicks (p > 0.05). 4. Based on the results of this study, it is likely that somatostatin increased feed intake and NPY 1 receptor acts as a mediator in hyperphagic effect of somatostatin in neonatal chicks.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a mediatory role in cerebral insulin function by maintaining energy balance. The current study was designed to determine the role of insulin in food intake and its interaction with NPY receptors in 8 experiments using broiler cockerels (4 treatment groups per experiment, except for experiment 8). Chicks received control solution or 2.5, 5, or 10 ng of insulin in experiment 1 and control solution or 1.25, 2.5, or 5 μg of receptor antagonists B5063, SF22, or SML0891 in experiments 2, 3, and 4 through intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection, respectively. In experiments 5, 6, and 7, chicks received ICV injection of B5063, SF22, SML0891, or co-injection of an antagonist + insulin, control solution, and insulin. In experiment 8, blood glucose was measured. Insulin, B5063, and SML0891 decreased food intake, while SF22 led to an increase in food intake. The hypophagic effect of insulin was also reinforced by injection of B560, but ICV injection of SF22 destroyed this hypophagic effect of insulin and increased food intake (p < 0.05). However, SML0891 had no effect on decreased food intake induced by insulin (p > 0.05). At 30 min postinjection, blood sugar in the control group was higher than that in the insulin group (p < 0.05). Therefore, the NPY 1 and NPY 2 receptors mediate the hypophagic effect of insulin in broiler cockerels.