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Cancer is a major cause of death, and its early identification and intervention have potential for clinical actionability and benefits for human health. The studies using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and large samples analysis of cancer-related genes have been rarely done.We performed WGS to explore germline mutations in coding and non-coding areas of cancer-related genes and non-coding driver genes and regulatory areas. Structural variants (SVs) was also analyzed. We used several tools and a subgrouping method to analyze the variants in 1491 healthy participants. Moreover, 275 cancer-related genes sequencing was carried out in 125 cancer patients.The incidence of familial cancer in the Taiwanese general population is 8.79% (131/1491). Cancer carrier rate of cancer-related genes is about 7.04% (105/1491) for pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (P/LP) on ClinVar database only, and 28.24% (421/1491) for P/LP and loss of function variants. The carrier frequencies of cancer-related genes P/LP on ClinVar database were as follows: 8.40% (11/131), 7.11% (28/394), and 6.83% (66/966) in FC, 1MC, and nMC, respectively. The SVs and non-coding driver gene variants are uncommon. There are 1.54% (23/1491) of actionable cancer genes in American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), and the germline mutation rate of 275 cancer-related genes is 7.2% (9/125) in cancer patients including 4.0% (5/125) of actionable cancer genes in ACMG. After analyzing the frequencies of P/LP variants on GJB2 and SLC25A13 genes, we suggest that these two genes may not be cancer-related genes and need be re-evaluated.WGS analysis can completely detect germline mutations in cancer carriers. This study use subgrouping approach for samples provides a strategy to study whether a gene or variant is a cancer-related gene or variant in the future studies.

High-rise building complexes are of great importance for enabling sustainable urban development in large parts of the world. Earlier studies have indicated that high wind speed regions can be present along the passage between two high-rise buildings as well as above the roofs. At such locations, urban wind energy could be harvested by installing wind turbines between and/or above the roof of the buildings. However, the available wind energy potential around an array of generic high-rise buildings in close proximity has not yet been assessed for different building configurations. This paper conducts a detailed evaluation of the impacts of the building arrangement and height for a 2 × 2 array with a building height-to-street width ratio of 30 on the mean wind velocity and the wind energy potential along the passages between both upstream and downstream buildings as well as on their roofs. The following parameters are analyzed: (i) the passage width between the two upstream buildings (w), (ii) the streamwise distance between the upstream and downstream buildings (d), and (iii) the height difference between the upstream and downstream buildings (ΔH). The 3D steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are solved using the Reynolds stress model (RSM) turbulence model for closure. The CFD results are validated using wind-tunnel measurements of mean wind speed and turbulence intensity performed for the same building array. The results show elevated wind power density along the upstream passages for small w (=0.15B), high d (=0.6B), and equal building height (ΔH = 0). In contrast, comparatively high values of w, small d, and ΔH < 0 yield high wind power densities between the downstream buildings. Among the different wind turbine types considered, horizontally-mounted vertical axis wind turbines seem the most promising option for wind energy harvesting between the buildings.

Increasing traffic emission presents a high risk of exposure to residents in near-road buildings. Traffic tidal flow (TTF) has gradually become one of the most important components of urban traffic congestion. By computational fluid dynamics simulation, the present study examines the airflow, spatial distribution of pollutant concentration, and personal intake fraction (IF_p) of CO in five street canyon structures (shallow, regular, deep, step-up, and step-down street canyons), with non-uniform TTF-induced traffic emission considered. Optimal urban design devices (wind catchers) are subsequently introduced to reduce IF_p. The results suggest that leeward IF_p is far higher in concentration than the windward wall in the shallow, regular, step-up, and step-down street canyons but lower than the windward side in the deep street canyon under different TTF conditions. Moreover, the TTF condition SL (leeward source)/SW (windward source)=3/1 leads to a higher leeward IF_p in the shallow, regular, deep, and step-up street canyons, compared with SL/SW=1/3; however, no significant difference in windward IF_p is found under the different TTF conditions. The highest IF_p and lowest IF_p for both TTF configurations occur in the step-down and shallow street canyons, respectively. Finally, the effect of wind catchers (WCs) varies between the street canyon structures under different TTF conditions. WCs can lead to at least 30.6% reduction in leeward overall average IF_p ( ) in the shallow, regular, step-up, and step-down street canyons, as well as 12.8%–78.4% decrease in windward 〈IF_p〉 owing to the WCs in the regular, deep, step-up, and step-down street canyons.

