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The interfaces between dielectric films and organic semiconductors are used as carrier traps in organic memory devices. The trapping and release capabilities of carriers must be controlled in memory devices. However, the memory windows of these devices are limited by the carriers' erasing capability. In this work, a series of nano-pentacene films were inserted into n-type dioctyl perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI-C13) semiconductor layers near the interface of a dielectric film and an organic semiconductor to form field-effect type memory devices with nano-p–n junctions. The presence of nano-p–n junctions near the interface increased minorities (i.e., holes), which could effectively erase accumulated electrons at the interface during erasing. We achieved a maximum memory window of 48.9 V when a 5 nm-thick pentacene film was inserted into the PTCDI-C13 layer and the memory device was operated under a programming process of 90 V and an erasing process of −90 V. Kelvin probe force and noncontact atomic force microscopy were used to investigate the monolayer growth of pentacene and PTCDI-C13 as well as their interface properties. Although the thickness of the pentacene film reached 10 nm, an incomplete layer was formed. This layer supported minorities during erasing and transmitted electrons during programming. A wide memory window was achieved by the nano-p–n heterojunction field-effect memory transistor. This high-performance organic memory device has potential applications in fresh-type memory devices.

This work is to establish the fingerprint of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus by HPLC-ELSD method, and to analyze the simulated wildness degree of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus in the genuine region of Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Gansu. Compared with wild A. membranaceus var. mongholicus, the quality differences of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus in the genuine region were analyzed by identification of chromatographic peaks and similarity evaluation, cluster analysis(CA), principal components analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA). HPLC fingerprints of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus in different genuine regions are established. The qualitative analysis of mass spectrometry identified 18 components. The similarity evaluation shows that the similarity of 32 batches of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus samples was 0.688-0.993. Among them, the similarity of samples in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia is 0.688-0.993, 0.835-0.989, 0.934-0.988, respectively and the similarity of samples in Gansu is 0.729-0.876 except No. 25 sample. The results of CA show that the samples of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus can be grouped into four categories according to the production area except the No. 11 and No. 25 samples. The results of PCA indicate that 32 batches of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus samples can be clustered according to quality and origin, and the quality of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus in Inner Mongolia is the closest to the wild breed. The results of OPLS-DA indicate that there are six components that can distinguish the wild and domestic A. membranaceus var. mongholicus, which are malonylastragaloside Ⅰ, astragaloside Ⅰ, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glycoside-6″-O-malonate, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glycoside, formononetin-7-O-β-D-glycoside-6″-O-malonate, and astrapterocarpan-3-O-β-D-glycoside-6″-O-malonate. The established method can be used to analyze differences between A. membranaceus var. mongholicus origin and planting environment, and can provide references for the protection and replacement of wild A. membranaceus var. mongholicus resources, and the cultivation, processing and production of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus.

Hydrophobic orbitides or cyclolinopeptides (CLs) are specialty micronutrients and of great abundance in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed oils, and show many potential health benefits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in proximate compositions, fatty acids profile and micronutrients including orbitides as well as tocopherol in flaxseeds or their oils from 13 Chinese cultivated oil and fiber flax samples. A total of 14 types of orbitides in 13 oils were identified and quantified by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, concentrations of which varied from 273 ± 3 to 434 ± 7 μg/g of oil. The contents of proximate compositions, orbitides, γ-tocopherol and fatty acid profiles among 13 cultivars were significantly discriminatory. Only oil flax Dingya23 showed significantly higher oil content, with ALA level 55% greater than fiber flax, and the mean proportions of ALA and γ-tocopherol in oils from oil flax were similar to those in oils from fiber flax. In addition, the fiber flax showed higher mean levels of crude protein and total orbitides than oil flax. These results indicated that except for Dingya23, oil flax did not present clear germplasm superiority of components over fiber flax.

In Western Europe fiber flax breeding was started in the Netherlands in 1816, and pedigree selection was introduced in 1900 in the Netherlands also. Therefore, the commercial breeding of fiber flax...

