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Studying the electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in the foodservice industry can not only provide guidance for merchants, but also spatially optimize the urban foodservice industry, restaurants' location selection, and customers' purchasing decisions. In this study, taking Sanya city as the research object, using big data crawling technology to collect the directory and their attribute information of 2107 restaurants with more than 100 reviews. Kernel density analysis, grid analysis and the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model were applied to reveal the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of eWOM in the foodservice industry in Sanya, China. The main results are as follows. The foodservice industry in Sanya extends along the southern coastline and is characterized by little dispersion and agglomeration at the macro level. The overall eWOM score of the foodservice industry is low. Market popularity, restaurant rating, transportation conditions, and commercial development all have a positive impact on the eWOM of the foodservice industry. Population and price have both positive and negative effects and the public services has a nonsignificant impact on the eWOM. This study not only improves the theoretical understanding of the foodservice industry, but also provides a general reference for its development in other industries and cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In inductive pulsed power supplies (IPPSs), the toroidal circular disk-type inductors have the advantages of high energy density, good symmetry, and slight magnetic field interference. However, the inductance calculation of the toroidal coils with a different geometric structure and electrical connection is very complicated, let alone the overall optimization of the IPPS system using structure parameters as variables. In this article, a systematic quick calculation method for the toroidal circular disk-type inductor with any geometric structure and electrical connection has been summarized and elaborated. Some improvements in accelerating the calculation speed have been proposed and verified. The error between the proposed calculation method and measurement is less than 1.1%. Finally, with the quick calculation methods, the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize a 20-stage inductor for an XRAM generator with a total energy of 1.25 MJ. After 12 400 calculations, the energy density of the obtained optimal toroidal coil reaches 14.54 MJ/m3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inductive pulsed power supply (IPPS) is a competitive type of power supply for electromagnetic launch (EML). Compared with the capacitive type, the structure and working process of IPPS are more complicated, which make the design of the IPPS module difficult. In this article, the method of calculating the module performance from structural and electrical parameters is proposed. Based on that, the biobjective optimization of a 100-kJ module is carried out. With the help of genetic algorithms, the optimization results are 2500 nondominated solutions on the Pareto front, and one of the representative solutions is verified by experiments. The performance of the built module is in good agreement with the calculated value. Its energy density reaches 3.98 MJ/m3, the peak output current reaches 23 kA with 8.1-ms pulsewidth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MUC2 mucin is an important secretory protein found in the human gut. Recent studies indicated that MUC2 mucin plays a role in the protection of gut barrier, the regulation of microbiome homeostasis and the prevention of diseases. In this review, the physiological properties of MUC2 mucin and its interactions with the intestinal microbiome are firstly discussed. Its roles in intestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and parasitic infections are concluded. We also reviewed dietary components known to have modulative effects on MUC2 mucin expression, such as polysaccharides, amino acids and polyphenols. Unlabelled Image • Reviews the factors related to MUC2 mucin synthesis and secretion • Discusses the interaction between MUC2 mucin and intestinal microbiota • Concludes the relationship between MUC2 mucin and intestinal disease • Proposes potential dietary components responsible for MUC2 mucin regulation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To report baseline information of a prediabetes mellitus (PDM) cohort with the aim of exploring related factors for the progression of PDM and its complications. Methods. This study is an exploratory and cross-sectional analysis of the baseline data from a cohort study. Residents aged 18 to 70 years from Houtang Village, Nanyue Town, Yueqing City, Zhejiang Province, China, were invited to participate between October 1, 2018 and July 1, 2019. Blood samples were collected for analysis, and questionnaire interviews were conducted to assess behavioral characteristics. The study participants were divided into DM, PDM, and normal groups for comparisons based on their blood work, and multiple multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to assess the risk factors for DM and PDM. Results. Data from 406 participants were used in the baseline analysis, with a mean age of 51.2 ± 11.0 years and 160 (33.0%) males. The number of participants in the DM, PDM, and normal group was 58 (14.3%), 166 (40.9%), and 182 (44.8%), respectively. The prevalence of DM was 14.3%, and the prevalence of PDM was 40.9%. The regression analysis showed that older age (relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01–1.11, P = 0.018), higher systolic blood pressure (RRR = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.004–1.08, P = 0.030), higher BMI (RRR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.06–3.06, P = 0.004), higher TG (RRR = 1.80; 95% CI, 1.06–3.06, P = 0.029), and higher WBC count (RRR = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.07–1.64, P = 0.010) were significantly associated with a higher risk of DM. Meanwhile, higher systolic blood pressure (RRR = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.004–1.06, P = 0.025) was the only factor significantly associated with a higher risk of PDM. Conclusion. The prevalence of DM and PDM is relatively high in this wealthy East China village population. Many modifiable risk factors exist for DM and PDM, which will be closely monitored during our longitudinal observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High energy density makes inductive pulsed power supply (IPPS), a research focus of supplies for electromagnetic launch (EML). However, in existing IPPS topologies, the charging and discharging stages of the inductors cannot be separated, so the response time of IPPS can be as long as ten or even tens of milliseconds. For this reason, the real-time closed-loop control of the output current and muzzle velocity based on IPPS is nearly impossible, which might be one of its biggest drawbacks compared to the capacitive pulsed power supply (CPPS). In this article, a novel current maintainable meat grinder (CMMG) circuit capable of fast response for EML applications is proposed, in which the antiparallel diode can provide a current maintaining path. After the inductor completes its charging process, the current can be maintained for a period of time. Thus, the circuit can be in a hot standby state and can be triggered with a very short delay. Subsequently, two commutation methods for the CMMG circuit are explored. The first one is to introduce the inverse current commutation with semiconductor device (ICCOS) branch. In its experiment with an inductance energy of 22 kJ, the circuit maintains 77% of the charging energy in the first 10 ms and is triggered successfully after 28 ms with almost zero response delay. The second method is the superconducting