Various wind resource assessment (WRA) methods have been applied to explore the feasibility of installing wind turbines for urban wind energy harvest. Nevertheless, there are only limited computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies available to consider WRA around high-rise buildings in realistic urbanized areas. This paper presents a numerical assessment of urban wind energy potential, specifically pursuing to overcome the limitations of former studies by addressing the following points: i) conducting a large-scale wind power estimation by employing the meticulous topography in realistic compact high-rise urban area; ii) validating CFD simulations with the on-site measurements in two seasons; iii) obtaining the annual mean wind speed, wind power density and turbulence intensity between the existing high-rise building features, including building geometry, roof geometry, presence or absence of upstream obstacles, arrangements of integrated building complex and parallel high-rise buildings; iv) investigating the local installation locations of wind turbines and the distances from rooftop sidewalls or lowest mounting heights above rooftops with high power densities and acceptable turbulence intensities for wind energy harvest. The results of this wind resource assessment suggest an effective strategy of turbine installation for implementing urban wind power potential in a realistic compact high-rise urban area.

The concern of mitigating thermal stress and pollutant concentration has increased in recent urban design. Most previous studies have demonstrated the promising potential of integrating building setbacks to simultaneously improve thermal comfort and air quality within street canyons. By conducting computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations with the consideration of solar radiation, the effects of both horizontal and vertical building setbacks on outdoor thermal comfort and air quality are simultaneously investigated inside the low-rise and high-rise street canyon. Several design parameters of building setbacks are considered, i.e., the dimensionless height (HHS/W) and dimensionless width (DHS/W) for the horizontal setbacks (HS), as well as the dimensionless length (LVS/L) and dimensionless width (DVS/W) for the vertical setbacks (VS), where W and L are the street width and length. The results demonstrate that the horizontal building setbacks are advocated within the low-rise street canyon, which simultaneously improves the thermal comfort and air quality. By manipulating its dimensionless vertical cross-section area SHS (increasing SHS = HHS/W × DHS/W) and its dimensionless aspect ratio HHS/DHS (lowering HHS/DHS), the average PET can decline by up to 2.1 °C and the average pollutant concentration can reduce by up to 61% at the two-side pedestrian level (windward and leeward sides). The vertical building setbacks are more suitable for the high-rise street canyon to create better outdoor environments. The dimensionless horizontal cross-section area SVS (= LVS/L × DVS/W) should be as large as possible so that the average PET can decrease by up to 0.7 °C and the average pollutant concentration can reduce by up to 35% at the two-side pedestrian level. Finally, an effectiveness index to simultaneously evaluate thermal comfort and air quality is introduced and proves effective.

Previous findings have indicated better performance attained by modified urban morphologies for wind energy utilization only in single and pair buildings, or medium-dense low-rise building arrays. Hence, the main purpose of this study is to address the research gaps to complete a fundamental understanding of the influences of urban morphology in compact high-rise urban areas on enhancing urban wind energy harvest for sustainable urban development. A comprehensive parametric study is conducted using the computational fluid dynamics tool to analyze the impacts of urban morphologies on the wind energy potential for a 6 × 6 array of generic high-rise buildings, including (i) urban density altered from compact to sparse urban layouts, (ii) building corner shapes of sharp and rounded corners, (iii) urban layouts of in-line and staggered patterns, and (iv) wind directions of 0° and 45°. This investigation implements the three-dimensional steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the Reynolds stress model to explore the distributions of wind speed, power density, and turbulence intensity over the building array. The results indicate that decreasing urban plan area density reduces the unacceptable turbulence areas with relatively higher wind power density on the roof. Besides, round corners can produce elevated power densities up to 201% greater than sharp corners beside the building. Even under the oblique wind direction of 45°, the rounded corner still shows better wind energy potentials than the sharp corner. The in-line urban layout demonstrates more significant areas with higher power densities and low turbulence intensities than the staggered urban layout.

This study presents a new groove profile using the slant groove depth arrangements to enhance the performance of micro-HGJBs. The computational analysis was based on the steady-state three-dimensional conservation equations of mass and momentum in conjunction with the cavitation model to examine the complex lubricated flow field. The simulated results of load capacity and circumferential pressure distribution of lubricant film are in good agreement with the measurement data and the predictions cited in the literature. Numerical experiments were extended to determine the pressure distribution, load capacity, radial stiffness and friction torque by varying the slant ratio of groove depth, eccentricity ratio, rotational speed and attitude angle. The cavitation extent of lubricant film was also studied for different slant groove patterns.