In this article, we report the modification of the electronic and magnetic properties of few-layered graphene (FLG) nanoflakes by nitrogen functionalization carried out using radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (rf-PECVD) and electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma processes. Even though the rf-PECVD N2 treatment led to higher N-doping levels in the FLG (4.06 atomic %) as compared to the ECR process (2.18 atomic %), the ferromagnetic behavior of the ECR FLG (118.62 × 10–4 emu/g) was significantly higher than that of the rf-PECVD FLG (0.39 × 10–4 emu/g) and pristine graphene (3.47 × 10–4 emu/g). Although both plasma processes introduce electron-donating N atoms into the graphene structure, distinct dominant nitrogen bonding configurations (pyridinic, pyrrolic) were observed for the two FLG types. Whereas the ECR plasma introduced more sp2-type nitrogen moieties, the rf-PECVD process led to the formation of sp3-coordinated nitrogen functionalities, as confirmed through Raman measurem...

One of the key challenges in porous scaffold design is to create a porous structure with desired mechanical function and mass transport properties which support delivery of biofactors and development of function tissue substitute. In recent years, polyurethane (PU) has become one of the most popular biomaterials in various tissue engineering fields. However, there are no studies fully investigating the relations between porosity and both mass transport and mechanical properties of PU porous scaffolds. In this paper, we fabricated PU scaffolds by combining phase inversion and salt (sodium chloride) leaching methods. The tensile and compressive moduli were examined on PU scaffolds fabricated with different PU concentrations (25%, 20% and 15% w/v) and salt/PU weight ratios (9/1, 6/1, 3/1 and 0/1). The mass transport properties of PU scaffolds including hydraulic permeability and glucose diffusivity were also measured. Furthermore, the relationships between the porosity and mass transport and mechanical properties of porous PU scaffold were systemically investigated. The results demonstrated that porosity is a key parameter which governs both mass transport and mechanical properties of porous PU scaffolds. With similar pore sizes, the mass transport and mechanical properties of porous PU scaffold can be described as single functions of porosity regardless of initial PU concentration. The relationships between scaffold porosity and properties can be utilized to facilitate porous PU scaffold fabrication with specific mass transport and mechanical properties. The systematic approach established in this study can be applied to characterization of other biomaterials for scaffold design and fabrication.

A series of polyimides (PIs) containing different weight ratios of polar piperazinyl and cholesterol side chains, denoted as PCPI, was synthesized in this study. These PIs were used as gate dielectrics of n-type organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and as electrets of photo-assisted organic memories. The thermal properties of the PI/PCPI composite films were improved by increasing the spatial distribution of the PCPI molecules to form a thermally stable dielectric film. The performances of OFETs with PIs used as gate dielectrics, were gradually enhanced by increasing the mixture ratios of the PCPI molecules. A dipole field, which originated from the PCPI molecules into the OFETs, was introduced to observe the special phenomenon of output current growth over a long operation time. The application of these superior transistors with PCPI- and PI-mixed electrets to the field of organic memory resulted in a photo-assisted memory window of more than 38 V. The mechanisms of the carriers trapped in and released from the PI electrets were elucidated. Results showed that our devices possess excellent stability for OFETs and an extra-large memory window for organic memory devices.

The development of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography towards the 22 nm node and beyond depends critically on the availability of resist materials that meet stringent control requirements in resolution, line edge roughness, and sensitivity. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern the structure-function relationships in current EUV resist systems are not well understood. In particular, the nanoscale structures of the polymer base and the distributions of photoacid generators (PAGs) should play a critical roles in the performance of a resist system, yet currently available models for photochemical reactions in EUV resist systems are exclusively based on homogeneous bulk models that ignore molecular-level details of solid resist films. In this work, we investigate how microscopic molecular organizations in EUV resist affect photoacid generations in a bottom-up approach that describes structure-dependent electron-transfer dynamics in a solid film model. To this end, molecular dynamics simulations and stimulated annealing are used to obtain structures of a large simulation box containing poly(4-hydroxystyrene) (PHS) base polymers and triphenylsulfonium based PAGs. Our calculations reveal that ion-pair interactions govern the microscopic distributions of the polymer base and PAG molecules, resulting in a highly inhomogeneous system with nonuniform nanoscale chemical domains. Furthermore, the theoretical structures were used in combination of quantum chemical calculations and the Marcus theory to evaluate electron transfer rates between molecular sites, and then kinetic Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to model electron transfer dynamics with molecular structure details taken into consideration. As a result, the portion of thermalized electrons that are absorbed by the PAGs and the nanoscale spatial distribution of generated acids can be estimated. Our data reveal that the nanoscale inhomogeneous distributions of base polymers and PAGs strongly affect the electron transfer and the performance of the resist system. The implications to the performances of EUV resists and key engineering requirements for improved resist systems will also be discussed in this work. Our results shed light on the fundamental structure dependence of photoacid generation and the control of the nanoscale structures as well as base polymer-PAG interactions in EVU resist systems, and we expect these knowledge will be useful for the future development of improved EUV resist systems.

