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[Objective] The spatio-temporal changes and influencing factors of carbon emission at the county scale in Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed in order to provide a reference for ecological civilization construction and low-carbon sustainable development in Shaanxi Province. [Methods] Socioeconomic and land use data were used to construct a carbon emission estimation model. The total carbon emission in Shaanxi Province was calculated and the spatiotemporal patterns and changes from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed. Subsequently. The influencing factors of carbon emissions were determined using the geographically weighted regression method. [Results] ① Total carbon emissions increased from 3.30×107 tons in 2000 to 1.93×108 tons in 2020. The evolution of carbon emission can be divided into two stages (substantial growth and slow growth). ② The carbon emission center gradually moved to the northeast from 2000 to 2020, and the spatial distribution range showed an expansion trend. The hot spots were mainly located in the northern counties of Yulin City, and around Xi'an and Xianyang City. The cold spots were mainly located in Foping County and Shiquan County. ③ Per capita GDP, land use degree, and per capita total social retail sales were positively correlated with carbon emissions, while industrial structure and population density were negatively correlated in 60.74% and 92.52% of counties, respectively. [Conclusion] Low-carbon development should be promoted in Shaanxi Province by formulating differentiated regional carbon emission reduction plans, optimizing the land use structure, controlling the expansion of construction land, and by enhancing public awareness of low-carbon environmental protection.

Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), a member of the genus Bymovirus, causes substantial losses in wheat production in East Asia, including China and Japan. Although genomic RNA replication is an important process in the viral life cycle, the independent regulation of WYMV RNA replication by its 3ʹ and 5ʹ untranslated regions (UTRs) remains unclear. In this study, we sought to analyze the core structural features of the 3ʹ UTR in the regulation of the replication of WYMV RNA1 in vitro, locate the viral RNA sites to which the NIb protein binds, and determine the regulatory effects of the VPg, P3, and 14 K proteins on NIb RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity. We found that the NIb protein in WYMV RNA1 only specifically recognized its 3ʹ UTR as the core enzyme for replication. Moreover, the 14 K and P3 proteins were established to synergistically enhanc the in vitro RdRp activity of the NIb protein, whereas the VPg protein was found to play an inhibitory role. Based on RNA structure probing and mutational analysis, we identified 7624UU and 7571UU as putative sites for interaction with the NIb protein and demonstrated that replication is dependent on their coexistence. In addition, hairpins 2 and 5 of the 3' UTR were found to be essential for NIb protein replication. Collectively, the findings of our in vitro analysis of the replication regulatory elements of WYMV RNA1 3ʹ UTR, provide a basis for in vivo studies on the regulation of WYMV replication and the identification of potential targets for the prevention and control of WYMV-caused crop diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) declared Human Monkeypox (mpox) as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) in July 2022. Due to border quarantine and isolation measures implemented from January 2020 to December 2022, Beijing did not report its first locally transmitted case of mpox until May 31, 2023, which represented a delayed occurrence compared to other countries. The aim of this observational analysis is to describe demographical data, symptoms presentation and clinical course till outcome of patients diagnosed with monkeypox (mpox) from June to December 2023 at a tertiary level hospital in Changsha, china. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on 44 confirmed mpox cases and compared laboratory data between HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients at a tertiary general hospital in Changsha, China. Results: All patients were male, with a median age of 33 years. 88.6% patients had sex with men (MSM), and 88.9% HIV-infected patients accepted antiretroviral therapy (ART). The early symptoms of mpox typically include rashes and fever, which usually appear around the penis or anus. There were significant differences were found between HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients in laboratory data (P < 0.05), but none were clinically significant. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of targeted mpox management strategies in MSM populations, particularly those co-infected with HIV and syphilis. Health authorities should consider proactive prevention and control measures, especially given the overlapping epidemics of HIV, syphilis, and mpox. Further studies are needed to explore the long-term clinical outcomes and potential benefits of vaccination in preventing mpox among high-risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective allocation of labor and cultivated land resources to ensure food security is a global concern. Understanding the relationship between rural labor off-farm employment and the eco-efficiency of cultivated land use (ECLU) is critical, yet current research in this area remains insufficient. This study explores the dynamics between off-farm employment and ECLU using the North China Plain as a case study, analyzing panel data from 2001 to 2020 through spatial econometric models. The findings reveal significant temporal expansion and spatial differentiation in off-farm employment, with growth rates gradually slowing and spatial disparities diminishing. The average ECLU initially declined from 2001 to 2003, followed by fluctuating increases, with a notable acceleration in growth after 2017. A "U-shaped" relationship between off-farm employment and ECLU was identified, with a turning point at an off-farm employment ratio of 40.73%, occurring around 2003–2004 based on regional averages. Before this threshold, off-farm employment negatively impacted ECLU, while beyond this point, the impact became positive. The study also observed significant spatial spillover effects of off-farm employment on ECLU in the North China Plain. These findings underscore the complex interplay between rural labor migration and agricultural productivity. To maximize the benefits of off-farm employment, policies should encourage the reinvestment of income into sustainable agricultural practices. Furthermore, the significant spatial spillover effects call for enhanced regional coordination and tailored policy interventions to optimize labor allocation and improve ECLU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection is often associated with satellite RNA (satRNA), which can sometimes interfere with the replication and symptom expression of CMV. However, the mechanism underlying symptom attenuation has remained unclear. We previously discovered a larger type (than the usual type) of satellite RNA (satRNA TA-Tb) of CMV that reduced the symptom severity of CMV. Herein, we show that satRNA TA-Tb is associated with a reduction in CMV RNA accumulation, and particularly, a strong reduction of RNA4 accumulation at later stages of infection. Deletion analysis showed that the deletion of ten nucleotides of 5′ and 3′ termini, but not the internal sequence regions proximal to the 5′- and 3′-terminal regions, abolished satRNA TA-Tb replication. The alignment of satRNA TA-Tb with usual satRNA isolates showed four internal extra sequence regions (exR1–4) in satRNA TA-Tb. A satRNA TA-Tb mutant with deletion in the exR1 region retained the ability to attenuate CMV symptoms, whereas deletion of the exR2–4 regions abolished the attenuating effect of satRNA TA-Tb, but did not affect its replication. Overall, these results suggest that some short, internal extra sequence regions are dispensable for satRNA TA-Tb replication, but important for symptom attenuation function, supporting the possibility that the RNA structure of satRNA TA-Tb is important for its function in symptom attenuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]