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The task of the bilingual dictionary is to provide lexical units in the source language with equivalents in the target language. Therefore, translation equivalence is of great importance in compiling a bilingual dictionary. This study is an introduction to categories of equivalence in bilingual dictionaries and the causes of non-equivalence. Some methods for translating non-equivalence are also recommended.

As students in online courses usually show differences in their cognitive levels and lack communication with teachers, it is difficult for teachers to grasp student perceptions of the importance of knowledgepoints and to develop personalized teaching. Though recent studies have paid attention to this topic, existing methods fail to calculate the importance of every knowledge-point for each student. Moreover, some studies are based on expert analysis, are not data-driven, and hence, are inapplicable to largescale online scenarios. To address these issues, this article proposes a personal topic rank (PTR) as a solution, which links students and concepts to generate a personalized knowledge concept map. Then, the authors present a novel PTR method to calculate the importance of knowledge-points, wherein student mastery of knowledge-points, student understanding, and the knowledge-point itself are considered simultaneously. This article conducts extensive experiments on a real-world dataset to demonstrate that the method can achieve better results than baselines.

English teachers at junior middle schools often employ traditional vocabulary teaching techniques such as L1 equivalents, word lists, pictures, and word formation rules. They reinforce the students' retention of vocabulary by asking them to read aloud the words repeatedly and copy the new words as homework. In this study, suggestions are given to improve English vocabulary teaching techniques at junior middle schools.

Microorganisms able to produce aroma from nutrients in reconstituted tobacco extract were screened from Guangxi's unique aroma-type Baijiu Daqu in order to address the issue of low aroma quality of reconstituted tobacco extract. With morphological and molecular biology approaches, the best aroma-producing microbe was then identified, the cultivation and fermentation conditions were optimized and the material basis for scent improvement was investigated using GC-MS technology. The sensory analysis method was used to assess the aroma-enhancing effect. According to the findings, strain Y-1 improved the extract's aroma the most and showed the greatest capacity to utilize soluble sugar and protein in the reconstituted tobacco extract. It was identified that Y-1 was Pichia kudriavzevii, and after fermentation under the cultivation of 25 °C, pH=5, and 80% concentration in reconstituted tobacco extract for 24 hours, it could significantly improve the contents of volatile aroma substances in the extract, with esters, ketones, alcohols, and acids increasing by 2. 31-fold, 12. 15-fold, 0. 66-fold and 2. 74-fold, respectively. In addition, 16 new volatile aroma components were detected after fermentation. When the fermented extract containing Y-1 was added to reconstituted tobacco leaves, it significantly enhanced the fruity, sweet aroma and aroma layering, improving the smoking quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how prepositional phrases within English noun phrases (e.g., the student of physics from Italy) are represented and processed by advanced Chinese‐speaking learners of English (henceforth L2ers). Using grammaticality judgment tasks and self‐paced reading tasks, we aim to examine the offline performance and the real‐time processing of English NP‐internal PPs in relation to the head nouns. To this end, two groups of participants were instructed to provide judgments of testing materials and to respond on‐line to experimental stimuli containing the proform one. Results indicate that highly proficient L2ers processed English NP‐internal PPs utterly differently from English controls in that they demonstrated almost no sensitivity to the existence of PPs as complements following one, mostly without consciously distinguishing them from PP adjuncts. To account for L2ers’ response patterns, we propose a partial representation hypothesis (PRH), claiming that L2ers tend to disregard intermediate categories containing PP‐complements in English NPs, thus only partially representing syntactic constituents of the target language. As a structural explanation, PRH awaits further corroboration and/or falsification from more empirical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]