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В статье публикуются результаты социально‑антропологического исследования жизненных стратегий российской молодежи. В ходе изучения восприятия студентами общегражданских ценностей и российской идентичности осуществлены массовые опросы по единому инструментарию в ВУЗах 8 регионов четырех Федеральных округов Российской Федерации: Дальневосточного, Приволжского, Северо‑Кавказского и Центрального. Анализ особенностей осознания юношами и девушками их гражданской, этнической и региональной идентичностей показал, что в молодежной среде преобладает гражданский тип идентичности. Подавляющее большинство респондентов позиционируют себя как граждане страны и видят своей родиной всю Россию. Отметим, что в массовом сознании студенческой молодежи в целом наблюдается единство мнений о наиболее важных событиях отечественной истории, которыми названы победа Советского Союза в Великой Отечественной войне 1941–1945 гг., а также запуск первого в мире спутника и первый полет человека в космос. Восприятие студентами достижений и направлений деятельности нашего государства постсоветского периода отличается меньшей устойчивостью, поскольку в обществе отношение к современным событиям только формируется. Тем не менее, анализ полученных материалов позволяет сделать вывод о первостепенной значимости научных открытий, культурных и спортивных событий для возникновения патриотических чувств у современной студенческой молодежи. Различия в выборе ответов в зависимости от территории проживания могут свидетельствовать об особенностях политических настроений, реакций на внешние угрозы, ориентаций на первоочередное участие в проектах регионального или государственного уровней, которые свойственны для молодых людей каждого конкретного региона. На разницу в суждениях студентов в определенной степени также влияет содержание учебных программ и качество образования в столичных и провинциальных вузах. The article publishes the results of socio‑anthropological research of the life strategies of Russian youth. To study the students’ perception of general national values and Russian identity, mass and expert surveys with a single design were conducted in universities of 8 regions of four Federal districts of the Russian Federation: The Far Eastern, Volga, North Caucasian and Central districts. The analysis of the awareness of boys and girls of their national, ethnic and regional identities showed that the national of identity predominates among young people. The vast majority of respondents positioned themselves as citizens of the country and considered whole Russia as their homeland. It was observed that in the mass consciousness of students there is general unanimity about the most important events in national history, which include the victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, the launch of the world’s first satellite and the first human space flight. Students’ perception of the achievements and activities of the state in the post‑Soviet period is less stable, as the social attitude towards contemporary events is just being formed. Nevertheless, the results of the study suggest the paramount importance of scientific discoveries, cultural and sports events for the emergence of patriotic feelings among modern students. Differences in the answers depending on the region may indicate the specifics of political attitudes, reactions to external threats, orientations for priority participation in regional or national projects typical for young people in each particular region. The difference in students’ judgments is also to some extent influenced by the curricula and the quality of education in metropolitan and provincial higher education institutions.

The paper focuses on the problem of normal surface waves in an open metal-dielectric inhomogeneous waveguide of arbitrary cross-section with losses. The medium filling the waveguide is characterized by a isotropic inhomogeneous complex permittivity. The setting is reduced to a boundary eigenvalue problem for longitudinal components of the electromagnetic field in Sobolev spaces. Variational formulation of the problem is considered in terms of the analysis of operator-functions. A discreteness of the set of the sought-for eigenvalues is proved.

The paper focuses on the problem of electromagnetic wave propagation in plane shielded dielectric waveguide. The waveguide is characterized by an isotropic inhomogeneous permittivity and constant permeability. We study symmetric guided waves that characterised by a pair of (coupled) propagation constants. Using an operator pencil approach, we prove a discreteness property for the searched-for propagation constants.

We present an analysis of propagation of coupled electromagnetic TE-TE waves in a nonlinear plane waveguide located between two half-spaces with constant permittivities in which the permittivity of...

There are many levers both to construct social differences and to eliminate them. In my opinion, one of the most effective tools to socially construct identities is educational policy. People belong to certain cultural traditions primarily due to upbringing and socialization. Education, especially school education, plays a significant role in the educational process. The article describes various issues of school education in ethnic languages and the problem of preservation of these languages in the regions of Russia. To what extent is language a historically given phenomenon and to what extent is it a construct, the result of “social engineering” and ideological work? Language is not just a tool of communication in a social group, but it also provides a feeling of uniqueness among other nations and states. National and ethnic identity should be viewed in close connection with language. Now, when the multiculturalality of society is growing all over the world, the problem of preserving the ethnocultural identity of a population, passing the traditions of fathers and grandfathers to the younger generation is becoming increasingly urgent. While preparing young people for life in a multilingual and multicultural society, it is important to find a balance between the ethnic and cultural needs of a citizen on the one hand and the tasks of consolidating the population in the interests of a single state – on the other.

