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The high geothermal environment causes a temperature gradient inside shotcrete, which affects the development of its mechanical strength. This research investigated the strength evolution of shotcrete in simulated high geothermal environment by applying a unidirectional heat source. The influence of temperature gradient on the pore structure, morphology, phase composition, and hydration degree of shotcrete was also studied. It was found that the early strength of shotcrete was improved but that the later strength was reduced in the high geothermal environment. It was attributed to the increase in harmful porosity and total porosity of the concrete caused by the high-temperature curing. Cracks and pores can be observed in the microstructure near the heat source region. Besides, the ettringite content in shotcrete was lower than that under standard curing environment and presented gradient distribution in the direction of the temperature gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the leading causes of digestive system tumor related death in the world. Unfortunately, effective chemopreventive agent is lack for patients with ESCC in clinical practice, which leads to the extremely high mortality rate. Methods: A library of prescribed drugs was screened for finding critical anti-tumor properties in ESCC cells. The phosphoproteomics, kinase array, pulldown assay and drug affinity responsive target stabilization assay (DARTS) were applied to explore mechanisms and searched for synergistic targets. Established models of PDX in mice were used to determine the therapeutic effect of domperidone. Results: After screening a library of prescribed drugs, we discovered that domperidone has anti-tumor properties. Domperidone, acting as a gastroprokinetic agent, has been widely used in clinic for gastrointestinal motility disorders. Despite limited research, there are indications that domperidone may have anti-tumor properties. In this study, we determined that domperidone significantly inhibited ESCC proliferation in vitro and in vivo. We employed phosphoproteomics to reveal p-ERK, and p-SMAD3 down-regulation upon domperidone treatment. Then, the results of kinase assay and pulldown assay further validated that domperidone directly combined with MEK1/2 and CDK4, leading to the inhibition of their kinase activity. Furthermore, our results revealed that MEK/ERK and CDK4/SMAD3 signal pathway were major pathways in domperidone against ESCC. Conclusion: Collectively, these findings suggest that domperidone serves as an effective "multi-target" inhibitor of MEK1/2 and CDK4, offering potential benefits for the chemoprevention of ESCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a refined numerical model, which contains the detailed geometric construction of the longitudinal joints, is established to investigate the bearing performance of the segmental ring based on the horizontal convergence. Firstly, the model is verified by comparing it with the reported results of a documented full‐scale model test. Then, according to the load‐structure method, this numerical model is employed to investigate the deformation behavior and bearing capacity of the segmental ring. Moreover, the effects of the coefficient of lateral pressure and subgrade reaction are extensively taken into consideration through comprehensive numerical analyses. According to the numerical results, a bilinear model is proposed to describe the relation between the convergent displacement and the stratum pressure, which could be used to preliminarily estimate the convergence after the completion of tunnel construction. Otherwise, the development of structural defects, such as the joint opening and the water leakage, has close association with the horizontal convergence. Therefore, a simple evaluation method for tunnel structure safety assessment is proposed using horizontal convergence deformation as an indicator to predict the tunnel service state. Since this indicator is easy to obtain during the tunnel operation, it is convenient for the engineers to assess the bearing capacity of the segmental ring and the service state of the tunnel structure quickly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering effective bifunctional electrocatalysts that outperform the benchmark Pt/C for direct methanol proton exchange membrane fuel cells is desired and challenging. Here, we designed H-PtCu/PtL OH catalysts with a sub-nanometer Pt(111) shell layer featuring Cu- and Co-vacancies, which exhibited high activity in acidic oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous lithium‐ion batteries (ALIBs) have attracted extensive interest since the safety problems of traditional lithium‐ion batteries are waived. Although the energy density of ALIBs is improved, their rate capability and power density are still poor due to the slow Li+ diffusivity of the existing anode materials, and their cyclic stability is also poor. Here, W7Nb4O31 nanorods with very fast‐ and stable‐charging capability are explored as a new anode material for ALIBs for the first time. This material owns different tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) structures together with 4 × 4 ReO3‐type blocks confined by TTB matrices, allowing abundant pentagonal and quadrangular tunnels for Li+ transport. These large‐sized tunnels combine with the large interlayer spacing (≈3.95 Å) not only lead to extremely fast Li+ diffusivity but also small unit‐cell volume variations (maximum 2.1%) during lithiation/delithiation, thereby enabling the LiMn2O4//W7Nb4O31 full cell to possess excellent rate capability with a 50C versus 1C capacity ratio of 68.3%, ultrahigh power density of 9854 W kg–1, and superior cyclic stability with capacity retention of 89.7/66.7/72.0% at 1C/5C/50C over 1000/10 000/10 000 cycles. This comprehensive study demonstrates that the W7Nb4O31 nanorods are highly promising for fast‐ and stable‐charging ALIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of regulated cell death that is triggered primarily by lipid peroxidation. A growing body of evidence has implicated ferroptosis in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, none of these studies focused its role on TBI-induced hippocampal injury. Here, we demonstrated that the distinct ferroptotic signature was detected in the injured hippocampus at the early stage of TBI. Besides, a prominent pro-ferroptosis environment was detected in the ipsilateral hippocampus after TBI, including elevated levels of arachidonic acid (AA), ACLS4, and ALXO15, and deficiency of GPX4. Subsequently, we used AAV-mediated Gpx4 overexpression to counteract ferroptosis in the hippocampus, and found that TBI-induced cognitive deficits were significantly alleviated after Gpx4 overexpression. Biochemical results also confirmed that TBI-induced hippocampal ferroptosis and synaptic damage were partially reversed by Gpx4 overexpression. In addition, Gpx4 overexpression inhibited TBI-induced neuroinflammation and peripheral macrophage infiltration. Interestingly, the results of transwell migration assay showed that ferroptotic neurons increased CCL2 expression and promoted iBMDM cell migration. However, this effect was inhibited by CCL2 antagonist, RS102895. These data suggested that inhibition of ferroptosis may be as a potential strategy to ameliorate TBI-induced cognitive deficits through blockade of hippocampal ferroptosis and neuroinflammation. [Display omitted] • A distinct ferroptotic signature was detected in the injured hippocampus at the early stage of TBI. • Gpx4 overexpression inhibited TBI-induced ferroptosis and synaptic injury in the