switching technology, based on which the CMMG with self-shutdown circuit is proposed and simulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of inductive pulsed power supplies (IPPSs) is limited by excessive joule heat loss and low energy transfer efficiency. A significant reduction in the coil resistance can fundamentally ameliorate this problem. This article takes the meat grinder with self-charge capacitor and thyristor (SECT) circuit as an example to study the performance improvement caused by the reduction of the coil resistance. The influence of coil resistance on several performance indexes is analyzed by circuit analysis and simulation. Then, the experiment with an energy level of 40 kJ is carried out, in which the inductors have very low resistance due to immersion in liquid nitrogen. With low temperature, the charging energy and the output current peak value are increased by 37% and 19%, respectively, the pulsewidth of output current is increased by 257%, and the energy transfer capacitor is successfully self-charged compared to the performance of the same SECT circuit with room temperature. Thus, the feasibility of applying nitrogen cooling to IPPS is validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inductive pulse power supplies attract researchers’ attention as an important part of the electromagnetic launch system. However, in each topology of the meat grinder class circuits, the precharging of the auxiliary capacitor may cause many problems: the time-consuming precharging severely limits the repetition operating frequency, the charging devices and charging ports increase the complexity of the system, and there is a short-circuit safety hazard in actual operation. In order to solve the above problems, the meat grinder with an auto-charged commutating capacitor (ACC) circuit is proposed, in which the auto-charging of auxiliary capacitor is realized through topology design. Its working process is analyzed stage by stage, and the experiment of this circuit with 43 kJ is carried out. The experimental results are well fit with the simulation waveform, and the repeated operation is realized without precharging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inductive pulsed power supplies have become a promising option for the power supplies of electromagnetic launchers, because they can reach a good balance between the energy storage density and the power density. This article presents a status for our research work, namely an integrated pulsed power module. The length, width, height, and volume of this module are 0.48 m, 0.3 m, 0.24 m, and 0.034 m3, respectively. In the so-far conducted highest energy-level experiment, this module reached 4.91-kA inductor charging current, 77.6-kJ inductor charging energy, and 2.36-MJ/m3 module energy density. The output current pulse reached 15.0-kA first peak value, 15.4-kA second peak value, and 14.1-ms half-peak value pulsewidth. The performance of this module has been confirmed to be stable and consistent within the range of 0–80 kJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electromagnetic railguns possess the characteristics of active and accurate control of the muzzle velocity. As to our understanding, the muzzle velocity control has two levels. One is to design the triggering strategy of the pulsed power supplies before the launching process, while the other is to adjust the triggering strategy during the launching process. The objective of the first one is to realize the desired muzzle velocity with ideal system parameters, and the target of the second one is to design a closed-loop adjusting system for the precalculated triggering strategy, so as to keep the actual muzzle velocity equal or closed to the desired value when the launching process has some kind of turbulences, e.g., nonideal charging voltage and errors of the armature mass. This paper proposes a closed-loop velocity control system and four different methods to adjust the actual muzzle velocity in real launching time. The core idea of this system is to detect the armature velocities at key points along the rails and adjust the following triggering pulsed forming unit (PFU) number of the pulsed power supplies. In simulations, the desired muzzle velocity is 2000 m/s, the capacitance of the energy storage capacitors $C_{\mathrm {PFU}}$ is 2 mF, the precharged voltage $U_{0}$ is 5 kV, and the armature mass ${m}$ is 0.15 kg. Without the closed-loop adjusting, if $U_{0}$ , $C_{\mathrm {PFU}}$ , and ${m}$ simultaneously and randomly change within [−2%, 2%] in actual operations, the muzzle velocity relative errors are within [0%, 2.1346%]. However, after using this closed-loop system, the results show that the muzzle velocity errors can be less than 1%, even when there is ±0.5% detection error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique with spectral range of 900–1700 nm was implemented to predict total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content in Pacific white shrimp. Successive projections algorithm (SPA) and deep-learning-based stacked auto-encoders (SAEs) algorithm were comparatively used for spectral feature extraction. Least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM), partial least squares regression (PLSR) and multiple linear regression (MLR) were used for prediction. The results demonstrated that the SAEs-based prediction models (SAEs-LS-SVM, SAEs-MLR and SAEs-PLSR) performed better than either full wavelengths-based or SPA-based prediction models. The SAEs-LS-SVM was considered to be the best model with R P 2 value of 0.921, RMSEP value of 6.22 mg N [100 g]−1, RPD value of 3.58 and computational time of 3.9 ms for predicting TVB-N in prediction set. The results of this study indicated that SAEs has a high potential in the multivariate analysis of hyperspectral images for shrimp quality inspections. Highlights • Hyperspectral imaging could nondestructively predict TVB-N in Pacific white shrimp. • Spectral features were extracted by deep learning algorithm. • LS-SVM was applied to fit spectral features to TVB-N with satisfactory accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper at first proposes a method to calculate a trigger strategy before launching in order to control the muzzle velocity of railguns. Five triggering points are set equidistantly and six pulsed forming unit (PFU) groups are triggered in total. First, given a desired muzzle velocity, the expected uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion of the armature is calculated. Second, the module number of each PFU group is obtained according to the principle of minimizing the absolute relative error between the actual and the expected velocity at each triggering point. The results show that, when the desired muzzle velocity is within [1500, 2000] m/s, the absolute muzzle velocity relative error $\delta $ is less than 0.5%. In order to achieve a better control performance, the places of the five triggering points are then optimized by a genetic algorithm (GA). The objective function is the sum of absolute $\delta $ , when the desired muzzle velocities are 1500, 1600, $\ldots $ , 2000 m/s. After the optimization, $\delta $ is reduced to less than 0.05%. At last, based on this velocity control method, the railgun system is optimized to pursue the highest system efficiency $\eta $ by GA. The independent variables are the armature mass, the precharged voltage, and the places of the five triggering points. The constraints are that the desired muzzle velocity is 1800 m/s and the absolute $\delta $ is within 1%. The results show that $\eta $ increases from 6.57% to 25.37%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Application of transverse piezomagnetic coefficient expands the measurement range. • Theoretical predictions for the output under low and resonant frequency are given. • Current sensitivity is controllable with magnets and operating