Organic photoacids with enhanced acidities in the excited states have received much attention both experimentally and theoretically because of their applications in nanotechnology and chemistry. In this study, we investigate the excited-state acidities of 14 hydroxyl-substituted aromatic photoacids, with a focus on using theoretical molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) as an effective descriptor for photoacidity. For these model photoacids, we applied time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) at the ωB97X-D/6-31G(d) level to calculate the molecular electrostatic potentials of S1 excited states and show that the molecular electrostatic potential on the proton-donating atom exhibits a linear relationship with the observed excited-state logarithmic acid dissociation constant (pKa*). As a result, the molecular electrostatic potential on the proton-donating atom can be used to estimate the pKa* values based on simple TDDFT calculations for a broad range of hydroxyl-substituted aromatic compounds. Furthermore, we explore the molecular electrostatic potential as a quantum descriptor for the photoacidities of cationic photoacids, and show a universal behavior of the pKa*-MEP dependence. We also investigate the solvent effects on the photoacidity using TDDFT calculations with implicit solvent models. Finally, we discuss the physical insights implicated by the molecular electrostatic potential as a successful measure for photoacidity on the mechanism of proton transfer in the molecular excited states. This pKa* descriptor provides an effective means to quantify the tendency of excited-state proton transfer with a relatively small computational cost, which is expected to be useful in the design of functional photoacids.

A molecular design for the electret material of n-operating organic field-effect transistor-based (OFET) memories is introduced. A large memory window and high operating speed were achieved while the polar groups are connected to the polymer chain of polyimide, which plays the role of electret of a transistor memory device. The phase variation of electrical force microscopy images showed that polarization field induces charge trapping states on the surface of electret layer and accumulates charged carriers within the conducting channel of OFET to achieve high-performance memory and transistor simultaneously. An extra-large memory window was also obtained by introducing photo-induced charge transfer effect.

Numerical study of flow over sphere at supercritical Reynolds numbers by SST equations model and DES method based on SST model has been done. The simulation on Re = 9.4×105,1.88×106,2.82×106were given. Compared with the Results of experiments, the calculations of drag coefficients at Re=1.88×106、2.82×106agreed well with Achenbach’s results. The trailing vortex structure was shown through the identification method of three dimensional flow field. It had a good agreement with Taneda’s results. The time histories and spectrum characteristics of the drag and the lateral force were investigated by the transient mothod.

This study aimed to explore the possibility of using methionine sulfone (Msn)-containing orbitides as indicators to evaluate the oxidation process of flaxseed oils. Results showed that after 4 days' heating, oxidation values slightly increased (p .05) with significant decrease in methionine (Met)-containing peptides (p .05) instead of γ-tocopherol (p .05). However, as oxidation time continues increasing, oxidation values significantly increased (p .05) with significant reduction of γ-tocopherol (p .05). It demonstrated that Met-containing peptides were more readily oxidized compared with γ-tocopherol and showed certain antioxidant activity. Besides, high logarithmic correlations were found between oxidation values and Msn-containing orbitides (0.94-1.00), such as between total carbonyl compounds and orbitide [1-8-NαC],[1-MetO