Diabetic neuropathy is the most widespread late complication of diabetes mellitus that considerably deteriorates the quality of life of the patients. The treatment of diabetic neuropathy is a difficult task requiring the multidisciplinary approach that can be adequately resolved by means of the pathogenetically substantiated combined application of the pharmacotherapeutic and drug-free modalities. The article presents the overview of the data suggesting the high effectiveness of the main physiotherapeutic and balneotherapeutic methods for the treatment and rehabilitation of the patients presenting with diabetic neuropathy as well as the prospects for their future applications.

Noggin proteins are important regulators of the early development of the vertebrate neural system. Previously, it has been traditionally thought that vertebrates have only one noggin gene (Noggin1), whose main function is the inhibition of BMP signaling pathway during the formation of dorsoventral polarity in embryos. Then other proteins of this family were discovered, and the studies of Noggin2 protein showed that noggin proteins also participate in the modulation of Nodal/Activin and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways in the early development of amphibian head structures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of another noggin protein, Noggin4. We proved that Noggin4 plays an important role in the formation of head structure in clawed frog, since it inhibits the activity of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. At the same time, unlike Noggin1 and Noggin2, Noggin4 does not inhibit the activity of TGF-beta signaling pathways (BMP and Nodal/Activin).

Noggin proteins are important regulators of the early development of the vertebrate neural system. Previously, it has been traditionally thought that vertebrates have only one noggin gene (Noggin1), whose main function is the inhibition of BMP signaling pathway during the formation of dorsoventral polarity in embryos. Then other proteins of this family were discovered, and the studies of Noggin2 protein showed that noggin proteins also participate in the modulation of Nodal/Activin and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways in the early development of amphibian head structures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of another noggin protein, Noggin4. We proved that Noggin4 plays an important role in the formation of head structure in clawed frog, since it inhibits the activity of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. At the same time, unlike Noggin1 and Noggin2, Noggin4 does not inhibit the activity of TGF-beta signaling pathways (BMP and Nodal/Activin).

Захворюваність і лікування раку молочної залози (РМЗ) на сьогодні залишається серйозною медико-соціальною проблемою, відмічається підвищення інтересу до психологічних проблем пацієнтів зі злоякісними новоутвореннями, насамперед в аспекті попередження у них порушень психічного здоров’я і формування ефективних психологічних компенсаторних механізмів адаптації.Мета дослідження – вивчити компенсаторно-адаптаційні ресурси жінок.Матеріали і методи. На базі онкологічної лікарні було проведено дослідження, в рамках якого обстежено 104 пацієнтки, які перенесли мастектомію унаслідок раку молочної залози, з них основну группу (ОГ) склали 72 пацієнтки, що перенесли радикальну мастектомію, групу порівняння (ГП) – 32 жінки після секторальної мастектомії. У роботі використовували методику Лазаруса “Способи копінга”, методику діагностики індексу життєвого стилю (ІЖС) (опитувальник Плутчика – Келлермана – Конте), опитувальник ТОБОЛ.Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. Аналіз результатів виявив характер адаптаційного потенціалу кожної із обстежених пацієнток. Було виявлено схильність до використання механізмів психологічного захисту (МПЗ), а не копінг-стратегій, підвищений загальний рівень МПЗ і переважання в їх структурі “заперечення” (адаптивний МПЗ), “проекції” і “реактивного утворення” (дезадаптивні МПЗ). Провідними копінг-стратегіями були “дистанціювання” (неконструктивна копінг-стратегія), “прийняття відповідальності” (відносно конструктивна), рідше використовували “самоконтроль” (конструктивна) і “тікання – уникнення” (неконструктивна). Отже, були визначені маркери психічної дезадаптації, які тісно пов’язані з особливостями стилю захисної і стресдолаючої поведінки. Це підвищений загальний рівень напруження МПЗ, превалювання в структурі дезадаптивних МПЗ і неконструктивних копінг-стратегій. Аналізуючи середні бали за блоками ТРнЗ, виявлено, що у хворих ГП показники першого блока (найбільш адаптивного) вищі, ніж у жінок ОГ. Рівні другого і третього блоків у осіб ОГ суттєво перевищують такі у пацієнток ГП.Висновки. Отримані дані свідчать про більш несприятливу реакцію на захворювання у пацієнток ОГ. Це дало змогу прийняти клініко-обґрунтоване рішення щодо вибору психотерапевтичних мішеней (інтра- чи інтерпсихічні) та методів психокорекції (психотерапевтичних методик) у кожному індивідуальному випадку.