hippocampus, and cognitive deficits. • Gpx4 overexpression inhibited TBI-induced neuroinflammation and peripheral macrophage infiltration. • Ferroptotic neurons increased CCL2 expression and promoted macrophage migration in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on the fault signals of rolling bearings, which are characterized by nonlinearity, periodic impact, and low signal-to-noise ratio. The advantages of entropy calculation in analyzing time series data were combined with the high calculation accuracy of Multiscale Fuzzy Entropy (MFE) and the strong noise resistance of Multiscale Permutation Entropy (MPE), a multivariate coarse-grained form was introduced, and the coarse-grained process was improved. The Composite Multivariate Multiscale Permutation Fuzzy Entropy (CMvMPFE) method was proposed to solve the problems of low accuracy, large entropy perturbation, and information loss in the calculation process of fault feature parameters. This method extracts the fault characteristics of rolling bearings more comprehensively and accurately. The CMvMPFE method was used to calculate the entropy value of the rolling bearing experimental fault data, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) was used for fault diagnosis analysis. By comparing with MPFE, the Composite Multiscale Permutation Fuzzy Entropy (CMPFE) and the Multivariate Multiscale Permutation Fuzzy Entropy (MvMPFE) methods, the results of the calculations show that the CMvMPFE method can extract rolling bearing fault characteristics more comprehensively and accurately, and it also has good robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Femoral neck fracture (FNF) is a common clinical trauma with high mortality and disability rates. Furthermore, its incidence increases exponentially with increasing age. Existing classifications have some disadvantages. Thus, this study aimed to establish a novel typing system for FNF. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all adult patients with FNF admitted to our hospital between December 2015 and November 2017 for cannulated screw internal fixation. The study population was divided into the femoral varus offset group (VAR) and the valgus offset group (VAL). The data collected included sex, age, affected side, injury mode, body mass index, complications, pelvic incidence (PI), hip deflection angle (HDA), combined deflection angle (CDA), and neck shaft angle. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine the correlation between complications and deviation angles. A novel typing system was developed and compared with the Garden classification to detect its superiority. Results: A total of 108 patients were recruited, with 59 patients in the VAR and 49 patients in the VAL groups. The incidence of complications in the VAR group was significantly higher than that in the VAL group (P < 0.05). Moreover, there were more male participants in the VAR group. Compared with the VAL group, the VAR group had significantly higher PI, HDA, and CDA (P < 0.05). The CDA classification (CDAC) was defined, with CDA as the main criterion and HDA as the supplementary criterion. Furthermore, there was a hierarchical correlation between the actual incidence of complications and the typing level, which was increased in CDAC but not in the Garden classification. This showed that CDAC was more accurate. Conclusion: A novel typing system, CDAC, for FNF was established, which was more accurate than the Garden classification. We suggest combining CDAC and Garden classifications for the preoperative diagnosis, treatment selection, and prognostic evaluation for patients with FNF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine aerosol, containing an enormous source of chloride, coupled with severe environmental conditions (e.g., high temperature, high relative humidity), poses a threat to the durability of concrete exposed to the marine atmospheric zone. The distribution of marine aerosol is spatial and temporal dependent, and thus, the deposition rate of airborne chlorides Ddep can vary a lot with geological and environmental factors. Chloride profile in concrete exposed to marine aerosol is a two-zone profile due to the wetting/drying action. The peak chloride concentration Cmax and depth of the convection zone Δx are largely affected by time, materials, environmental conditions which usually is less than 10 mm. Many models based on Fick’s law are developed to predict chloride transport in unsaturated concrete under wetting–drying cycles. However, the prediction of marine aerosol penetration into concrete is far from satisfactory, due to lack of enough experimental and theoretical researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallene is receiving continuous attention because of its unique properties in electrocatalysis. Herein, we report a new class of three-dimensional (3D) Cr-doped Pd metallene nanoribbon (PdCr MNR) assembly. The 3D PdCr MNR was about 4 or 5 atomic layers thick with high-density low-coordinated Pd sites and abundant defects. The 3D PdCr MNR/C exhibited significantly enhanced oxygen reduction reaction and formic acid oxidation reaction compared with the commercial Pt/C and Pd/C and long-term durability. This work introduces a new member in the class of the metallene family, and this novel material is a promising bifunctional electrocatalyst for practical direct methanol/formic acid fuel cell devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the regional etiology, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern, and risk factors in neonates with sepsis in China. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science in December 2020. Studies of neonatal sepsis from China published between 2011 and 2020 were included. We pooled the proportion of pathogens and calculated the odds ratios of risk factors with 95% CIs using a random-effects model. Results We included 29 studies of 164,750 neonates with sepsis. The studies comprise data from 1990 to 2019. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp accounted for 33% (95% CI 24–43), 17% (13–20), and 14% (11–17), respectively. Group B streptococcus (GBS) was the predominant isolate in early-onset sepsis (EOS) (21%, 95% CI 10–31), while the proportion of CoNS was the largest in late-onset sepsis (LOS) (32%, 95% CI 22–43). Resistance of CoNS to penicillin was found in 95% (95% CI 92–98) of 511 cases and Klebsiella spp to ampicillin in 95% (95% CI 90–99) of 364 cases. Maternal underlying diseases (2.61, 95% CI 1.48–4.61), mechanical ventilation (2.41, 1.37–4.23), central venous catheter placement (2.74, 1.77–4.26), peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placement (4.26, 2.80–6.49), multiple antibiotic uses (5.35, 1.85–15.43) and total parenteral nutrition (7.96, 2.04–31.02) were risk factors of neonatal sepsis. Conclusion CoNS, E. coli, and Klebsiella spp were the predominant pathogens in neonatal sepsis in China. AMR was still a significant issue in NICUs. Total parenteral nutrition, multiple antibiotic uses, and PICC placement were the most relevant risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of Manual therapy and related interventions in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) based on Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Subjects: Carpal tunnel syndrome. Interventions: Manual therapy and related interventions versus other therapies or manual therapy and related interventions plus other therapies versus other therapies. Outcomes measures: Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire. Results: A total of 6 studies were included, including 211 cases in the manual therapy group and 211 cases in the control group. The quality of the included articles was high, and the results of meta-analysis showed that manual therapy and related interventions were superior in terms of improving the Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire Symptom Severity score in patients with CTS (standardised mean difference [SMD] −1.13, 95% CI −1.40 to −0.87), were superior to control groups in terms of improving the Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire functional capacity scale in patients with CTS (SMD −1.01,95% CI −1.24 to −0.77). Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis suggested that manual therapy and related interventions were better than control groups in treating CTS. Manual therapy and related interventions could relieve the symptoms of patients with CTS and promote the recovery of hand function. Manual therapy and related interventions should be considered clinically effective methods for treating CTS. Registration: The protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; No. CRD 42020201389). Contribution of the Article: Manual therapy and related interventions could relieve the symptoms of patients with CTS and promote the recovery of hand function. Manual therapy and related interventions should be considered clinically effective methods for treating CTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a newly recognized form of regulated cell death. Recently, growing evidence has shown that ferroptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, less attention has been paid to its role in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, the central pathological process in secondary brain injury of TBI. Here, we established a mechanical stretch injury bEnd.3 model and a Controlled Cortical Impact (CCI) mouse model to explore the ferroptosis-related markers in brain endothelial cells after TBI in vitro and in vivo. From the results of RNA-seq analysis, RT-qPCR and immunostaining, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) downregulation, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) upregulation, and iron accumulation were observed in brain endothelial cells after TBI both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we utilized Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) , a specific inhibitor of ferroptosis, to investigate the protective effects of ferroptosis inhibition on BBB disruption and neurological deficits. From the results of immunostaining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) , and western blotting, we demonstrated that Fer-1 significantly reduced BMVECs death, BBB permeability, and tight junction loss at 3 days after TBI. The neurological tests including grid walking, rotarod test, and wire-hanging test showed that Fer-1 administration exerted neuroprotective effects in the early stage of TBI. Our findings provided evidences for inhibition of BMVECs ferroptosis as a promising therapeutic target against TBI-induced BBB disruption. • TBI caused changes of ferroptosis-related markers in brain endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. • Fer-1 reduced BMVECs death and improved neurological deficits. • Fer-1 administration attenuated TBI-induced BBB disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim of this study was to identify risk factors and develop a prediction model for unplanned neurological intensive care unit (NICU) events after elective infratentorial brain tumor resection in order to propose an individualized admission to the NICU tailored to patient needs. Patients admitted to our NICU between September 2018 and May 2021 after elective infratentorial brain tumor resection were reviewed. Prolonged NICU stays and unplanned NICU admissions were defined as unplanned NICU events. The prognostic model of unplanned NICU events was developed using a forward stepwise logistic regression analysis, and external validation was evaluated. The C-statistic was used to assess discrimination, and a smooth, nonparametric calibration line was used to assess calibration graphically in the model. Of the 1,710 patients in the development cohort, unplanned NICU events occurred in 162 (9.5%). Based on the lesion type, a Karnofsky Performance Status score <70 at admission, longer duration of surgery, bleeding in the operative area evident on postoperative computed tomography, higher fibrinogen and blood glucose levels at admission, and more intraoperative blood loss were independently associated with unplanned NICU events. The external validation test showed good discrimination (C-statistic = 0.811) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.141) for unplanned NICU events. Several patient and operative characteristics are associated with a greater likelihood of the occurrence of unplanned NICU events. In the future, we may be able to provide better help for the resource allocation of NICUs according to these risk factors and prediction models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties of concrete are the important parameters in a design code. The amount of laboratory trial batches and experiments required to produce useful design data can be decreased by using robust prediction models for the mechanical properties of concrete, which can save time and money. Portland cement is frequently substituted with metakaolin (MK) because of its technical and environmental advantages. In this study, three mechanical properties of concrete with MK, i.e., compressive strength ( f ′ c ), splitting tensile strength ( f st ), and flexural strength (FS) were modelled by using four machine learning (ML) techniques: gene expression programming (GEP), artificial neural network (ANN), M5P model tree algorithm, and random forest (RF). For this purpose, a comprehensive database containing detail of concrete mixture proportions and values of f ′ c , f st , and FS at different ages was gathered from peer-reviewed published documents. Various statistical metrics were used to compare the predictive and generalization capability of the ML techniques. The comparative study of ML techniques revealed that RF has better predictive and generalization capability as compared with GEP, ANN, and M5P model tree algorithm. Moreover, the sensitivity and parametric analysis (PA) was carried out. The PA showed that the most suitable proportions of MK as partial cement replacement were 10% for FS and 15% for both f ′ c and f st . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction mechanism behind concrete damage induced by the combined effects of freeze-thaw cycles and fatigue load (FTF) remains insufficiently understood. This study aims to shed light on this mechanism by employing three sets of specimens, each subjected to different conditions: freeze-thaw cycles alone, low-stress impact fatigue (LIF) load alone, and FTF coupled action. Macro performance and microstructural changes of these specimens were measured after each testing round to analyze the evolution of concrete damage. Additionally, the influence of load duration on the damage under the coupled action was also explored. Results indicated that under FTF action, when LIF loading is applied for a short duration, freeze-thaw cycles play a dominant role in concrete damage, while the influence of LIF loading is minimal. However, when LIF loading is sustained for an extended period coupled with freeze-thaw cycles, it can accelerate concrete degradation. This can be attributed to the accumulation of micro-cracks during longer loading duration, eventually manifesting as visible cracks. These cracks link adjacent pores and increase the number of interconnected pores. This, coupled with freeze-thaw damage increasing the