Background: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a member of the CC chemokine family that plays a key role in the inflammatory process. It has been broadly studied in the aspect of its role in obesity and diabetes related diseases. MCP-1 causes the infiltration of macrophages into obese adipose tissue via binding to the CCR2 receptor and is involved in the development of insulin resistance. Methods: We reviewed the available literature regarding the importance of plant metabolites that regulate MCP-1 activity and are used in the treatment of diabetic disorders. The characteristics of screened papers were described and the important findings were included in this review. Results: This mini-review provides a summary of functions and therapeutic strategies of this chemokine, with a special focus on plant-derived compounds that possess a putative antidiabetic function via a mechanism of MCP-1 interaction. The highlights of this review include the roles of MCP-1 in development of diabetes, the evaluation of plant metabolites that specifically or non-specifically inhibit MCP-1 overproduction, and the molecular mechanisms of this activity. Among these metabolites, we particularly focused on phenolic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, stilbenes, anthocyanins, capsaicin, alkaloids, plant sterols, terpenes, saponins, unsaturated fatty acids and plant-derived extracts. Conclusion: Regarding the increasing number of diabetic patients yearly, the recent progress in the putative therapies needs to be summarized. This article underlines the significance and involvement of the chemokine MCP-1 in the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and diabetic complications, with an emphasis on the role of plant metabolites in the regulation of this chemokine and thus the role in the prevention or therapy of diabetes. We suggest that MCP-1 might be a molecular marker of type 2 diabetes.

Insufficient nutrient supply has been suggested to be one of the etiologies for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. We are investigating nutrient transport into the IVD as a potential treatment strategy for disc degeneration. Most cellular activities in the IVD (e.g., cell proliferation and extracellular matrix production) are mainly driven by adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) which is the main energy currency. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of increased mass transfer on ATP production in the IVD by the implantation of polyurethane (PU) mass transfer devices. In this study, the porcine functional spine units were used and divided into intact, device and surgical groups. For the device and surgical groups, two puncture holes were created bilaterally at the dorsal side of the annulus fibrosus (AF) region and the PU mass transfer devices were only implanted into the holes in the device group. Surgical groups were observed for the effects of placing the holes through the AF only. After 7 days of culture, the surgical group exhibited a significant reduction in the compressive stiffness and disc height compared to the intact and device groups, whereas no significant differences were found in compressive stiffness, disc height and cell viability between the intact and device groups. ATP, lactate and the proteoglycan contents in the device group were significantly higher than the intact group. These results indicated that the implantation of the PU mass transfer device can promote the nutrient transport and enhance energy production without compromising mechanical and cellular functions in the disc. These results also suggested that compromise to the AF has a negative impact on the IVD and must be addressed when treatment strategies are considered. The results of this study will help guide the development of potential strategies for disc degeneration.

Numerical simulation was conducted to investigate the external flow around airships with different tail layout, with the help of FLUENT 14.5, based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation and SST turbulent model. The aerodynamic information of the airships with different tail layout, such as pressure coefficient, torque coefficient and pressure distribution, were analyzed, and the numerical results showed the details of the airship surface flow and changes with different attack angle. According to the results, different tail layout had important influences on the aerodynamics and stability of airship. This will help to understand the aerodynamic characters around the tails of the stratospheric airship, and provide a reference in choosing tail layouts and the stability design of airships.

In this paper, a low Reynolds number airfoil (S1223) is the objective of the study. The Navier-Stokes equations were established to simulate the complex flow around a low Reynolds number airfoil, in which the turbulence model was used. The complex flow around the airfoil was simulated at 2x105 Reynolds number and its aerodynamic characteristics were analyzed. The relationship among lift coefficient, drag coefficient and angle of attack was studied.

A constrained model compound of trans-4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-4'-nitrostilbene (DNS), namely, compound DNS-B3 that is limited to torsions about the phenyl-nitro C-N bond and the central C═C bond, was prepared to investigate the structural nature of the radiative and nonradiative states of electronically excited DNS. The great similarities in solvent-dependent electronic spectra, fluorescence decay times, and quantum yields for fluorescence (Φf) and trans → cis photoisomerization (Φtc) between DNS and DNS-B3 indicate that the fluorescence is from a planar charge-transfer state and torsion of the nitro group is sufficient to account for the nonradiative decay of DNS. This conclusion is supported by TDDFT calculations on DNS-B3 in dichloromethane. The structure at the conical intersection for internal conversion is associated with not only a twisting but also a pyramidalization of the nitro group. The mechanism of the NO2 torsion is discussed in terms of the effects of solvent polarity, the substituents, and the volume demand. The differences and analogies of the NO2- vs amino-twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) state of trans-aminostilbenes are also discussed.