Cytokines and their receptors belong to a significant role in the initiation and the subsequent course and outcome of autoimmune thyroid disease. Interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-cytokines, which have a multifaceted impact on the various stages of the immune response: the development of inflammatory response, cell proliferation, antibody and acute phase proteins synthesis. Pre-existing pattern of development of autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and Graves' disease (GD) as a state with two opposite positions of the predominant profile of Th1/Th2-lymphocyte activation. The study evaluated the cytokine production by Th1- and Th2-lymphocytes in patients with GD, assessment of lymphocyte receptor system and identified lymphocytes subpopulation in patients with BG, and the impact on the functional state of thyroid gland. It was shown that the immunoregulatory cytokines as Th1(IL2)- and Th2(IL-4)-helper lymphocytes are involved in the immune mechanism of BG. The level of IL-2, IL4, and TNF-α, and the number complementary lymphocyte receptors were not significantly changed in euthyroid or hyperthyroid GD patient. Nevertheless, there are strong correla! tions between production of immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4) with the functional state of the thyroid gland and increase of its volume in GD patient, what confirms the “functional synergies” of these cytokines in autoimmune inflammation in the GD.

Obesity associated with the enhanced risk of cardiovascular disorders plays a key role in the evolvement and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Incretin mimetics are the sole class of hypoglycemic agents that not only effectively correct hyperglycemia but also reduce body weight. Exenatide (Byetta, Eli Lilly, USA) is the first drug of this class approved for the use as monotherapy. This paper presents data of clinical studies and owns data on the effectiveness of the drug Byetta in achieving metabolic control and weight correction in patients with type 2 diabetes.

We searched for potential protein partners of the homeodomain transcription repressor Xanf1, a key transcriptional regulator of the early development of the forebrain, using a yeast two-hybrid system and identified for the first time the LIM domain protein zyxin from the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. This protein is interesting because it can play the role of a signal transmitter from cell receptors to the cell nucleus and, thus, participate in the regulation of cell morphogenetic movements and gene expression. The interaction of zyxin with Xanf1 was confirmed by the immunoprecipitation of a complex of endogenous zyxin with the hybrid myc-Xanf1 protein from the lysate of X. laevis embryos. Using a set of deletion mutants of both proteins, we found that binding of the LIM2 domain of zyxin with the Engrailed Homology 1 repressor domain of Xanf1 is responsible for the interaction of these proteins.

The interaction between mouse angora-Y (Fgf5 go-Y) and hairless (hr) genes have been studied. Homozygous mutant gene Fgf5 go-Y increases length of all hair types, while homozygotes for the h gene lose hair completely starting on day 14 after birth. We obtained mice with genotypes +/+ hr/hr F2, +/Fgf5 go-Y hr/hr and Fgf5 go-Y/Fgf5 go-Y hr/hr. Both +/Fgf5 go-Y hr/hr and +/+ hr/hr mice began to loose hair from their heads on day 14. This further extended on the whole body. On day 21 the mice were completely deprived of hair. Therefore a single dose of gene Fgf5 go-Y does not modify alopecia in mice homozygous for hr. However in double homozygotes Fgf5 go-Y/Fgf5 go-Y hr/hr alopecia started 4 days later, namely on day 18. It usually finished 10–12 days after detection of first bald patches. On days 28–30 double homozygotes lose coat completely. Hair loss in double homozygous mice was 1.5-fold slower than in +/+ hr/hr mice. This resulted from a significant extension of anagen phase induced by a mutant homozygous gene Fgf5 go-Y in morphogenesis of the hair follicle. The hr gene was expressed at the transmission phase from anagen to catagen. Our data shows that the angora gene is a modifier of the hairless gene and this results in a strong repression of alopecia progression in double homozygous mice compared to +/+ hr/hr animals.