frequency. • Provide a potential strategy for realizing wide-range DC current sensing. Abstract A DC current sensing method is developed by introducing the controllable sensitivity. The prototype sensor is implemented by inserting a transverse-transverse (T-T) mode disk-type magnetoelectric (ME) laminate into the air gap of a C-shaped ferrite magnetic concentrator to measure a wide range DC current. The equivalent circuit model of the ME laminate containing interface coupling factor, which physically reflects the strain transfer between the phases, has been further applied in DC current sensing under both low and resonant frequency excitation in this paper. The theoretical analysis results indicate that the DC current sensitivity is controllable by setting the quiescent operating point on the d 31,m - H bias curve of Terfenol-D and the excitation frequency of the ME laminate, respectively. Under 1 Oe AC magnetic field drive at 1 kHz, the DC current sensitivity d V ac /d I dc of this DC current prototype sensor is 0.058 mV/A, equivalently 0.124 mV/Oe over the range of 0–500 A. Under resonant frequency AC magnetic drive, the current sensitivity d V ac /d I dc = 2.38 mV/A, equivalently 5.12 mV/Oe over the same current range, considerably higher than that reported in previous DC ME sensor literatures. The experimental results provide a potential strategy for realizing wide-range DC current sensing in real applications. For lower current measurement, this ME based DC sensor should be operated under resonant excitation to obtain a high voltage output, while for higher current, it can be switched to be operated at a proper quiescent operating point under non-resonant frequency for an acceptable output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to develop a deep learning method which consisted of stacked auto-encoders (SAE) and fully-connected neural network (FNN) for predicting firmness and soluble solid content (SSC) of postharvest Korla fragrant pear ( Pyrus brestschneideri Rehd). Firstly, deep spectral features in visible and near-infrared (380–1030 nm) hyperspectral reflectance image data of pear were extracted by SAE, and then these features were used as input data to predict firmness and SSC by FNN. The SAE-FNN model achieved reasonable prediction performance with R 2 P  = 0.890, RMSEP = 1.81 N and RPD P  = 3.05 for firmness, and R 2 P  = 0.921, RMSEP = 0.22% and RPD P  = 3.68 for SSC. This research demonstrated that deep learning method coupled with hyperspectral imaging technique can be used for rapid and nondestructive detecting firmness and SSC in Korla fragrant pear, which would be useful for postharvest fruit quality inspections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep-learning-based regression model composed of stacked auto-encoders (SAE) and fully-connected neural network (FNN) was used for the detection and quantification of nitrogen (N) concentration in oilseed rape leaf. SAE was applied to extract deep spectral features from visible and near-infrared (380–1030 nm) hyperspectral image of oilseed rape leaf, and then these features were used as input data for FNN to predict N concentration. The SAE-FNN model achieved reasonable performance with R 2 P  = 0.903, RMSEP =0 .307% and RPD P  = 3.238 for N concentration. Results confirmed the possibility of rapid and nondestructive detecting N concentration in oilseed rape leaf by the combination of hyperspectral imaging technique and deep learning method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel circuit with the better performance for the inductive pulsed power supplies in the electromagnetic launch system is proposed in this paper, namely, the meat grinder with capacitive pulse forming unit (CPFU). Its working process is qualitatively analyzed stage by stage. Its practical feasibility is verified through a 7.5-kJ experiment. From the perspectives of circuit structure and working principle, this circuit can be regarded as the combination of a meat grinder and a CPFU. Compared with its preceding circuits, this circuit possesses following advantages: 1) the self-recovery of the capacitor precharged voltage can easily be achieved, which is conducive to continuous operations of the whole circuit and 2) the waveforms of the inductor currents contain no capacitive components, which can promote the energy storage density of the inductors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The meat grinder is a basic circuit for inductive pulsed-power supply (IPPS). Based on meat grinder, the Institute of Advanced Technology proposed a circuit called the slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid (STRETCH) meat grinder, in which an Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCT) is selected as the main switch. Tsinghua University proposed the STRETCH meat grinder with inverse current commutation with semiconductor devices (ICCOS) in which the main switch is replaced by a thyristor and the ICCOS subcircuit is introduced to turn off the main switch. To reduce the opening switch voltage and increase the current turning-off capacity for IPPS, this paper presents a novel circuit topology named the meat grinder with self-charged capacitor and thyristors (SECTs). The key idea of the SECT topology is to turn off the primary current by the energy transfer capacitor, which is precharged. The meat grinder with SECT has larger capacity than the STRETCH meat grinder because it replaces the IGCT with a thyristor and is simpler than the STRETCH meat grinder with ICCOS because it only needs one capacitor. The suggested circuit is more suitable for IPPS module with high energy density. Simulation and experiment have been carried out to validate the circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Because it possesses higher current turn-off capability, the inverse current commutation with semiconductor devices (ICCOS) is a better option for the opening switch of an inductive pulsed power supply than the integrated gate commutated thyristor. This paper investigates the counter-current capacitor, which is the key component that determines the turn-off result and the volume of the counter-current branch. The major contributions of this paper include the following: 1) deriving an analytical expression for the minimum precharged capacitor voltage that can reliably turn off the main switch; 2) verifying this expression through a series of experiments within a current range of 0 to 4000 A and an energy range of 0 to 50 kJ; 3) giving an approximate expression for the optimal capacitance that minimizes the precharged energy; and 4) investigating the variation trends of the optimal capacitance and the corresponding optimal precharged energy with varying inductor current. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The major strengths of inductors in energy density and power density make an inductive pulsed power supply (IPPS) a promising option for pulsed power supplies in an electromagnetic launch system. Among the circuits for an IPPS, the capacitor-aided meat grinder circuits constitute an important branch. An analytical method for the working processes of these circuits is proposed in this paper. The core of this method is the decoupling of a high-order circuit into the superposition of a resistor–inductor first-order equivalent subcircuit and a resistor–inductor–capacitor second-order equivalent subcircuit. The validity and accuracy of this method have been verified through comparison with a numerical simulation. The results show that this method possesses both satisfactory accuracy and excellent computational speed. With the same circuit parameters and time step, the time cost of this method is three orders of magnitudes lower than the time cost of a numerical simulation. Moreover, this method contributes to more intuitive understanding and more essential insight into the working principles of the capacitor-aided meat grinder circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The meat grinder with SElf-charged Capacitor and Thyristors circuit is a novel circuit for inductive pulsed power supplies. The energy transfer capacitor is one of the key components in this circuit. And its capacitance C and the precharged voltage UC are key parameters worth investigating. The circuit working process and corresponding numerical calculation method are briefly introduced. And the method validity is verified through experiments. Then, the influences of $C$ and UC on circuit performance indices, i.e., the maximum voltage across the main switch $V_{{\mathrm{sopm}}} , the secondary current multiplication factor m2 , the ratio of the maximum capacitor energy over the inductor charging energy \eta C , and the self-recovery rate of the precharged capacitor voltage k\mathrm{UC} , are quantitatively analyzed through parameter sweep. Generally speaking, large C is conducive to lower $V_{{\mathrm{sopm}}} ; small m2 ; small C and low UC are conducive to lower \eta C and higher $k_{{\mathrm{UC}}}$ . Moreover, the analytical expression of $k_{{\mathrm{UC}}}$ is given. With C and UC elaborately selected, $k_{{\mathrm{UC}}}$ can achieve 100%. In addition, the balance relationship between two contradictory indices $V_{{\mathrm{sopm}}}$ and $k_{{\mathrm{UC}}}$ is obtained by solving a biobjective optimization problem and using the genetic algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With inherent strengths in energy density and power density, the inductive pulsed power supplies (IPPS) have become an attractive option for the power supplies in electromagnetic launch systems. The meat grinder circuits, including the slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid (STRETCH) meat grinder circuit, the STRETCH meat grinder with inverse current commutation with semiconductor devices circuit, and the meat grinder with self-charged capacitor and thyristors circuit, constitute one major branch among the IPPS circuits. This paper summarizes the fundamental research work and contributions of the meat grinder circuits from the perspectives of circuit improvements, performance analysis, inductor design, module collaboration, and efficiency promotion. The future directions of single IPPS module are higher energy level, larger energy density, and higher efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Based on the urgent needs for modularization and miniaturization of the inductive pulsed power supply system, this paper proposes the conceptual design and comparison of 100-kJ inductive storage power modules including four circuit topologies, three of which are proposed in our previous researches. The four circuit topologies are the STRETCH meat grinder, the XRAM with STRETCH meat grinder unit, the XRAM with strongly coupled inductors, and the XRAM with magnetic flux compression effect. The maximum load current of each constructed module is set to be 50 kA and its pulsewidth is at least 5 ms, which are the same as the main electrical properties of an existing 100-kJ capacitive module. A comparative study on energy density among the constructed inductive modules and the existing capacitive module is carried out in depth. Results show that the inductive modules, considering the volume of semiconductor switches and their control circuits, have higher energy density than that of the capacitive module. Among four constructed inductive modules, the XRAM with strongly coupled inductors module has the highest inductive energy density, and the XRAM with magnetic flux compression effect module has relatively better comprehensive performance. This paper offers the theoretical analysis foundation for investigating the inductive pulse power supply with higher energy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The dual representation of MARX (XRAM) pulse current generator with magnetic flux compression effect is a novel circuit for current multiplication, which has the advantages of both meat grinder and XRAM that are basic circuit topologies. It contributes to the multiplication of current in two aspects: first, increasing current by magnetic flux compression and second, the current can be increased by paralleled inductors. Compared with the standard XRAM topology, the proposed circuit topology can realize a larger factor of current multiplication more easily, and is better than the standard slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid meat grinder circuit topology in aspects of scalability and modularity. Meanwhile, its energy density is increased significantly, which is advantageous to the needs of actual electromagnetic launch. In this paper, theoretical analysis is done to illustrate the excellent performance of the proposed topology and preliminary experiment was conducted to demonstrate its feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The air-core flat spirals of strip coil structure is a typical type of the tightly coupled energy storage inductors used in inductive pulsed power supplies. This paper improves the speed and the parameter scope of the inductance calculation method for these inductors. Specifically, the analytical expressions using the structural parameters to represent the performance parameters, e.g., the inductance, the resistance, and the current conducting capability of the primary inductor and the secondary inductor L1 , L2 , R1 , R2 , I\mathrm{ 1limit} , I\mathrm{ 2limit} , the total volume V\mathrm{ tot} , and the energy density \omega , are given. The validity of this method is confirmed by practical measurements of a set of constructed inductors with 2.67-mH total inductance. The absolute error is within 0.02 mH. On the basis of this method, parameter optimization on energy density is conducted for the 70-kJ energy level module. Results show that the energy density can reach 11.2 MJ/ \text{m}^{3} when the total inductance is 5.07 mH and the total volume is 6.3\times 10^{-3}~\text{m}^{3}$ . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fault-tolerance property in most cloud storage systems are designed within the scale of a single datacenter. The single datacenter as a whole may be unreachable or crashed due to severe problems, such as broken network links, power supply interruptions, and natural disasters, etc. Therefore, the design of an effective cross-datacenter fault-tolerant storage system is important to protect data security in the cloud. However, building a cross-datacenter fault-tolerant system faces great challenges, such as high latency, low throughput, high costs of bandwidth resources between datacenters. In this paper, we propose a practical cross-datacenter fault-tolerant (CDFT) algorithm in the cloud storage system. Our fault-tolerant algorithm design considers the difficult tradeoffs among fault tolerance, latency, throughput, network and storage costs. We propose the Domain Fault Codes (DFC) and the topology-aware scheduling techniques, which can tolerate the whole datacenter breakdown. We implemented the DFC-CDFT algorithm in a prototype cloud storage system. The experimental results showed that the proposed DFC-CDFT algorithm can effectively recover data blocks from the single datacenter failure while achieves low storage and bandwidth costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid (STRETCH) meat grinder circuit is a widely used topology in inductive pulse power supply. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between the STRETCH meat grinder performances and the inductor parameters when improving the system performance and designing the inductor. From the perspective of inductor designing, this paper uses four indicators to present the STRETCH meat grinder performances, i.e., the charging current, the current amplification, the inductor energy density, and the discharge efficiency, and uses two indicators to present the inductor parameters, i.e., the total inductance and the ratio of the inductance L1 to L2 . First, the meanings of the indicators are explained or defined. Second, simulations and experiments are carried out, respectively, to analyze the trends of the four performance indicators along with the changes of two parameters indicators. Finally, both simulation and experiment results show that the increase of the total inductance leads to the decrease of the charging current and the discharge efficiency; moreover, the increase of the ratio of the inductor L1 to L2 leads to the increase of the current amplification and the discharge efficiency, but causes the decrease of the inductor energy density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the efficiency of inductive pulsed power supplies (IPPS), liquid-nitrogen (LN2) cooling has been recommended to limit the energy loss. However, the low-temperature environment not only significantly reduces the resistances of the inductors but also slightly reduces their inductances. To fully evaluate the overall impacts of low temperature, eight performance indices are proposed, i.e., charging time T0 , efficiency \eta , primary/secondary current multiplication ratio m_{1}/m_{2} , ratio between the maximum capacitive energy and the total inductive energy \eta _{C} , maximum voltage across the main switch U\mathrm{ Sopm} , muzzle velocity proportional term \propto {v} , and total energy loss caused by the inductors’ internal resistance ER . Using the typical slow transfer of energy through the capacitive hybrid circuit topology as an example, a semianalytical parametric analysis method is proposed to analyze this multiparameter problem. The results indicate that whether indices m1 , \eta C , and U\mathrm{ Sopm} will be improved or worsened after adopting low temperature depends on specific system parameters, while the other five indices will be improved for any inductor and system parameter. Furthermore, by using a theory of equivalent inductance, the results are explained qualitatively. A test platform that introduces the LN2 cooling is established for verification, and the results agree well with the theory. The proposed semianalytical method can also be extended to any time subsection circuit topologies of IPPS for the performance analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fast solving method for the launching process of the electromagnetic railgun and an automatic assignment method for the trigger strategy of the capacitive pulsed power supply (CPPS) are proposed. The accuracy of the solving method and the feasibility of the assignment method are verified through an illustrative example with a 1.8-MJ initially stored energy. On the basis of these methods, parameter optimization in design phase and performance analysis in operation phase are conducted around the projectile muzzle kinetic energy Ek and the system energy transfer efficiency $\eta $ . To be specific, the single-objective optimal solutions of Ek and $\eta $ and the biobjective Pareto front of Ek – $\eta $ are acquired by evolutionary computation. And the influence relations of certain system parameters on Ek and $\eta $ are acquired by parameter sweep. The research methods and results in this paper have both theoretical and pragmatic values in improving the performance of the CPPS-based electromagnetic railgun system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paralleled pulse-forming units (PFUs) with different triggering delays might be a paramagnetic way for generating flat-topped current wave for electromagnetic launch. Many researchers have reported that multiple capacitive storage PFUs were implemented such current waves in laboratories. However, due to its low energy density, the applications of the capacitive pulsed-power supplies are limited. Since the inductor has advantages in energy density, the inductor pulsed-power supply becomes one of the hottest topics recently. The slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid meat grinder with inverse current commutation with semiconductor devices proposed by Tsinghua University has demonstrated its advantage and applicability recently. Using this kind of topology, this paper proposes the design of an inductive storage PFU with a stored energy of 100-kJ. The maximum load current reaches to 50 kA and its pulsewidth is at least 5 ms. The optimized inductive storage PFU shows superiority in contrast to the capacitive storage PFU with the same energy. This paper offers the theoretical analysis and the testing foundation for investigating the inductor pulsed-power supply with higher energy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid (STRETCH) meat grinder circuit, which was proposed by the Institute for Advanced Technology, added a capacitor into the traditional meat grinder circuit. Even though its energy density is slightly less than the corresponding pure inductance system, it can reduce the voltage across the opening switch and maintain the high multiplication factor of the opening current. The performance of the STRETCH meat grinder circuit depends on multiple parameters. The inductance ratio ( n=L1 / L2) and the capacitance (C) are the two vital factors, which have a crucial influence on the system performance, such as the voltage over the opening switch ( V_{\rm Sopm}) , the current multiplication factor ( m$ ), and the ratio of the maximum capacitive energy over the total inductive energy ( $\eta )$ . Thorough studies have been carried out in this paper on the relationship between the above two factors and the three performance criteria. This paper also discusses and analyzes the chosen of the key parameters ( $n$ and $C$ ) for a single-stage STRETCH meat grinder with 2-mH total inductance, which is made up of two serial coils with 0.95 coupling factor. The opening current of the main switch is 1 kA, which constitutes a 1-kJ inductive pulsed-power supply. It fully takes the advantage of the STRETCH meat grinder topology, intensifies the study of the inductive pulsed-power supply with higher energies, and is easy to be utilized for practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The energy density of the inductive energy storage systems is one order of magnitude higher than that of the capacitive ones. The slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid (STRETCH) meat grinder with inverse current commutation with semiconductor (ICCOS) devices put forward by Tsinghua University is a typical inductive pulsed-power supply for electromagnetic launch system, which has remarkable current amplification ability as a single module. However, one module cannot provide enough amplitude and width for the load current of the railgun launching. Therefore, the collaborative work of multiple inductive source modules is necessary for practical usage. In this paper, the designed inductive power supply system of about 1 MJ is composed of 40 STRETCH meat grinders with ICCOS modules. All the main switches are opened simultaneously to reduce the magnetic field coupling among the modules and make the current rising edge steep. The modules are divided into several groups. The triggering delays of the thyristors between every two adjacent groups are carefully designed. After the first triggers for all the modules, the energy stored in the capacitors can be further utilized with the second triggers. The numerical simulation results show that the appropriate collaborative triggering delay can increase the adjustability of the output current width and the second triggers can further increase the current width and the system efficiency. Therefore, the load current with flat shape, appropriate amplitude, and longer duration can be provided with modular design and collaborate triggering discharge of the multiple modules. This can provide a theoretical foundation for the future study and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

