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Abstract Butyrate (BU), a gut microbiota‐derived metabolite, has been reported to play a neuroprotective role in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the specific molecular mechanism of BU has not been fully interpreted. This work aimed to verify the protective effects of BU against MPTP/MPP+‐induced neurotoxicity and explore the mechanisms involved. The results showed that BU protected against MPTP‐induced motor dysfunction and decreased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) levels. Additionally, BU pretreatment improved PC12 cell viability and reduced MPP+‐induced PC12 cell apoptosis. BU treatment also attenuated MPP+‐stimulated oxidative stress and inflammatory response in PC12 cells. Furthermore, BU inhibited MPTP/MPP+‐induced hyperactivation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling in mice and PC12 cells. Besides, a JAK2 agonist, Coumermycin A1 (C‐A1), substantially reversed BU‐mediated inhibition on JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation in MPP+‐challenged PC12 cells and abated BU‐induced repression on MPP+‐triggered apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in PC12 cells. To sum up, BU might exert neuroprotective effects against MPP+/MPTP‐induced neurotoxicity by inactivating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling.

ObjectiveArteriolosclerosis cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a common type of CSVD. This study aimed to explore the factors associated with cognitive function and total MRI burden related to the disease.MethodsThe demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, cognitive function score, Barthel Index (BI), blood test index, and follow-up results of arteriolosclerosis CSVD patients treated for the first time in our hospital from January 2014 to August 2022 were collected. White matter hyperintensity (WMH) Fazekas score, total MRI burden, and cerebral atrophy grade were evaluated according to brain MRI findings. Factors associated with CSVD cognitive function were analyzed by binary logistic regression. The correlative factors related to the total MRI burden of CSVD were analyzed by ordered multiple logistic regression.ResultsA total of 146 patients were included in this study, of which 132 cases (90.4%) had hypertension. There were 108 patients (74.0%) with cognitive dysfunction, 97 patients (66.4%) with balance and gait disorders, and 83 patients (56.8%) with moderate-to-severe dependence in daily life (BI ≤ 60 points). Of 146 patients, 79 (54.1%) completed clinical and imaging follow-ups for a median of 3 years. The number of patients with cognitive impairment and BI ≤ 60 points after follow-up significantly increased compared with the first admission (P < 0.001). There were also significant differences in total MRI burden (P = 0.001), WMH Fazekas score, and cerebral atrophy grade (P < 0.001). Mean age (P = 0.012), median deep WMH Fazekas score (P = 0.028), and median deep (P < 0.001) and superficial (P =0.002) cerebral atrophy grade of patients with cognitive impairment at first admission were all higher than those with non-cognitive impairment. Multivariate analysis showed that deep cerebral atrophy was independently and significantly associated with cognitive impairment of CSVD (P = 0.024), and hypertension was significantly and independently associated with total MRI burden (P = 0.001).ConclusionThe disease course of arteriolosclerosis CSVD may be related to cognitive function and total MRI burden. Deep cerebral atrophy was an independent risk factor for cognitive dysfunction in arteriolosclerosis CSVD, and hypertension was an independent risk factor for total MRI burden.

BackgroundEndovascular treatment (EVT) is one of the effective treatment procedure for the symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (sICAS).Aim and methodsWe evaluated the efficacy and safety of individualized endovascular treatment for sICAS patients. Clinical and imaging follow-ups were carried out to collect the data of 29 sICAS patients after 6 months of individualized endovascular treatment. Different treatment strategies are selected based on arterial access and lesion morphology of patients. If standard surgical path, narrow artery straight, stenosis length ≤10 mm, then the appropriate specifications of balloon-mounted stent (BMS) treatment. the surgical path is tortuous, the narrow artery is curved, the angle is apparent, the diameter of the near and far ends is significantly different, or the length of the stenosis is >10 mm, self-expanding stent (SES) with appropriate specifications is selected for treatment. If the narrowed artery is hyper flexed and the surgeon deems stenting inappropriate, balloon dilation angioplasty (BDA) treatment is chosen.Results and conclusion31 lesions of 29 sICAS patients received endovascular treatment. The median age was 61 years (IQR 54–69 years). The median preoperative stenosis was 90% (IQR 80–95%), and the mean stenosis length was (8.10 ± 3.27) mm. The most commonly used surgical procedure was Balloon-Mounted Stent (BMS) in 19 cases (65.52%), Self-expanding Stent (SES) in seven cases (24.14%), Balloon Dilation Angioplasty (BDA) in three cases (10.34%). (11.86 + 1.46 mm) was greater than that in the BMS group (6.14 + 1.59 mm) (P < 0.001). The median stenosis was 90% (IQR 80–92.5%) in the BMS group, lower than 99% (IQR 95–100%) in the SES group (P < 0.001). The median post-operative residual stenosis was 20% (IQR 15–25%), significantly improved compared with preoperative (P < 0.001). The success rate of the surgical technique was 93.10% (27/29). One patient (3.45%) had IS recurrence within 48 h after surgery, and the restenosis rate within 6 months after surgery was 6.90% (2/29). No patient died or had recurrent IS. Our data demonstrated that individualized endovascular treatment method could be potentially significant and safe for sICAS patients. This study will provide an important reference for the endovascular treatment of sICAD.