Concern of city breathability has increased in recent project planning activities. Most previous studies in the literature have demonstrated that it is possible to improve urban ventilation efficiency by manipulating the arrangement of buildings with the integration of half open spaces into building configurations. In considering the arcade design which is a conventional type of half open space, this paper first focuses on examining the ventilation performance in a realistic high-rise urban area and its associated city breathability in terms of the ACH* (defined as the ratio of the ACH to a characteristic frequency, determined by the reference velocity of the far upstream free flow divided by the reference building height) with or without incorporating an arcade into the object buildings. On-site measurements are conducted to validate the computational model. Then, the optimization procedures are presented, in which correlations from multivariable regression from our earlier study on generic urban street canyons are applied as the design guidelines for the arcade to maximize the ACH*. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are extended to take into consideration buildings with an arcade of optimum height and width in actual urban canyons to determine the effectiveness of the optimization procedures used to design arcade buildings for enhancing city breathability.

Vegetation covers in urban parks are very useful for providing a cool microclimate which mitigates urban heat islands (UHIs). The objectives of this investigation are to therefore conduct on-site measurements and computational fluid dynamic simulations to evaluate the cooling efficacy from vegetation planted in a public park in Taipei, which is a subtropical city in Taiwan. The thermo-flow characteristics are predicted and compared with the measured air velocity and temperature data by using ultrasonic anemometers and an infrared camera to validate the computer modeling, including the sophisticated configurations of trees. Computations are also conducted to resolve the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) profiles for assessing the thermal comfort state at the pedestrian level of the outdoor environment. To investigate the impacts of park renewal on the urban microclimate, three pavilions and supplementary green areas are added to the simulation, and the results reveal that there is a better cooling effect in the park with a higher green coverage ratio (GCR). Moreover, the simulations find that the increased tree coverage ratio can more than compensate for loss of coverage of grasses, resulting in an overall decrease in average temperature. The relationship between thermal comfortable area and green coverage ratio tends to be nonlinear in nature. However, it would be more convenient for applications to adopt the linear regression analysis for determining the correlation between the GCR and PET for the percentage of areas that are comfortable (Cf). It shows that Cf = 0.96 × GCR + 5.08, with a reasonable R2 value of 0.91, for GCR ranged from 54.5 to 71.6%, indicating that there is a significant reduced UHI effect with increases in the GCR. In addition, the correlation implies that a completely thermally comfortable condition will prevail in the park if it has full green coverage. This correlation thus serves as an important guideline for urban planners and managers when designing and managing public urban spaces, such as parks.

The purpose of this study is to highlight the effectiveness and necessity of the computational methods applications for architecture conceptual designs and improve the use of advanced simulation tools in urban planning. The results can provide the urban designers, planners and other decision makers with useful design information for assessing human wind comfort of the surrounding open spaces of public buildings in an urban area. Among different kinds of public buildings, museum architecture is of significant social value and importance for the augmentation of urban image. Using the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao for the case study, this investigation performed CFD simulations of the airflow over the museum to characterize the wind environments around the buildings. The predicted wind speed distributions were used to determine the wind comfort level of the featured spots around the museum for evaluating the suitability allowing visitors to sit or stand at the pedestrian plane for extended periods.

The design guidelines for assessing the wind environment at the pedestrian level have become increasingly important in urban planning over the past few decades. The purpose of this study is therefore to conduct computational fluid dynamics simulations to examine the flow behavior of the aeration around the buildings, with and without an arcade design in an ideal situation in urban street canyons. The results suggest the effectiveness of adopting an arcade design to sustain a stable wind environment and improve the flow aeration over areas with urban street canyons. Computations are also carried out to examine the ventilation performance of the pedestrian pathway layer by varying the parameters of building height, canyon width, and height and width of the arcade. The simulated results are then further processed by using a multivariable regression analysis on a group of dimensionless parameters as well as visualization with the scaling law on arcade structures to facilitate a design for arcade buildings that would enhance city breathability. This correlation which uses multiple dimensionless parameters will act as a reference for future arcade designs.