By applying the principle of inverse current commutation with semiconductor (ICCOS) devices in a slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid (STRETCH) meat grinder system, a novel circuit topology called STRETCH meat grinder with ICCOS was proposed by the Tsinghua University in 2013. It can not only raise the amplitude of the opening current, but also reduce the cost of the STRETCH meat grinder circuit obviously by replacing the integrated gate-commutated thyristor (IGCT) with thyristor. This paper discusses the overall design, system implementation, and testing results of a STRETCH meat grinder with ICCOS system with roughly 1-kJ inductive energy. The load is a spiral coil with 1.4- \textm\Omega resistance and 1.4- \mu \textH inductance. With closed-loop control strategy, the system detects the charging current of the inductors. When it reaches the designated value, the triggering signal for ICCOS is delivered and after the predefined delay time, the triggering signal for discharging the voltage on the pulse-forming capacitor is delivered. The current of the inductors and the load are measured by Rogowski coils. The opening current is 1 kA and the maximum load current is close to 4 kA. All the voltages on the switches are lower than 1 kV. The experimental results are consistent with the simulated ones, which verified the correctness of the theoretical analysis and proved the applicability of the STRETCH meat grinder with ICCOS for larger energy level. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The STRETCH meat grinder is one typical inductive pulsed-power supply topology for electromagnetic launch system. It has remarkable current amplification ability as a single unit, but one module cannot provide enough amplitude and width for the load current of the railgun launching. This paper discusses the effects of different triggering delays on the load current with two STRETCH meat grinder modules. To reduce the magnetic field coupling between the two modules, the two main switches are opened simultaneously. To make the load current waveform with no notch, the thyristor of the first module is triggered when its pulse-forming capacitor is fully reversely charged. For the thyristor of the second module, we consider several time points of triggering delay. Because of the practical constraint for the maximum rail current that ensures no rail erosion, the rectangular waveform is the most appropriate load current waveform. Therefore, the comparing criterion can be defined as the ratio of the load current waveform area and its maximum rectangle area at different current levels. Higher ratio means that the current is more like a rectangular wave and is better accordingly. Based on the above criterion and extensive simulation research, we found that the best delay time is the moment when the capacitor is reversely charging the inductor completely. This paper and the result are of great theoretical significance for the further study on the collaborative triggering of multiple STRETCH meat grinder modules. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Electromagnetic railgun systems based on capacitive pulsed-power supply (CPPS) have obtained widespread applications because of its obvious advantages over the inductive ones on mature technology, operational reliability, and feasible financial condition. However, the existing CPPS-based electromagnetic railgun system works with low efficiency. In this paper, systematical studies on the CPPS in the synchronously triggered electromagnetic railgun system with constant volume and in the time-delay-triggered electromagnetic railgun system with automatic segmentation are proposed, respectively. In the synchronously triggered electromagnetic railgun system, all pulse-forming units (PFUs) are supposed to be triggered synchronously and the load is simplified as a resistor first. Then, the system performance criteria, i.e., the launch velocity of the armature v \rm end and the system efficiency \eta , are expressed as the function of four independent system variables: 1) the capacitance of each PFU C ; 2) the precharged voltage UC of capacitors; 3) the rail length l ; and 4) the armature mass $m$ . The relationship between \eta $ (or {v}_{\rm end}) and any two independent variables can be found under the environment of MATLAB R2012a by fixing the other two parameters. The results are then verified under the environment of Simplorer 8. These figures can be used to instruct the design of the pulsed-power supply for a designated load or the railgun for a designated source. In the time-delay-triggered electromagnetic railgun system, the principle of automatic segmentation is proposed. According to the segmentation principle, the simulation results under the environment of Simplorer 8 are given for comparison. The paper can provide a theoretical foundation for the future designs to get higher system efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Structural parameters directly affect the energy density and the total resistance of the inductors used in inductive pulse power supply (IPPS). This paper elaborates the relationship between the structural parameters and electrical performances of the inductors used in IPPS and set up the inductors for the experiment in slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid meat grinder circuit using air-core flat spirals of strip coil. Then we compile a program that can obtain the structural parameters of the inductors that have the highest energy density under the condition of given charging and discharging currents as well as inductances in the primary and secondary sides. The calculation results of the program are analyzed and verified by the measured values of the real inductors. At the end, on the condition of a constant current density, we put forward a rule that along with the increase in the system energy, the energy density of the IPPS became higher and the resistance of the inductors became lower. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An identification method combining sparse representation with principal component analysis (PCA) was proposed for discriminating varieties of transmission fluid of automobile by using hyperspectral imaging technology. Principal component analysis was applied to obtain the characteristic information in the 874-1733 nm spectra. For each transmission fluid variety, 80 samples were randomly selected as the training set, and 20 samples as the testing set. The eigenvectors of all training samples form the matrix were used for the sparse representation, and the problem of transmission fluid types classification was transformed into one to solve a sample expressed by the overall training sample matrix through optimization under the 11 norm. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of the algorithm that was composed of sparse representation and principal component analysis (PCA) was 93%. The accuracy is higher than those of PCA-LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis) and PCA- LS-SVM (Least Squares Support Vector Machine). Therefore, the proposed method provides a better approach for the identification of transmission fluid types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stored-to-kinetic energy conversion efficiency of railgun system is investigated by simulation and experiment methods. There are many factors, which might affect the conversion efficiency of the railgun system. These factors include the parameter values of pulsed power supply (PPS), the velocity of armature, the inductance gradient of rail, and so on. To analyze the stored-to-kinetic energy conversion efficiency, a novel electric circuit simulation model for the railgun system is built. The simulation results show that the less resistance, the more inductance of PPS, the more inductance gradient of launcher, and the higher muzzle velocity of armature can improve the energy conversion efficiency of the railgun system. Some experimental