probability of crack forming, results in accelerated deterioration of concrete. The mechanism underlying this concrete deterioration was also analyzed from an energy dissipation prospect. • A setup was designed to simultaneously implement low-stress impact fatigue and freeze-thaw cycle. • The mechanisms of concrete damage under FTF action were discussed from the perspectives of pore structure and energy dissipation. • the influence of load duration on the concrete damage under the coupled action was explored. • The evolution of macro performance and microstructure properties were explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water transport behaviors of cement-based materials are altered after hydrophobic modification. The influence of hydrophobic modification on the water transport behaviors of mortar was investigated through 1H NMR and the absorption test. The results indicate that the incorporation of paraffin significantly reduces both the capillary and moisture absorption masses of mortar. The ratio of moisture absorption mass to capillary absorption mass increases with higher hydrophobicity, attributed to the paraffin coverage around the pores and the subsequent increase in contact angle. When incorporating 10 wt% paraffin, the increase in capillary absorption mass of mortar is mainly attributed to vapor diffusion and capillary condensation, accounting for 90.3 %. And the content of interlayer water, gel water, and inter-hydrate water in the two mentioned specimens is approximately equal, attributed to increased resistance to the ingress of liquid water. The reinforcement corrosion protection performance improves by one to two orders of magnitude due to the alteration of water transport behaviors. • Hydrophobic modification alters the proportion of various water transport behaviors. • 1H NMR is employed to characterize the distribution of water content in different water absorption environments. • When the hydrophobicity of the mortar increases, the capillary and moisture absorption specimens exhibit similar mass increments and absorption rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a discontinuous ring structure, segmental longitudinal joints are a weakness of shield tunnels and play an important role in the determination of tunnel deformation caused by ground pressure. A longitudinal joint bending test is first carried out by employing a detailed 3D numerical model for the Shanghai Metro tunnel. This reveals that the joint stiffness varies nonlinearly with the axial force and bending moment. Based on numerical results, an analytical model for determining the joint rotational stiffness is provided, which takes the influence of the mechanical behavior of the concrete and steel bolts, the geometrical dimensions of the joint cross section and the subjected loads into account. Then, a simplified fitting equation is proposed, which has been verified by the experimental test results. This reveals that the results obtained from the proposed fitting equation are in good agreement with the experimental results before the joint reaches the limit state. Therefore, this proposed equation can be preliminarily adopted for the simulation of joint bending behavior and the determination of tunnel deformation in the tunnel design stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expected extraction efficiency of coalbed methane (CBM) depends significantly on the laws considered to govern its gas flow. This study applies a non-Darcy gas flow model to describe the CBM migration in mine gobs; by mine gob, we mean that it is a fractured zone along with massive cracks and the primary place where gas flows after mining activities. A permeation experiment involving crushed sandstone is first conducted to prove the CBM undergoes Forchheimer-type non-Darcy flow. Subsequently, the three-dimensional continuous distribution functions of the permeability parameters are determined. The non-Darcy flow model includes the influence of inertial force on the gas flow, which is neglected in the Darcy model. A coupling model is established based on the experimental results and the gas flow characteristics in different regions. Thereafter, the model and distribution functions are applied to a series of numerical simulations of CBM extraction at the Sihe coal mine in China, to ascertain the most appropriate location for a ground borehole. These simulations involve boreholes placed in three different zones: the natural accumulation zone (NAZ), the load affected zone (LAZ), and the compaction stable zone (CSZ). The simulation results show that the total extraction quantity expected from the borehole in the NAZ is 2.4 and 13.5 times that from the boreholes in the LAZ and CSZ, respectively. This confirms that the NAZ is the most suitable zone for a borehole. This research ultimately provides a realistic gas flow model for CBM extraction from mine gobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surcharge due to improper soil dumping and irregular backfilling often causes excessive deformation along the adjacent shallow tunnel in soft-soil areas. Tunnel structures are usually modelled with beam elements where the bending of the concrete segments is considered while the shearing dislocation between segmental rings is usually ignored. In this work, a Timoshenko beam was used to consider such dislocation of a shield tunnel under surcharge and a Pasternak foundation was used to account for the tunnel–soil shear effect. A numerical method was then developed to assess the effect of surcharge loading on the longitudinal responses of the underlying tunnel based on a two-stage method. The proposed solutions were verified using a case history from Shanghai and a three-dimensional numerical simulation from the literature. Results of a further parametric study showed that the deformation induced by surcharge loadings would be underestimated without the shearing-induced dislocation of tunnel segments, which could overpredict the serviceability of the underlying tunnel in surcharge accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal error in the spindle unit is substantial and necessitates mitigation. Current models, being predominantly static in nature, have limited efficacy in error control. Integrating digital twin technology for modeling and controlling spindle unit thermal error holds promise in enhancing the machining accuracy of machine tools. Yet, the notion of a digital twin system specifically tailored for spindle unit thermal characteristics remains uncharted territory. To navigate these challenges, this study introduces a novel digital twin system tailored for spindle unit thermal characteristics. This system is poised to revolutionize thermal error modeling and compensation by harnessing the capabilities of digital twin technology. Within this digital twin framework, both the thermal error control model and the analytical thermal characteristic model are seamlessly integrated. The control model is devised as an exponential function, utilizing operational time, inherent time constants, and both initial and equilibrium thermal errors as parameters. Delving deeper, the analytical thermal characteristic model for the spindle system is rooted in a thermal resistance network approach. This leads to a closed-loop thermal characteristic modeling process, culminating in the derivation of a steady-state thermal error. Intricate heat transfer dynamics between spindle components are dissected, and a comprehensive thermal equilibrium equation set is formulated for the spindle unit. This equation set comprehensively accounts for dynamic variations in key parameters such as preload, lubricant