Intensive traffic emissions have caused many environmental problems and have a negative effect on public health. With the aim of mitigating these problems, it is essential to figure out how the flow structure affects the pollutant dispersion within the urban canopy. Most previous studies focus on the canopy vortex caused by top entrainment, but few previous studies are aware of the importance of lateral entrainment. By conducting computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations validated by wind tunnel data, we investigate the effects of lateral entrainment on pollutant dispersion inside a street canyon. Eight three-dimensional street canyons with various building heights and street lengths are considered. Besides, three optimal design strategies are proposed to improve the air quality by enhancing the lateral entrainment. The results of this analysis demonstrate that lateral entrainment could conditionally reduce the pollutant concentration of low-rise canyons. This reduction, which is affected by lateral entrainment, is confined in a range of approximately 2.5 times the street width from the street ends. In contrast, the lateral entrainment causes a more pronounced reduction in the pollutant concentrations of the high-rise canyons. Besides, all three strategies can considerably facilitate the lateral entrainment, leading to a significant reduction in the cross-section pollutant concentrations (by up to 76%) and therefore a significant reduction in the personal intake fraction P_IF of the residents (by up to 81%).

There is great potential in the use of urban wind energy to form electricity generation modules over a distribution network to maximize wind power production in densely urbanized areas. The objective of this study is to therefore develop computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based evaluation procedures to determine potential mounting sites of wind turbines and obtain estimates of wind power by taking into consideration the details of the local urban topography and boundary conditions of micro-environments. The predictions, including those of the wind velocity and direction as well as turbulence intensity, are compared with field measurements via ultrasonic anemometers and thermal flow velocity probes at 10 monitored sites over five different floors inside an objective building to validate the computational model as well as attain a better understanding of the interaction of the wind with buildings in a complex terrain. The predicted power density and turbulence intensity profiles are then used to analyze the power density, turbulence intensity and lowest mounting height for optimizing the potential mounting sites and estimates of wind power. The suggested deployment solution of using CFD for wind turbines on the studied site is clearly different from those suggested in the literature and their deficiency in providing optimum mounting sites in micro-environments. Moreover, an improved roof design with a rounded shape is proposed for the enhancement of wind power density with relatively lower turbulence intensity.

This paper investigates the effects of height-asymmetric street canyon configurations on air temperature and air quality at the pedestrian level using the ANSYS Fluent® software. The study concerns the situation with a subtropical city where there is a predominant wind direction (as is the case in, e.g., Hong Kong) and where the direction of that wind is perpendicular to the street canyon, since this is the worst-case from air pollution and overheating point of view. In particular, this North-South oriented street has been studied with the realistic solar irradiance at two different sun directions, corresponding to morning (08:00) and afternoon (16:00) hours, respectively. Two step-up and two step-down North-South oriented street canyons are considered under two different incoming wind speeds (high and low). The corresponding ratios of upwind and downwind building heights are = 1/3, 2/3 and 3/1, 3/2, respectively. The results demonstrated that for the step-up canyon, a higher upwind building was found to produce a hotter air temperature only at a low wind speed and polluted more severely at both high and low wind speeds, compared with its lower upwind building counterpart. In contrast, for the step-down canyon, a higher downwind building was found to produce cooler air temperatures at both high and low wind speeds and accumulated more pollutants only at a low wind speed, compared with its lower downwind building counterpart. On the other hand, at the high wind speed, both air quality and thermal environment were better in the step-up canyon than in the step-down canyon. However, at the low wind speed, the air quality was higher in the step-down canyon than the step-up canyon, while the step-up canyon still provided better thermal environment than the step-down canyon. Moreover, a Richardson number (Ri) for the asymmetric street canyons is defined for the evaluation of the buoyancy force versus the inertial force. When |Ri| > 20, the flow field was mainly dominated by natural convection, and an increase of |Ri| resulted in an increase in the air temperature and a decrease in the pollutant concentration. In contrast, when |Ri

This paper systematically investigates the effects of the frontal area density of various three-dimensional (3D) array building models on the thermal comfort and air quality at the pedestrian level above four sidewalks (north, south, east and west). The buoyancy force for natural-convection flows and the realistic solar irradiance at local solar times (LSTs) from 0700 to 1700 are considered with five different frontal area densities (λF = 0.0825–1.25). By a combination of the Rayman model and the ANSYS Fluent® software, the CO concentration and physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) are solved numerically. The simulated CO concentration and PET results are considered as outdoor parameters of the air quality and thermal comfort. A critical λF is obtained for urban development by applying multivariable regression analysis to a group of dimensionless parameters. This analysis will facilitate the choice of building density and simultaneously enhance the air quality and thermal comfort. The results reveal that with an increase in λF, the PET decreases above most of sidewalks during the daytime, while only is a steady reduction of air quality observed above west and east sidewalks of spanwise streets. According to the multivariable regression analysis for Hong Kong, the building density should have a λF value between 0.82 and 0.84 to basically realize a PET

The objective of this study is to investigate the urban wind power potential from the proper arrangement of high-rise buildings in a complex and dense urban environment. There is great prospective in the formulation of the building design at early stages to maximize wind power production in dense urban areas. We employed the 3D steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the impact of the arrangement of high-rise buildings on the wind energy potential . Two arrays of high-rise buildings with height = 90 m and aspect ratio (height/width) of 4.5 is studied, which focuses on different distances between the side façades of the upstream buildings, ranging from 3 to 21 m. The findings of the study support the high-rise buildings design with respect to integrated urban wind energy harvesting and the concept of sustainable urban development.