results with the 6-MJ railgun system at Beijing Institute of Special Electromechanical Technology are also presented in this paper, which can illustrate the correctness of the analysis and the simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The energy density of the inductive energy storage systems is one order of magnitude higher than that of the capacitive ones. Therefore, they have potential applications in the future. In this paper, three inductive pulse power supply (PPS) topologies, i.e., slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid meat grinder, XRAM, and nonmutual inductance PPS, are discussed in depth. First, their principles are analyzed. Then, simulations are made to illustrate the principles and prepare the fundamental data for further comparisons based on a 4-kA charging current, 220-\muH total inductance system under the environment of Simplorer 8. Five performance indices reflecting their performances from different aspects are proposed in order to ensure objective and comprehensive comparisons. Based on those indices, the advantages and disadvantages of these topologies are pointed out and some potential improvements are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Inductive pulse power supplies are of interest because their energy densities are one order of magnitude higher than those of capacitive power supplies, based on the same power-output capacity. The Institute of Advanced Technology puts forward an inductive pulse power topology called the slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid (STRETCH) meat grinder. In this topology, an active switch is used to cut off the charging current. Limited by the current turning off ability of integrated gated commuted thyristor, it may encounter difficulties in extending to higher-energy systems. Other than that, the cost of the system is very high. In this paper, the principle of the STRETCH meat grinder is presented. Then, the STRETCH meat grinder with inverse current commutation with semiconductor devices (ICCOS), which is proposed by the Institute of Saint Louis, is presented. The process of ICCOS in the STRETCH meat grinder is illustrated in detail. Finally, simulations are made based on Simplorer 8 to explain how ICCOS works clearly. A preliminary discussion of how to design ICCOS is also presented. We conclude that the STRETCH meat grinder with ICCOS removes the limitations of the original one and has potential applications for high-energy systems in future and can cut down the cost greatly. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, an approach based on combined color and texture features to classify raisins is presented. Least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), linear discriminant analysis, and soft independent modeling of class analogy were used to construct classification models. A total of 480 images were captured from four grades of raisin samples by a Basler 601 fc IEEE1394 digital camera, 200 images were randomly selected to create calibration model (training set), and remaining images were used to verify the model (prediction set). Color features and texture features were obtained from two color spaces: red-green-blue and hue-saturation-intensity using histogram method and gray level co-occurrence matrix method, respectively. Our results indicate that the best performance with about 95% of average correct answer rate is achieved by LSSVM using combined color and texture features from HSI color space. This result is significantly higher than the performance of solely used color or texture features. The combined color and texture features coupled with a LSSVM classifier are a highly accurate way for raisin quality classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel electric-circuit simulation model considering the contact and interface physics for electromagnetic railgun is suggested. The contact velocity skin-effect resistance and the contact resistance are considered. The pulsed-power supply is implemented with Simplorer V8, and the railgun is modeled by Matlab/Simulink. The data exchange is controlled by Simplorer V8. Nine experimental data have been used to validate the new model. Then, based on the validated model, a two-objective optimization pursuing both the highest velocity and the highest efficiency is carried out with the help of iSIGHT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel two-objective optimization design model for pulsed power supply (PPS) is proposed in this paper. The objectives are the muzzle velocity and the stored-to-kinetic energy efficiency. The design variables include the operating voltage and the trigger delay times between segments. The acceleration of the armature is constrained to lower than 106 m/s². The optimization results for the muzzle velocity and the efficiency separately show the following: 1) The acceleration constraint has great influence on the performance; 2) wide current pulse yields high velocity but low efficiency; and 3) the operating voltage has to be increased to accelerate a heavier projectile to a certain velocity or at a certain efficiency. Pareto solution fronts for various projectile masses are found using the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) under the integration environment of iSIGHT software. Numerical results show that the NSGA-II can provide a set of feasible Pareto solutions for the two-objective optimization design model of PPS, among which the "best" one is to be extracted according to the designer's requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solenoids can be simply built and provide highly stored energy per unit of the conductor. A novel two-objective optimization design model of the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) solenoid system has been suggested. The objectives include the minimization of the solenoid coil volume and the whole magnets volume. Three constraints are considered, i.e., the energy requirement, the stray field in the surrounding region, and the quench condition. Non-dominant sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is adopted for the two-objective optimization. The probability-of-objective-comparing, p-obj, has been defined to improve the search ability, and an adaptive method has been proposed to control the parameter p-obj. The adaptive parameter control guarantees the exploration in the early stage and the exploitation in the late stage. Numerical experiment results show that the suggested model and the improved algorithm can provide a set of Pareto solutions for the optimization design of SMES solenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system has an attractive potential in power systems. Solenoid coil, one important configuration of SMES, can be simply built and provide highly stored energy per unit of the conductor. This paper suggests a novel two-objective optimization design model of solenoid coil. The objectives include the minimization of the solenoid volume and the uniformity of the magnetic field inside the magnet. Three constraints are considered, i.e., the energy requirement, the stray field in the surrounding region, and the quench condition. To optimize this highly constrained two-objective optimization design problem, Evolution Strategy (ES) has been used. The proposed sorting operator with Pareto competition divides the individuals into four groups: feasible Pareto (FP), infeasible Pareto (IP), feasible dominated (FD), and infeasible dominated (ID). FP solutions have the highest selection priority and ID solutions hold the lowest one. The annealing-like deterministic parameter control method for the acceptable tolerance of the energy error is also suggested to improve the constraints handling ability of ES. Numerical solutions show that the Pareto competition based ES can provide a set of feasible Pareto solutions for the two-objective optimization design model of SMES solenoids, among