viscosity, thermal load intensity, thermal contact resistance, and convective coefficients. To ascertain the time constant, a meticulously designed set of thermal characteristic experiments is executed. Subsequently, the digital twin system embarks on predictive modeling of thermal errors across varied operational conditions. This prediction then forms the foundation for thermal error compensation. With the integration of the present model into the digital twin system, the results are impressive: the absolute average and maximum deviations in thermal elongation, post-error control, stand at approximately 0.40 μm and 1.24 μm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we describe a practical protocol for efficient, mild, visible‐light‐induced three‐component intermolecular trifluoromethyl‐alkenylation reactions of unactivated alkenes. The protocol has good functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope. Using this protocol, we not only introduced a trifluoromethyl group into alkenes but also converted unactivated alkenes to styrene‐based activated alkenes, in addition to accomplishing late‐stage functionalization of pharmaceutical intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant flares of GeV γ-ray emission from the Crab Nebula were found by AGILE and Fermi-LAT years ago, indicating that extreme particle acceleration and radiation occurs in young pulsar wind nebulae. To enlarge the flare sample and to investigate their statistical properties will be very useful in understanding the nature of the γ-ray flares. In this paper, we investigate the flaring emission from the Crab Nebula with eleven year observations of the Fermi-LAT. We identify 17 significant flares in the light curve of the low-energy (synchrotron) component of the γ-ray emission. The flare rate is about 1.5 per year, without any significant change or clustering during the 11 years of the observation. We detect a special flare with an extremely long duration of nearly one month, that occurred in 2018 October, with synchrotron photons up to energies of about 1 GeV. The synchrotron component could be fitted by a steady power-law (PL) background and a variable flare component with an exponentially cutoff PL spectrum, not only for the individual flare but also for the combined data, which may favor a similar emission mechanism for all flares. However, we do not find a universal relation between the cutoff energy and the energy fluxes of the flares, which may reflect the complicated acceleration and/or cooling processes of the involved particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water status within concrete under low air pressure (AP) condition has been reported to affect the long-term properties of concrete in plateau regions, however, the underlying mechanism for the microstructural changes is not fully understood yet. In this paper, the confined water statuses within cement pastes curing at 98% RH and different APs (i.e. 101 kPa, 60 kPa, and 20 kPa) were first demonstrated and then correlated to the nanomechanical property changes of calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) phase by means of the 1H NMR relaxometry and nanoindentation techniques. The results show that low AP conditions increase the evaporable water content and drive the water movement from interlayer spaces to gel pores during wetting at 98% RH. According to the nanoindentation investigations, low AP conditions increase the volume fraction of high-density (HD) C-S-H and improve the nanomechanical and creep characteristics and bending strength of hardened cement pastes, which is attributed to the water redistribution within C-S-H phase. • Water statuses within cement pastes were identified by 1H NMR relaxometry. • Low air pressures drove water redistribution from interlayer space to gel pores. • Low air pressures changed nanomechanical characteristics of cement pastes. • Nanomechanical characteristics changed with water statuses of cement pastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel chloride is a promising material as cathode candidate for thermal battery, attributed to its superior electrochemical performance including high operating voltage and high specific energy. However, high polarization and structural collapse have emerged as major challenge hindering the practical application of NiCl 2 cathode. Herein we propose an engineering strategy to construct a high-specific-energy NiCl 2 -based cathode with rhombohedral structure and amorphous carbon-layer skin structure. Benefited from delicate structural characteristic and improved electrochemical activity, the cathode designed remarkably elevates the plateau voltage of a single cell to 2.5 V and achieves, for the first time, a specific energy of 266.5 Wh/kg at current density of 600 mA/cm2 in the thermal battery tests. Notably, in contrast to the lab-level methods, this engineering strategy is an industrially feasible approach to manufacture NiCl 2 -based cathode for expanded application in thermal battery. This strategy also provides new insight into the design of high-performance cathode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment for epilepsy, particularly temporal lobe epilepsy, is challenging. Baicalein has multiple effects, including anti-inflammatory action. However, little is known about its efficacy in treatment of epilepsy. In this study, we established a pilocarpine-induced rat model and used it for assessment of baicalein efficacy in vivo. We predicted the pharmacological mechanism of baicalein by network pharmacology and RNA sequencing analyses. Pilocarpine epileptic rats treated with baicalein exhibited improved average seizure severity, seizure frequency, seizure duration, and survival time. Network pharmacology and RNA sequencing identified the differentially expressed genes between the baicalein treatment and epileptic groups. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) was chosen as the top candidate target because of its overlapping findings in RNA sequencing and network pharmacology data. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that baicalein inhibited microglial proliferation, IGF1R, and inflammatory cytokine expression. Moreover, baicalein improved epilepsy symptoms. Inhibition of IGF1R function by blocking with AXL1717 enhanced baicalein treatment efficacy both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, baicalein exerted antiepileptic effects by regulation of IGF1R in a pilocarpine-induced rat model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastic behavior is an important aspect of fresh cement‐based materials. In this paper, the elasticity development of fresh pure alite paste within 5 hours was monitored in situ by small amplitude oscillation shear. Isothermal microcalorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, zeta potential measurements were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. It was found that the evolution of storage modulus can be characterized by three different stages. The first stage stems from the compression of electrical double layer and the slight increase of solid volume fraction; the second stage is only controlled by the colloidal interaction; and the third stage is associated to the significant growth of solid volume fraction, the enhancement of short‐range attraction and the rigidification of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) network. Moreover, the relationship between the formation of CSH and the growth of elasticity was also quantified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO), as an important development direction, can enhance the power efficiency and generate dual-band high power microwaves (HPMs). A complex MILO and a preliminary dual-band radiation system have been proposed in our previous studies. However, the axial length of the dual-band radiation system is too long to meet the compact requirements. In this paper, a compact dual-band radiation system is presented and investigated numerically. The compact dual-band radiation system comprises a dual-band cross-shaped mode converter and a dual-band coaxial conical horn antenna. It can convert two coaxial TEM mode microwaves (1.717 GHz and 4.167 GHz) generated by the complex MILO into the coaxial TE11 mode microwaves, and then radiate them into the air. At 1.717 GHz, the gain of the antenna is 17.9 dB, and the total return loss and diffraction loss are 1.50% and 0, respectively. At 4.167 GHz, the gain is 19.4 dB, and the total return loss and diffraction loss are 1.17% and 0.78%, respectively. The power handling capacity of the antenna is 5.1 GW at 1.717 GHz and 2.0 GW at 4.167 GHz. Comparing with the original structure, the length of the dual-band radiation system is reduced by 45.