The natural ventilation of buildings can be closely related to building design. The object of this investigation is to conduct computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations and field measurements for studying the natural ventilation effectiveness of office space in a common public building with a built-in central ventilation shaft (CVS). The aeration flow behavior was predicted and compared with the measured air velocity and temperature data at 16 monitoring positions over three different floors inside the main building to validate the computer software as well as attain a better understanding of the natural ventilation mechanism associated with the interaction of the wind with the building. CFD simulations were also extended to examine the design impacts of removing the CVS and reducing the cross-sectional area to a half-sized CVS on the building aeration performance in terms of the air exchange rate per hour (ACH) and the adaptive comfort standard (ACS) and predicted mean vote (PMV) results. This CFD simulation procedure can serve as a useful analysis tool to facilitate architects for improving the natural ventilation design of buildings during their decision-making process.

The goal of this investigation is to conduct the CFD analysis in conjunction with the wind comfort level standard to predict the pedestrian wind comfort level around the Dreams, Angel Life and Future pavilions in the Xinsheng Park of the Taipei International Flora Exposition. The computerized airflow simulations were carried out to predict the detailed flowfield for determining the comfort level of outdoor wind environment for three pavilions in the Xinsheng Park. In order to generate the suitable environments of natural ventilation for visitors, the calculated results can be used to appraise the sufficiency of natural ventilation for the open space around the building cluster.

The present study developed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based performance simulator for assessing natural ventilation effectiveness to the central patio and corridors of the new administrative building of the Guanyin Township, Taiwan. The data can share with other potential users for achieving better understanding of the indoor microclimate and the interaction of buildings with urban wind environment for improvement of their design and functioning aspects during the decision-making procedure.