which the "best" one is to be extracted according to the designer's experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel algorithm for digital infinite-impulse response (IIR) filter design is proposed in this paper. The suggested algorithm is a kind of cooperative coevolutionary genetic algorithm. It considers the magnitude response and the phase response simultaneously and also tries to find the lowest filter order. The structure and the coefficients of the digital IIR filter are coded separately, and they evolve coordinately as two different species, i.e., the control species and the coefficient species. The nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II is used for the control species to guide the algorithms toward three objectives simultaneously. The simulated annealing is used for the coefficient species to keep the diversity. These two strategies make the cooperative coevolutionary process work effectively. Comparisons with another genetic algorithm-based digital IIR filter design method by numerical experiments show that the suggested algorithm is effective and robust in digital IIR filter design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editors of this special issue of the IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (TPS) are pleased to present an issue that documents a wide range of topics being actively studied within the field of electromagnetic launch (EML) technology. Many of the articles contributed to this issue are from participants of the 19th IEEE EML Symposium held on June 18–22, 2018 in Saint Louis, France (https://www.isl.eu/eml2018/). The EML has a long history of serving the EML community as a gathering forum for the presentation and discussion of these fields as the most relevant research topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A colorimetric sensing method is described for discrimination of multiple antioxidants based on core-shell Au@Ag nanocubes (NCs). In order to extract data-rich colorimetric responses from the sensor array, three different concentrations of chloroaurate acid (HAuCl4) were employed as sensing elements. Interestingly, Au3+ ions can be reduced to different valence states (i.e., Au(0) and Au(I)) by different antioxidants, and thus effectively inhibit the oxidation etching process of Au@Ag NCs by Au(III) ions to varying extents, generating diverse colorimetric responses (color and absorbance). This enables identification of the six antioxidants at 10 nM via linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.52% (n = 3). The discrimination ability of the sensor array was further evaluated in antioxidant binary and multicomponent mixtures. Remarkably, identification of these six antioxidants spiked in urine was realized with 100% of accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study on the form partitioning and content of heavy metals in soil particles with different sizes is crucial for preventing and controlling heavy metals pollution, but few studies regard soil contaminated by heavy metals as a homogeneous body. In this study (Fig. 1), goat manure, lime and phosphate were used to stabilize exogenous lead (Pb). These soil passivators' differential effects on total Pb and Pb with different chemical forms in soil particles of different sizes as well as Pb immobilization in soil were investigated. By passivation experiment in laboratory for 45 days, the passivation effect of the single and combined application treatments on exogenous Pb and partitioning characteristics were analyzed and compared. The characterization method of fine sand microstructure and mineral composition analysis was used. The results showed that the single application of P5 and combined application of LP5 had optimum passivation efficiency. The content of DTPA-Pb was reduced with P5 by 65.27% and the percentage of available Pb decreased significantly in soil particles of the four sizes. The content of TCLP-Pb and available Pb (weak acid extraction and reducible Pb) significantly decreased by 71.60 and 25.12% respectively after the application of LP5 in the original soil. Furthermore, most of the total Pb was enriched in coarse sand and clay, while its content was lower in fine sand and silt. The combined application treatment of GL5 significantly increased the content of weak acid extractable and reducible Pb in fine sand, silty sand and clay. Through SEM and XRD analysis, it was found that the diffraction peak of P5 treatment groups might be related to the formation of insoluble Pb that contained compounds, which were mainly mineral components, including quartz, feldspar and mica, and LP showed a big potential in the study on passivation of heavy metal Pb-contaminated soil in the natural environment. In conclusion, further studies on the different dosage and metal-contamination levels as well as different combination forms of passivators should be considered under natural conditions, the selection of suitable passivators according to soil texture is of great significance for remediation of Pb-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new approach for the non-invasive classification of raisins is presented based on the hybrid image features, namely morphological, color and texture features. A total of 74 features (8 morphological, 30 color, and 36 textural) were extracted from RBG images. Seven kinds of models were established based on different feature sets. They were three kinds of models established based on single feature set, three kinds of models established based on the combination of two feature sets, and one kind of model established based on the combination of all feature sets. Five kinds of classifiers, namely partial least squares (PLS), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) with linear and radial basis function (RBF) kernels were used for the model establishment based on different feature sets. The best correct answer rates (CAR) of 99% was obtained when LDA was used to establish the classification model based on the combination of all feature sets, which was higher than those of the models established based on single feature set or the combination of two feature sets. The results show that the feature combination is helpful to improve the accuracy of raisin classification. It was concluded that the varieties of raisin could be accurately classified based on RGB image features and the combination of morphological, color and texture features was an accurate way to improve the accuracy of classification. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The relationships between soluble solids content (SSC) and pH cherry fruit of different maturity stages has been investigated using near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging technology. Using 550 fruit, 11 hyperspectral images in the 874–1734 nm region were captured and compared with SSC and pH measured by standard methods. Two types of models based on full bands, namely principal components regression model and partial least squares regression model, showed similar predictive ability. To reduce the modeling complexity based on full bands, a genetic algorithm (GA) and a successive projections algorithm were employed to select feature bands; both algorithms were tested by multiple linear regression (MLR). By comparing the results of different modeling methods, GA-MLR was selected as the final modeling method with a ratio of standard deviation of prediction set to standard deviation of prediction error of 2.7 for SSC and 2.4 for pH. SSC and pH distribution maps were generated by inputting the feature bands of each pixel into GA-MLR models. Classification of fruit maturity stages was studied, and a linear discrimination analysis method produced a correct classification ratio of 96.4%. We conclude that it is feasible to detect the quality of cherry fruit by NIR hyperspectral imaging technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]