Interaction of gene wellhaarig (we) with genes waved alopecia(wal) and hairless (hr) was studied in mice. The mutant gene weis responsible for the development of a specific waved coat in homozygotes. Homozygous mice carrying mutant gene walalso have a wavy coat, though a partial alopecia develops with time in these animals. In homozygotes for thehr gene, hair loss is observed beginning from the age of ten days. A series of crosses we/weand wal/wal yielded animals with we/+wal/wal and we/wewal/wal genotypes. In micewe/+wal/wal carrying gene we at a single dose, alopecia is accelerated significantly as compared to the single-dose homozygotes +/+wal/wal. In we/we wal/wal mice, alopecia starts earlier than in we/+wal/wal mice; by the age of one month, the double homozygotes are almost hairless except for small body areas covered with a sparse coat. In addition, curliness of the first-generation hair in mice we/we wal/wal is much more expressed than in +/+wal/wal and we/we+/+ mice. The obtained evidence suggests that the wegene is a modifier of the wal gene because the former enhances the effects of the walgene, which is confirmed by the earlier onset of alopecia and progression of the latter in mice having the we/+wal/wal genotype and especially in we/wewal/wal animals. The we/we hr/+ mice do not differ in coat from we/we+/+ mice; in both cases, the coat is wavy. The coat of double homozygotes we/we hr/hr, is similar to that of we/we+/+ mice until ten days of age, when the signs of alopecia appear. By the age of 21 days, mice we/wehr/hr have lost their coat completely like mice +/+ hr/hr. Hence, the we gene is a modifier of the walgene though it does not interact with hrgene during the coat formation.

The autosomal recessive gene hairless (hr) is responsible for the complete hairlessness in mice homozygous for this gene. Hair shedding that begins at the age of 10 days is caused by an abnormal cycle of hair follicle development disturbed at the catagen stage. This results in enhanced programmed cell death (apoptosis) and ultimately leads to the complete hair follicle destruction and shedding of all hairs by the age of three weeks. To study the phenotypic expression of the hr gene in a chimeric organism, we have obtained 12 chimeric mice hr/hr ↔ +/+ by means of aggregation of early embryos hr/hr and +/+. In chimeric mice, the hair shedding has begun two days later than in the hr/hr mice. By day 23 of postnatal development, hairless areas were present on the coat of chimeric mice or the latter were completely hairless depending on the percentage of the hr/hr mutant component. In four chimeras with high content of the mutant component (68–76%), the hair shedding process was similar to that in the hr/hr mice, though it was accomplished two days later. In three chimeras with 48–51% of the mutant component, alternating hairless and hair-covered bands were observed. These data suggest that the hr gene acts in epidermal cells of a hair follicle, because epidermal cell clones in embryonic skin migrate in the lateral–ventral direction coherently and without mixing. However, some chimeras displayed a pattern which was not so clear-cut: the band borders were illegible and hairs partly covered the hairless areas. In some chimeras, the uniform thinning of the coat was observed. Analysis of the effects of the hr mutant gene in chimeric mice differing in the ratio between mutant (hr/hr) and normal (+/+) components in tissues suggests that the hrgene acts in the epidermal cells of the hair follicle. The interactions between cells have an essential effect on the mode and degree of the hr gene expression, which leads to distortion of the “ectodermal” coat pattern in chimeras.

The mutant genewellhaarig(we) controls the formation of the waved coat in mice, which is most pronounced in homozygotes at 10 to 21 days of postnatal development. Abnormal hair growth and structure in the we/we mutant mice results from defective cell differentiation in the inner root sheath of a hair follicle. To localize the site of the we gene action, we obtained ten chimeric mice by aggregation of the early C57BL/6-2we/we and BALB/c embryos. The chimera coat was waved, shaggy, or almost normal depending on the percentage of the mutant component. In the we/we ↔ +/+ chimeric animals of the first generation (G1) aged 21 days, both mutant and normal hair phenotypes were observed, which was especially discernible in zigzag hair. Note that none of the chimeras exhibited the alternating patterns of transversely oriented stripes or patches of either mutant or normal hair; i.e., they had a mixed parental hair phenotype. We also did not observe the animals with an intermediate phenotype, which suggests a discontinuous hair formation in chimeras according to the “all or nothing” principle. The data obtained indicate that the dermal papilla cells of a hair follicle are the sites for the we gene action. During the embryonic development, dermal cells are strongly mixed, which accounts for the lack of the clear-cut transverse stripes of either mutant or normal hair. The mutant genewe is probably responsible for a disrupted induction signal from the dermal papilla towards ectodermal cells of a hair follicle.