In recent years, the electrical stability of organic devices is an essential issue in application of large integrated circuits. The properties of interface between semiconductor layer and dielectric layer play an important role to determine the electrical performance and memory effect of organic field-effect transistors. We propose some facile ways, in which the interface property could be modified, to overcome the stable issue. The electrical stability and photoelectric effect of organic transistors were successfully enhanced by using these interface engineering.

A whole A549 cell and isolated nuclei of HeLa S3 cells in the apoptotic process were investigated by using a scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM) in the UVSOR Synchrotron (Okazaki, Japan). Near edge X-ray absorption fine structures (NEXAFS) of DNA and histone in the N K-edge region were measured as reference and their distribution in the nuclei was determined by using these reference spectra. The four stages of the apoptosis were successfully distinguished.

High power InGaN-based blue LEDs have been commercialized despite the presence of a high dislocation density in the heteroepitaxial structures. Traditional trial-and-error techniques are very inefficient for improving the process of MOVCD. We analyze the effects of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization on spontaneous emission rate of blue LEDs on SiC substrate by adjusting screening values and barrier doped concentration. The simulation results indicate to improve characteristics of blue LEDs on SiC substrate, interfacial charges for piezoelectric and polarization should get equilibrium with crystal defects and barrier doped concentration. There is an optimization point.

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a central regulator of immune response and a potential target for developing anti-inflammatory agents. Mechanistic studies suggest that compounds that directly inhibit NF-κB DNA binding may block inflammation and the associated tissue damage. Thus, we attempted to discover peptides that could interfere with NF-κB signaling based on a highly conserved DNA-binding domain found in all NF-κB members. One such small peptide, designated as anti-inflammatory peptide-6 (AIP6), was characterized in the current study. AIP6 directly interacted with p65 and displayed an intrinsic cell-penetrating property. This peptide demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, AIP6 inhibited the DNA-binding and transcriptional activities of the p65 NF-κB subunit as well as the production of inflammatory mediators in macrophages upon stimulation. Local administration of AIP6 significantly inhibited inflammation induced by zymosan in mice. Collectively, our results suggest that AIP6 is a promising lead peptide for the development of specific NF-κB inhibitors as potential anti-inflammatory agents.

The domain wavelength is the most important colorimetric parameter of tested LED, it decides the LED color quality. The data acquisition system is build of linear CCD, monochromator，and PCI data acquisition card, which can obtain the chart of distribution value of 1urninous intensity and color coordinate of LED with LabVIEW. This paper present measurement method based on the table method, the measurement method is looking-up two domain wavelengths which distance is 1nm through slope which get from testing LED color coordinate and white light LED coordinate, and calculate the domain wavelength of testing LEDs using LabVIEW and mathematic interpolation, the measurement error of domain wavelength is 1 nm.

To solve the problems of the reduces in belt life、low in metal removal rate and environmental pollution by using conventional grinding fluid, a new high efficiency and green cooling technology—— The Technology Of Liquid Nitrogen Cryogenic Wind Jet Combined MQL(LNCWJCM), It was used in belt grinding of TC4. The effect of LNCWJCM on grinding performance of TC4 was analyzed to compare with cold air 、liquid nitrogen and conventional flood cooling method. The experimental results indicate that LNCWJCM can improve metal removal rate and the life of belt, in addition , impacting on abrasive belt grinding from which the flow of liquid nitrogen, grinding temperature, the flow of oil droplets and other key parameters is studied.

The compound trans-4,4'-azo-1,2,4-triazole (atrz) is a planar molecule with two planar triazole rings bridged by an azo group. The molecule is a good donor ligand and has an interesting π-delocalized character. In addition, intermolecular interactions in the crystalline state through π-π stacking are found between triazole rings with a very short inter-planar distance of 3.17 Å. The electron density distribution is obtained from both high resolution X-ray diffraction data at 100 K and density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the ωB97X-D functional. Bond characterization is performed in terms of the charge density distribution and the associated topological properties. The Laplacian distribution around each atom reveals the shape of the valence-shell charge concentration and demonstrates a sp(2) hybrid orbital shape for each atom in the molecule. The π-delocalization of the planar molecule is further illustrated by the Fermi-hole distribution. The weak intermolecular π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds are further illustrated by the Hirshfeld surface. The energies of weak intermolecular π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds have been calculated using ωB97X-D/6-311++G(3df,2p) at experimental geometry.