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Fatal aortic rupture caused by esophageal foreign body (EFB), is associated with a high mortality, but can be prevented by thoracic endovascular aorta repair (TEVAR) that performed increasingly as technology improves. This study aims to investigate the cause, management and prognosis of suspected penetrating aortoesophageal foreign body injury. METHODS: Twelve cases who met the criteria were enrolled in this study. The demographic and clinical data were reviewed for evaluating the characteristics of EFB. RESULTS: Among 12 cases enrolled, 7 were males and 5 were females, with an age 27--86 years. The distance of EFB from aorta (DFA) of 7 cases were less than or equal to 0 mm, 5 cases were 0--2 mm. Eleven cases were managed with TEVAR, only one case was with open surgery standby but fi nally treated by fl exible endoscopy (FE) successfully, without TEVAR. In group with TEVAR, EFB of 7 cases were successfully removed by rigid endoscopy (RE), and one of them was failed at the first RE treatment. EFB of 2 cases were successfully removed by open surgery with TEVAR, and other 9 cases were managed by endoscopies with TEVAR. The mean length of stay of hospitalization (LOS) and length of ICU stay of patients treated by open surgery with TEVAR (18.50±2.12 days and 5.50±0.71 days) was signifi cantly longer than those of patients treated by endoscopy with TEVAR (7.00±2.74 days and 1.33±1.12 days, P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). Five cases had severe complications. CONCLUSION: Rational application of TEVAR can be a life-saving management for aortoesophageal foreign body injury, and jointed with endoscopy is safe and effective with a shorter length of ICU or total hospital stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of prophylactic uterine artery embolization (UAE) during cesarean delivery for women with placenta previa complicated by placenta accreta.Methods: A retrospective analysis of women with placenta previa admitted to The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China, for elective cesarean between February 2003 and July 2016. Postpartum estimated blood loss, blood transfusion, hysterectomy, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) incidence, intensive care unit (ICU) duration, and postoperative stay were compared between control women who underwent cesarean delivery only and women who underwent prophylactic intraoperative UAE during cesarean.Results: There were 28 and 26 women in the UAE and control group, respectively. There were no differences in hysterectomy incidence (P=0.291), or duration of ICU stay (P=0.085), or postoperative hospitalization (P=0.668) between the groups; however, the incidence of DIC was lower in the UAE group (P=0.035). Mean estimated blood loss (P=0.018) and blood transfusion (P=0.011) were also lower in the UAE group. No serious complications were associated with the endovascular procedures.Conclusion: Prophylactic intraoperative UAE seemed to effectively reduce blood loss, need for blood transfusion, and incidence of DIC among women with placenta previa complicated by placenta accreta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facilitated by the establishment of terrestrial networks and satellite constellations of Automatic Identification System (AIS) receivers, large quantities of spatial and temporal information that trace ships' paths have been collected. The exponential increase in the amount of AIS data has caused expensive and time-consuming transmission, calculation and storage problems. Using appropriate trajectory simplification methods in a timely manner to compress redundant information while minimising the loss of importation information is important. To minimise the simplification error, this paper proposes an online multi-dimensional simplification algorithm for AIS trajectory streaming data. The simplification algorithm takes into account position, direction and speed preservation. Finally, a comparison experiment with other algorithms is made to examine the effectiveness of this algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed online multi-dimensional simplification algorithm can effectively preserve a ship's motion state, including its position, speed and course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of one-dimensional incremental load consolidation–hydraulic conductivity tests was performed on reconstituted clays. Based on these tests, together with the test data compiled from the literature, the quantitative interrelation between the variation of hydraulic conductivity in the vertical direction with void ratio and the compression behaviour is established. It is found that the hydraulic conductivity in the vertical direction can be expressed as a function of void index, initial void ratio and void ratio at the liquid limit. The effects of initial void ratio and void index on hydraulic conductivity in the vertical direction for a given clay with a given void ratio at the liquid limit can be comprehensively attributed to the effect of void ratio on hydraulic conductivity in the vertical direction. These two findings introduce the point that the hydraulic conductivity in the vertical direction is a function of void ratio and void ratio at the liquid limit. Empirical equations are proposed to determine the hydraulic conductivity in the vertical direction using void ratio and void ratio at the liquid limit or using effective vertical stress, initial void ratio and void ratio at the liquid limit. These two empirical equations are correlated based on the concept of intrinsic compression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For patients with TBI, traditional methods such as clinical examination and imaging data are the primary references used for deciding whether to operate or not. Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring based on lateral ventricles or parenchymal pressure is a more direct reflection of ICP. However, the research on whether the outcome results of ICP monitoring are better than results based on clinical signs and imaging is sparse. Therefore, we compared treatment results for patients with TBI based on ICP monitoring and traditional methods. This retrospective study included patients with TBI admitted to our collaborative hospitals between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2013. All patients enrolled were divided into a traditional methods group and ICP monitoring group. Follow-up treatment was determined by ICP monitoring value or traditional methods in the 2 groups. Propensity matching scores were used to ensure that baseline characteristics of patients in the 2 groups were consistent. A significant association was found between the initial ICP value and neurologic deterioration (odds ratio 1.24; P < 0.001), and nonlinear correlation achieved the best fit (R 2 = 0.547). Both 6-month good recovery rate and favorable outcome rate were higher in the ICP monitoring group than the traditional methods group by propensity score analysis (P < 0.05). For patients with TBI with cerebral contusion volume >20 mL, both 6-month good recovery rate and favorable outcome rate were significantly higher in the ICP monitoring group than the traditional methods group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite evidence of structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia, the current study aimed to explore the effects of antipsychotic treatment on gray matter (GM) volume using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and investigate the relationship between brain structure and treatment response. The GM volumes of 33 patients with first-episode schizophrenia were calculated with voxel-based morphometry (VBM), with 33 matched healthy controls. Longitudinal volume changes within subjects after 4-month antipsychotic treatment were also evaluated. Correlation between volumetric changes and clinical symptoms derived from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were further investigated. Compared with healthy controls, decreased GM volumes in the frontal gyrus were observed in schizophrenia patients. After 4-month treatment, patients showed significantly decreased GM volume primarily in the bilateral frontal, temporal and left parietal brain regions. In addition, the GM volume changes of the left postcentral gyrus was positively correlated with negative symptoms improvement, and the correlation analysis revealed the total PANSS scores changes were associated with GM volume changes in the right inferior frontal gyrus and the right superior temporal gyrus. Besides, non-responders had reduced GM volume in the bilateral middle frontal gyrus and the right superior frontal gyrus compared with responders and healthy controls. Our results suggest that the abnormality in the right frontal gyrus exists in the early stage of schizophrenia. Moreover, the relationship between antipsychotics and structural changes was identified. The GM volume might have the potential to reflect the symptom improvement in schizophrenia patients. And MRI may assist in predicting the antipsychotic treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The strength development and drying shrinkage of SBR-SAC compositeswith different ratios were studied. • The pore size distributions and microstructure change of the SBR-SAC composites were monitored. • The brittleness-ductility transition of the SAC-SBR composite was highlighted. The composite of sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) latex is expected to possess rapid strength development and adjustable elastic modulus, mainly used in rush repair engineering. This paper investigates the mechanical strength and drying shrinkage of SBR-SAC composites with different proportions. The change of pore structure, phase composition, and microtopography behind the composites was further revealed. Results indicate that, when the SBR/SAC ratio increases from 0/10 to 3/10, the flexural strength of the composite is increased by 343% and its compressive strength is increased by 14.7%, the drying shrinkage is almost not considered, below 0.1%. Besides, at the SBR/SAC ratio of 5/10, the composite loses brittleness, with no obvious peak value of load–displacement curves, and the drying shrinkage of composite at 23 d is 1.496%. This is because dehydrated polymer occupies the location of SAC hydrates, and the polymer film gradually and continuously covers the surface of the cement and becomes thickened. With the increasing SBR/SAC ratio, the continuous phase of composite probably transforms from inorganic cement phase to organic polymer phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We use a special FBG sensor to achieve temperature compensation. • FBG and BOTDA can function well in bolt stress monitoring. • FBG has better strain transfer ability compared to BOTDA under same situations. • BOTDA has a narrower sensing scope compared to strain gauge and FBG. • FBG is great in data accuracy, while BOTDA is good in trend performance. The evaluation of mechanical properties of bolts is crucial for ensuring the long-term stability and continuous maintenance of underground engineering. Current research prioritizes the development of highly adaptable bolt mechanical behavior monitoring methods. By utilizing bolts with embedded sensors, the working status and surrounding environment can be monitored without affecting the original support structure, enabling effective disaster prevention monitoring. In this study, we introduce an innovative hybrid monitoring system based on strain gauges, Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG), and Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA). A specialized dynamometer with temperature compensation is employed to collect axial force data under step loading conditions. We compare the sensing characteristics of various methods and derive the strain transmission coefficients of fiber sensors at different distances. The results demonstrate that the FBG and BOTDA accurately reflect the magnitude and change patterns of the monitored parameters, highlighting the potential application of this novel system for bolt monitoring. This work proposes a unique fiber optic temperature compensator and strain transmission coefficient analysis method to promote the evaluation quality of anchor bolt stress behaviors, which would provide realistic significance to enhance the accuracy and reliability of bolt mechanical property evaluation in underground engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental was presented in this article to investigate the impact of the low relative humidity (low RH) on the pullout properties of the straight and hooked-end fibers embedded into cement matrices. It was shown that decrease in curing RH results in a reduction in the interfacial carrying capacity and the pullout energy absorption ability, owing to the microstructure of the fiber-matrix ITZ deteriorating as the humidity decreased for all types of fibers. Besides, a novel model was developed to simulate the bond-slip behaviors of the steel fiber-matrix interface under low RHs, and a theoretical method was carried out to estimate the parameters in the model. Furthermore, various analytical models were proposed based on the bond-slip model to simulate the pullout behaviors of the steel fibers embedded in matrix under low RHs, and the validation results revealed that the suggested model is consistent with the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupled effect of fatigue load and freeze-thaw cycles may cause damage to concrete structures. This paper explores the potential of alternating current (AC) electric impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technology to characterize the micro-damage of concrete under the mentioned coupled effect. Firstly, the mass loss rate (ML) and the relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDEM) evolution were employed to evaluate damage of concrete subjected to freeze-thaw cycles coupled with fatigue load. Comparatively, the degradation was also described in terms of ACEIS. The functional correlations between impedance parameters and concrete damage under the coupled effect were identified using the maximum entropy theory. The results