The correlation of the rheological and optical properties of solutions of cellulose acetate in acetone with the morphological characteristics of ultrafiltration membranes designed for removal of caprolactam from industrial sewage was investigated. It is shown that addition of dioxane, urea, and water to solutions of cotton cellulose acetate (cCA) and wood cellulose acetate (wCA) in acetone decreases the viscosity of the solution and dimensions and increases the number of microgel particles and yields more homogeneous membranes.

The attachment of a cell to an extracellular matrix or the surface of another cells affects not only the cell motility, but also gene expression. In view of this, an important problem is to establish the molecular mechanisms of signal transduction from the receptors of cell adhesion to the nucleus, in particular, to identify and investigate the protein transducers of these signals. One of these transducers, the LIM domain protein zyxin, is predominantly localized at the sites of cell adhesion, where it participates in the assembly of actin filaments. Owing to its location near the inner surface of the membrane, zyxin can interact with the transmembrane receptors of some signaling cascades and affect the signal transduction from the extracellular ligands of these receptors. Furthermore, under particular conditions, zyxin moves from the sites of cell contacts to the nucleus, where it directly participates in the regulation of gene expression. Of particular interest is the function of zyxin as a possible coordinator of gene expression and morphogenetic movements in embryogenesis. The published data discussed in the present review indicate the important role of zyxin in transmitting information from the regions of cell contacts to the genetic apparatus of the cell.

A green fluorescent protein from the coral Dendronephthya sp. (Dend FP) is characterized by an irreversible light-dependent conversion to a red-emitting form. The molecular basis of this phenomenon was studied in the present work. Upon UV-irradiation at 366 nm, the absorption maximum of the protein shifted from 494 nm (the green form) to 557 nm (the red form). Concurrently, in the fluorescence spectra the emission maximum shifted from 508 to 575 nm. The green form of native Dend FP was shown to be a dimer, and the oligomerization state of the protein did not change during its conversion to the red form. By contrast, UV-irradiation caused significant intramolecular changes. Unlike the green form, which migrates in SDS-polyacrylamide gels as a single band corresponding to a full-length 28-kD protein, the red form of Dend FP migrated as two fragments of 18- and 10-kD. To determine the chemical basis of these events, the denatured red form of Dend FP was subjected to proteolysis with trypsin. From the resulting hydrolyzate, a chromophore-containing peptide was isolated by HPLC. The structure of the chromophore from the Dend FP red form was established by methods of ESI, tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS), and NMR-spectroscopy. The findings suggest that the light-dependent conversion of Dend FP is caused by generation of an additional double bond in the side chain of His65 and a resulting extension of the conjugated system of the green form chromophore. Thus, classified by the chromophore structure, Dend FP should be referred to the Kaede subfamily of GFP-like proteins.

The survival of transgenic mouse embryos was studied as a function of the transgene structure. The data obtained indicate that the introduction of a chromosomal DNA fragment providing for the anchoring of interphase chromosomes on the nuclear envelope increases the efficiency of transgenesis in mice threefold due to their increased viability.

How embryos scale patterning according to size is still not fully understood. Through in silico screening and analysis of reaction-diffusion systems that could be responsible for scaling, we predicted the existence of genes whose expression is sensitive to embryo size and which regulate the scaling of embryonic patterning. To find these scalers, we identified genes with strongly altered expression in half-size Xenopus laevis embryos compared with full-size siblings at the gastrula stage. Among found genes, we investigated the role of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (mmp3), which was most strongly downregulated in half-size embryos. We show that Mmp3 scales dorsal-ventral patterning by degrading the slowly diffusing embryonic inducers Noggin1 and Noggin2 but preventing cleavage of the more rapidly diffusing inducer Chordin via degradation of a Tolloid-type proteinase. In addition to unraveling the mechanism underlying the scaling of dorsal-ventral patterning, this work provides proof of principal for scalers identification in embryos of other species.