The objective of this study is to conduct computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations for evaluating the cooling efficacy from vegetation implanted in a public park in the Taipei, Taiwan. To probe the impacts of park renewal by means of adding three pavilions and supplementary green areas on urban microclimates, the simulated results have revealed that the park having a higher percentage of green coverage ratio (GCR) tended to experience a better cooling effect. These findings can be used to explore the effects of different greening modifications on urban environments for achieving an effective thermal comfort in urban public spaces., {"references":["E. Ng, L. Chen, Y. Wang, C. Yuan, A study on the cooling effects of\ngreening in a high-density city: An experience from Hong Kong, Building\nand Environment, 47 (2012), 256-271.","A.H. Rosenfeld, H. Akbari, S. Bretz, B.L. Fishman, D.M. Kurn, D. Sailor,\nH. Taha, Mitigation of urban heat islands: Materials, utility programs,\nupdates. 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Medved, Multiparametric model of urban park cooling\nisland, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12 (2013) 220-229.","M. Srivanit, K. Hokao, Evaluating the cooling effects of greening for\nimproving the outdoor thermal environment at an institutional campus in\nthe summer, Building and Environment, 66 (2013) 158-172.\n[10] H. T. Lin, K. P. Lee, K. T. Chen, L. J. Lin, H. C. Kuo, T. C. Chen,\nExperimental analyses of urban heat island effects of the four\nmetropolitan cities in Taiwan (I) - The comparison of the heat island\nintensities between Taiwan and the world cities, Journal of Architecture,\n31(1999) 51-73.\n[11] M. Z.I. Bangalee, J. J. Miau, S. Y. Lin, J. H. Yang, Flow visualization,\nPIV measurement and CFD calculation for fluid-driven natural\ncross-ventilation in a scale model, Energy and Buildings, 66 (2013)\n306-314.\n[12] T. H. Shin, W. W. Liou, A. Shabbir, Z. Yang, J. 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Natural ventilation has played an important role for many low energy-building designs. It has been also noticed as a essential subject to persistently bring the fresh cool air from the outside into a building. This study carried out the computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based simulations to examine the natural ventilation development of a work area in a public building. The simulated results can be useful to better understand the indoor microclimate and the interaction of wind with buildings. Besides, this CFD simulation procedure can serve as an effective analysis tool to characterize the airing performance, and thereby optimize the building ventilation for strengthening the architects, planners and other decision makers on improving the natural ventilation design of public buildings., {"references":["Y. Wanga, F. Y. Zhaoc, J. Kuckelkorna, D. Liud, J. Liue, J. L. Zhangf,\n\"Classroom energy efficiency and air environment with displacement\nnatural ventilation in a passive public school building\", Energy and\nBuildings, vol. 70, 2014, p.258-270.","L. Haselbach, \"The Engineering Guide to Leed-New Construction:\nSustainable Construction for Engineers\", New York, McGraw-Hill, 2008.","L. Bellia, F. D. Falco, F. Minichiello, \"Effects of solar shading devices on\nenergy requirements of standalone office buildings for Italian climates\",\nApplied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 54, 2013, pp. 190-201.","American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning\nEngineers, \"ASHRAE standard: ventilation for acceptable indoor air\nquality\", Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and\nAir-Conditioning Engineers.","B. Blockena, W. D. 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Persoon, \"Pedestrian wind comfort around a large\nfootball stadium in an urban environment: CFD simulation alidation and\napplication of the new Dutch wind nuisance standard\", Journal of Wind\nEngineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 97, 2009, pp.255-270.\n[10] G. Gan, S. B. Riffat, \"A numerical study of solar chimney for natural\nventilation of buildings with heat recovery\", Applied Thermal\nEngineering, vol. 18, 1998, pp. 1171-1187.\n[11] S. H. Ho, L. Rosario, and M. M. Rahman, \"Comparison of underfloor and\noverhead air distribution systems in an office environment\", Building and\nEnvironment, vol. 46, 2011, pp.1415-1427.\n[12] T. Catalina, J. Virgone, and F. Kuznik, \"Evaluation of thermal comfort\nusing combined CFD and experimentation study in a test room equipped\nwith a cooling ceiling\", Building and Environment, vol. 44, 2009,\npp.1740-1750.\n[13] S. Hussain, P. H. 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The kinetic characteristics of soil urease have attracted great attention, but little information was available on its kinetic and thermodynamic behaviors as affected by urease inhibitors and temperature. With black soil (Pachic Udic Mollisol) in Heilongjiang Province of Northeast China as a test soil, an incubation test was conducted to investigate the effect of urease inhibitors (hydroquinone, HQ; phenyl phosphorodiamidate, PPD; N-(n-Butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT) on kinetic and thermodynamic behaviors of soil urease at 10oC, 20oC and 30°C. The results showed that all tested inhibitors increased Km and decreased Vmax, behaving as mixed inhibitors to soil urease. With increasing temperature, the Km and Vmax values increased significantly. With incubation time, Km decreased, while Vmax significantly increased. Compared with control, treatment HQ decreased soil urease thermodynamic parameters Ea, ΔH, and Q10, but in PPD and NBPT treatments, the parameters increased slightly. The Q10 and ΔH of soil urease decreased slightly with increasing temperature. Among test inhibitors, PPD and NBPT were more effective in influencing the kinetic and thermodynamic behaviors of urease in black soil. The variations in kinetic and thermodynamic parameters indicated that the effects of urease inhibitors on soil urease are greater on kinetic behaviors rather than on thermodynamic ones.

With black soil (Pachic Udic Argiboroll) of Northeastern China as the test object, an incubation test was conducted to investigate the effects of urease inhibitors, hydroquinone (HQ), phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD) and N-(n-Butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), on the kinetic characteristics of soil urease under normal moisture and waterlogged conditions, aimed to study the changes of catalytic potential of soil urease and the inhibition mechanisms. The results showed that test urease exhibited typical Michaelis-Menten kinetic behaviors, and all test inhibitors increased the Km and decreased the Vmax of soil urease, behaving as mixed inhibitors to soil urease. Under both normal and waterlogged conditions, compared with HQ, PPD and NBPT made Km increase and Vmax and Vmax/Km decrease more greatly, and the duration of these effects was longer (ca. 30 days vs. 10 days). Under water-logging, PPD made more increment of Km and more decrement of Vmax and Vmax/Km than NBPT, compared with that under normal soil moisture condition, suggesting that NBPT was more available under normal soil moisture condition, while PPD was promising under water-logging condition. To apply urease inhibitors and to control soil moisture condition could be a feasible way in increasing fertilizer N use efficiency affected by soil urease.