show that the impedance parameters, R CCP and R CP , follow a consistent three-stage trend with ML and RDEM as the number of freeze-thaw cycles and fatigue load time increase. R CCP and R CP , however, are more vulnerable to early damage and can be used to faster recognize concrete damage caused by the coupled effect. Compared to R CP , R CCP is a more stable indicator for characterizing concrete damage, as it is less affected by external factors. The relationships between impedance parameters (R CCP and R CP) and traditional indicators (ML and RDEM) at stage II can be quantified as a third-order power function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of polymer admixtures on the performance of cementitious materials is certainly dependent on their molecular structures. This paper aims to elucidate the influence and mechanism of polyacrylamide (PAM) molecular weight on the workability of cement paste. The surface charge property and adsorption behavior of modified cement paste were quantified. Additionally, the assembly morphology of three molecular weight PAMs and the viscoelasticity of their solutions were monitored, so as to provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms. The findings indicate that the growth of PAM molecular weight causes a significant drop in fluidity and an improvement in plastic viscosity of modified cement paste. PAM with higher molecular weight can be adsorbed as a larger size of assembly aggregates on the cement particles, thus promoting the bridging effect. Besides, after the incorporation of PAM, the electrostatic repulsion between cement particles is decreased, whereas a higher PAM molecular weight causes a greater drop. Therefore, it is important to consider not only the dosage of PAM but also its molecular weight in practical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy adhesives for concrete cracks repair may necessitate the addition of reactive diluent to decrease their viscosity. However, research on the effect of different reactive diluents on the various properties of epoxy adhesives remains insufficient. In this paper, three reactive diluents, including monofunctional alkyl C12–C14 glycidyl ether (AGE), butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) and difunctional 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) are utilized to comparatively study the different effects on the viscosity, exothermic temperature, mechanical properties, and bond strength with cement mortar of the adhesives. The results show that the addition of BDDE increases the maximum curing temperature of the adhesives, whereas AGE and BGE both causes a decrease. The epoxy adhesive with AGE or BGE shows greater ultimate tensile strain, but a more obvious reduction in Young's modulus than that with BDDE at the same concentration. BDDE improves the bond strength of the adhesive-mortar interface whereas AGE and BGE both decrease it. Moreover, the bond strength shows a positive correlation with the hydroxyl content on the surface of cured epoxy. Comparing with AGE and BGE, BDDE increases the hydroxyl content, resulting in the strongest bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The leaching kinetics and related changes in mechanical behavior and microstructure of CA mortar were studied. • Three distinct zones in term of local calcium content in the direction of radius of the specimen were found. • Compressive behavior was modelled by the combination of compression damage model degradation damage model. Calcium leaching is an important durability problem for cement asphalt (CA) mortar used in ballastless slab track. In this paper, calcium leaching in CA mortar was accelerated by immersing in 6 mol/L ammonium nitrate solution. The leaching kinetics and related changes in mechanical behavior and microstructure of CA mortar were studied. Results showed that calcium leaching followed the Fick's law. The calcium leaching led to the formation of three distinct zones in term of local calcium content in the direction of radius of the specimen. Due to the leaching of calcium hydroxide and the progressive decalcification of C S H, the three zones had different chemical compositions. The compressive mechanical behavior was modeled by a compression damage model derived from Weibull distribution. The degradation damage model was established on the distribution of local elastic modulus. The combination of these two models can well predict the compressive behavior of partially leached CA mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • DPCPX dose-dependently blocked the brain ischemic tolerance of rats induced by LIP. • DPCPX blocked the up-regulation of p38 MAPK and ERK of rats induced by LIP. • Adenosine could induce the brain ischemic tolerance of rats. • Adenosine up-regulates the expression of p38 MAPK and ERK of rats. Abstract Our previous studies have demonstrated that limb ischemic preconditioning (LIP) induced brain ischemic tolerance and up-regulated the expression of p38 MAPK and ERK in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of adenosine in brain protection and up-regulation of p38 MAPK and ERK induced by LIP. It was found that adenosine A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX dose-dependently inhibited the protective effect of LIP. The up-regulation of p38 MAPK and ERK induced by LIP could be blocked by DPCPX. Furthermore, we observed the effect of adenosine on the brain ischemia. The results showed that pre-administration of adenosine could partly mimic the neuroprotective effect on the brain, up-regulate the expression of p38 MAPK and ERK. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that adenosine participated in brain protection and up-regulation of the expression of p38 MAPK and ERK during the induction of brain ischemic tolerance after LIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve effectiveness of competitive advantage analysis algorithm of emerging industry innovation union, a kind of competitive advantage analysis method of emerging industry innovation union based on constriction factor particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed. Firstly, competitive advantage evaluation model of emerging industry innovation union is constructed aimed at uncertain influence factor existing in evaluation to strategic emerging industry; secondly, particle swarm optimization is introduced, and to avoid premature convergence problem existing in particle swarm optimization and realize rapid convergence of particle to global optimal solution, constriction factor and two operators, i.e. "attraction" and "diffusion", are introduced in this paper so that diversity of particle swarm is kept and better convergence rate is possessed. Finally, through empirical analysis to strategic emerging industry evaluation of an area, feasibility and rationality of the method are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Large H 2 O/MgCl 2 molar ratio is good to the soundness of magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC), but detrimental to its strength development. In this paper, the addition of H 3 PO 4 was used to prepare MOC with high H 2 O/MgCl 2 molar ratio (≥20) and desirable strength development. It was revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) that the primary hydrate of MOC with high H 2 O/MgCl 2 molar ratios was Mg(OH) 2, and the primary hydrate in MOC became 5MgO·MgCl 2 ·8H 2 O (phase 5) in the presence of small amount of H 3 PO 4. The reaction type of MgO with MgCl 2 and the formation conditions of phase 5 of MOC with high H 2 O/MgCl 2 molar ratios were both modified by H 3 PO 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]