Organic field-effect transistor-based (OFET) memory devices with polyimide (PI) electrets were fabricated. Herein, we have demonstrated the relevance between electrical characteristics and polarity effects of polymeric gate electret with quasi-permanent electric charges. The memory behaviors and drain currents of OFETs could be remarkably enhanced by using polymeric PI electrets which can trap the charge carriers into its polar groups by bias-induced dipole fields. Moreover, these trapped charges can be rapidly released through reorientation of dipoles within bias field. Consequently, the electric dipoles within the PI electret play a key role in extending the memory window and enhancing electrical characteristics of OFET-based memory devices to achieve high-performance organic memory transistors.

In this study, we fabricated a photo-crosslinking, biocompatible 3D Poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) hydrogel scaffold with inner fibrin gel for cell adhesion. We tested the material cytocompatibility with 3T3 fibroblasts then processed the cell adhesion motif inside the scaffold at regular and L-shaped 3D structural pattern by two-photon laser scanning system for further cell manipulation and recording. The results show cell could survive under UV irradiation and grew in the inner fibrin gel scaffold. The desired pattern scaffold has potential to apply in cell guided migration and physiological signal recording.

To understand the coinfection status of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B.b.s.l) and spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR) in Hunchun of Jilin province, China.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer of B. b. s. l and ompA of SFGR in ticks was collected in Hunchun,Jilin province. The amplification products of positive ticks were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was conducted by PHYLIP software package.The infection rate of B. b. s. l was 36.0% in Ixodes persulcatus ticks and the SFGR was discovered in I. persulcatus ticks,with an infection rate of 2.0%. The coinfection rate of both agents was 2.0%. In 327 Dermacentor siltarum ticks, the positive rates of B. b. s. l and SFGR were 30.9% and 29.1% respectively. 55 ticks (16.8%) were coinfected with the two pathogens. The sequence analysis of B. b. s. l showed that the B. b. s. l in Jilin area, which were highly homologous, all belonged to B. garinii genotypes. The sequence analysis of SFGR positive products showed that the DNA secquence of the newly detected agent (JL-95) was close to the two previously described rickettsiae which were detected in I. ricinus from Slovakia (called IRS3 and IRS4). Phylogenetic relationships inferred from the comparison of these sequences with those of other genus Rickettsiae indicated that JL-95, IRS3 and IRS4 constituted a new rickettsial genotype and formed a separate cluster among the spotted fever group Rickettsiae.Coinfection of B. b. s. l and SFGR existed in Hunchun, Jilin province. The sequencing of specific fragment confirmed a new SFGR which was different from other rickettsiae known in China.

Efforts have been made to elucidate the origin of d(0) magnetism in ZnO nanocactuses (NCs) and nanowires (NWs) using X-ray-based microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The photoluminescence and O K-edge and Zn L3,2-edge X-ray-excited optical luminescence spectra showed that ZnO NCs contain more defects than NWs do and that in ZnO NCs, more defects are present at the O sites than at the Zn sites. Specifically, the results of O K-edge scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and the corresponding X-ray-absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy demonstrated that the impurity (non-stoichiometric) region in ZnO NCs contains a greater defect population than the thick region. The intensity of O K-edge STXM-XANES in the impurity region is more predominant in ZnO NCs than in NWs. The increase in the unoccupied (occupied) density of states at/above (at/below) the conduction-band minimum (valence-band maximum) or the Fermi level is related to the population of defects at the O sites, as revealed by comparing the ZnO NCs to the NWs. The results of O K-edge and Zn L3,2-edge X-ray magnetic circular dichroism demonstrated that the origin of magnetization is attributable to the O 2p orbitals rather than the Zn d orbitals. Further, the local density approximation (LDA) + U verified that vacancies in the form of dangling or unpaired 2p states (due to Zn vacancies) induced a significant local spin moment in the nearest-neighboring O atoms to the defect center, which was determined from the uneven local spin density by analyzing the partial density of states of O 2p in ZnO.