Intertidal ecosystems are affected by severe nitrogen (N) pollution as a result of anthropogenic activities, and it is unclear how this may affect intertidal microbial communities, which play critical roles in regulating biogeochemical cycles. To address this gap, we conducted a two-month mesocosm experiment using six targeted concentrations of total N. The findings indicated that N entering seawaters has direct negative effects on the bacterial diversity. Dose dependence was found for the effects of N on bacterial diversity in sediment: low N addition increased the bacterial diversity, but a reduction in bacterial diversity occurred when N exceeded a certain value (≥ 3 mg L−1). Additionally, N enrichment caused clear shifts in bacterial community composition with increases in the relative abundance of Balneola (organic-degrading), Phalacroma mitra (carbohydrate-fermenting), and Bacteroides (phosphorus (P)-solubilizing), and decreases in Leptolyngbya_PPC_6406 (N2-fixing). The increased abundance in P-solubilizing and organic-degrading bacteria and decrease in N-fixing bacteria, combined with the upregulated activity of alkaline phosphatase and downregulation of urease activity, implied that the bacterial assemblage tended to be more effective in P and carbon acquisition but reduced N acquisition. Further path analysis suggested that N had direct effects on bacteria and contributed 50%–100% to the variations in bacterial diversity, whereas environmental changes such as dissolved oxygen and pH played minor roles. Overall, bacteria occurring in sediment were likely more stress-resistant to high N exposure than those occurring in seawater, possibly due to the high buffering capacity of sediment and growth tolerances of bacteria in the sediment. These findings point to the vulnerability of microbes in water systems to increasing global N loading, and that N reduction is needed to combat the loss of microbial diversity.

Topological phases in electronic structures contain a new type of topology, called fragile, which can arise, for example, when an elementary band representation (atomic limit band) splits into a particular set of bands. For the first time, we obtain a complete classification of the fragile topological phases, which can be diagnosed by symmetry eigenvalues, to find an incredibly rich structure that far surpasses that of stable or strong topological states. We find and enumerate hundreds of thousands of different fragile topological phases diagnosed by symmetry eigenvalues, and we link the mathematical structure of these phases to that of affine monoids in mathematics. Furthermore, for the first time, we predict and calculate (hundreds of realistic) materials where fragile topological bands appear, and we showcase the very best ones.

In magnetic topological insulators (TIs), the interplay between magnetic order and nontrivial topology can induce fascinating topological quantum phenomena, such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect, chiral Majorana fermions, and axion electrodynamics. Recently, a great deal of attention has been focused on the intrinsic magnetic TIs, where disorder effects can be eliminated to a large extent, which is expected to facilitate the emergence of topological quantum phenomena. Despite intensive efforts, experimental evidence of the topological surface states (SSs) remains elusive. Here, by combining first-principles calculations and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments, we reveal that EuSn_{2}As_{2} is an antiferromagnetic TI with the observation of Dirac SSs consistent with our prediction. We also observe nearly gapless Dirac SSs in antiferromagnetic TIs MnBi_{2n}Te_{3n+1} (n=1 and 2), which are absent in previous ARPES results. These results provide clear evidence for nontrivial topology of these intrinsic magnetic TIs. Furthermore, we find that the topological SSs show no observable changes across the magnetic transition within the experimental resolution, indicating that the magnetic order has a quite small effect on the topological SSs, which can be attributed to weak hybridization between the localized magnetic moments, from either 4f or 3d orbitals, and the topological electronic states. This finding provides insights for further research that the correlations between magnetism and topological states need to be strengthened to induce larger gaps in the topological SSs, which will facilitate the realization of topological quantum phenomena at higher temperatures.

In order to calculate the electronic structure of correlated materials, we propose implementation of the LDA+Gutzwiller method with Newton’s method. The self-consistence process, efficiency and convergence of calculation are improved dramatically by using Newton’s method with golden section search and other improvement approaches. We compare the calculated results by applying the previous linear mix method and Newton’s method. We have applied our code to study the electronic structure of several typical strong correlated materials, including SrVO3, LaCoO3, and La2O3Fe2Se2. Our results fit quite well with the previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]