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Abstract Historical buildings carry the key technologies and practical values throughout the development of architectural heritage. Investigating the restoration techniques for historical buildings under various forms of damage is an essential step in the conservation and utilization of these structures. Utilizing Web of Science (WOS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) as the primary databases, this study employs the PRISMA methodology to search and screen relevant research literature. A comprehensive review of the retained literature is conducted, analyzing publication trends, co-citation networks of authors and keywords, among other characteristics. To enhance the visibility of restoration techniques, three-dimensional modeling diagrams are created using actual case information of material or component damage as a reference, thereby increasing the referential value of the review content on historical building restoration techniques. The study provides a thorough review of over 30 restoration techniques corresponding to 9 types of damage from the perspectives of historical building walls and wooden components. Additionally, new materials or technologies mentioned in the retrieved literature are categorized; for instance, in the context of moisture-proof treatment for brick masonry, traditional methods are explained, and new research on electrochemical desalination and lipid-based waterproof materials is discussed and evaluated. Finally, given the multifaceted value and the variable mechanisms of damage in historical buildings, an analysis of the restoration process and techniques reveals that the restoration of historical buildings is a complex interdisciplinary process. The development and implementation of restoration plans should adhere to the principles of cultural relic protection to ensure their reasonableness and effectiveness, while also considering sustainability and environmental adaptability to protect and reuse historical buildings, thus leveraging their cultural and historical values. Moreover, the advancement of restoration techniques for historical buildings in the future should be based on the inheritance of traditional craftsmanship and materials, while also integrating new technologies, materials, and concepts to enhance the applicability and efficiency of traditional techniques.

Abstract With the continuous expansion of saline soils under climate change, understanding the eco-evolutionary tradeoff between the microbial mitigation of carbon limitation and the maintenance of functional traits in saline soils represents a significant knowledge gap in predicting future soil health and ecological function. Through shotgun metagenomic sequencing of coastal soils along a salinity gradient, we show contrasting eco-evolutionary directions of soil bacteria and archaea that manifest in changes to genome size and the functional potential of the soil microbiome. In salt environments with high carbon requirements, bacteria exhibit reduced genome sizes associated with a depletion of metabolic genes, while archaea display larger genomes and enrichment of salt-resistance, metabolic, and carbon-acquisition genes. This suggests that bacteria conserve energy through genome streamlining when facing salt stress, while archaea invest in carbon-acquisition pathways to broaden their resource usage. These findings suggest divergent directions in eco-evolutionary adaptations to soil saline stress amongst microbial clades and serve as a foundation for understanding the response of soil microbiomes to escalating climate change.

This study explored the effect of sesamol on the stability of walnut oil based on the changes of endogenous characteristics in the oxidation process, which provided a theoretical reference for the application of natural antioxidants in walnut oil. A total of 300 mg/kg sesamol (SP), compound antioxidant AC (sesamol 353.62 mg/kg, citric acid 149.60 mg/kg, and BHA 76.33 mg/kg) and 35% sesame oil (35%-SO) were added to walnut oil respectively; in addition, 200 mg/kg t-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and citric acid were used as controls and blank walnut oil to study their effects on peroxide value, acid value, carbonyl compounds, conjugated olefins, phenols, flavonoids, sterols, vitamin E, β-carotene, and 51 fatty acids of walnut oil and their correlation between endogenous antioxidant components. The results showed that the addition of SP, 35%-SO, and AC could inhibit the increase of peroxide value, acid value, and carbonyl compounds in walnut oil, and could inhibit the decrease of β-carotene, total phenols, total sterols, and vitamin E. SP and 35%-SO could inhibit the decrease of total flavonoids, and several antioxidants could inhibit the decrease of endogenous antioxidant components in walnut oil. At the same time, it can better inhibit the change of unsaturated fatty acids in walnut oil. By the end of oxidation, the unsaturated fatty acids of blank walnut oil decreased by 10.31%, but AC, SP, and 35%-SO treatment groups increased by 10.90, 5.09 and 4.13%, respectively. Indicating that it had a certain protective effect on unsaturated fatty acids in walnut oil. There was a certain correlation between the endogenous substances of walnut oil. so the addition of several antioxidants can enhance the endogenous antioxidants of walnut oil, inhibit the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, and inhibit the increase of carbonyl compounds, codienes, acid value, and peroxide value. SP and AC have better antioxidant effects on walnut oil and improve the stability of walnut oil.

Background This study aimed to investigate the potential role of ferroptosis/hypoxia-related genes in cervical cancer to improve early management and treatment of cervical cancer.Methods All data were downloaded from public databases. Ferroptosis/hypoxia-related genes associated with cervical cancer prognosis were selected to construct a risk score model. The relationship between risk score and clinical features, immune microenvironment and prognosis were analysed.Results Risk score model was constructed based on eight signature genes. Drug prediction analysis showed that bevacizumab and cisplatin were related to vascular endothelial growth factor A. Risk score, as an independent prognostic factor of cervical cancer, had a good survival prediction effect. The two groups differed significantly in degree of immune cell infiltration, gene expression, tumour mutation burden and somatic variation.Conclusions We developed a novel prognostic gene signature combining ferroptosis/hypoxia-related genes, which provides new ideas for individual treatment of cervical cancer.

Abstract Introduction Microbial‐driven litter decomposition contributes significantly to global carbon (C) turnover. Fungi play central roles in the degradation process due to their ability to hydrolyse recalcitrant litter components. The spatiotemporal variations in taxonomic composition of litter‐degrading fungi have been well documented. However, associated variations in litter‐degradation‐related functional composition of fungal communities remain unexplored. Materials and Methods In this study, a 16‐week field‐based buried rice straw experiment was conducted at three experimental sites across subtropical China in combination with laboratory 13C‐straw‐based DNA stable‐isotope probing (DNA‐SIP) microcosm experiments. Amplicon sequencing combined with shotgun metagenomic sequencing were the approaches of choice. Results The field experiment showed that the taxonomic composition of the straw‐degrading fungal community was highly variable while the functional composition was rather stable. The higher permutational multivariate analysis of variation F scores (20.904−48.660) and the steeper slopes (1.92 E‐04−4.15E‐04) of the distance decay relationship for taxonomic composition than for function across periods (with lower F scores = 7.047−21.601 and gradual slopes = −1.33 E‐05 to −1.03E‐04) both indicated that the spatiotemporal patterns of functional composition in litter‐degrading fungi community were more conserved. The laboratory DNA‐SIP confirmed the field observations and showed that the conserved functional composition in litter‐degrading fungi was underpinned by a high functional redundancy of Basidiomycota. Conclusion Function and taxonomy of litter‐degrading fungi were decoupled. The functional composition of the litter‐degrading fungal community was highly conserved in space and time, the taxonomic composition less so. The main drivers behind the observed taxonomic decoupling are probably/most likely functional redundancy and metabolic niche selection resulting in conservation of function, with changing environmental conditions and dispersal limitation drove the observed high taxonomic turnover of the community over the course of the litter degradation progression. Our study provides valuable insights in the ecology of fungi and their roles in in global C sequestration for ecosystem sustainable development.

Abstract Artificial lights can cause critical microbial biodeterioration of heritage monuments by promoting the outbreak of phototrophic microbiomes when they are used for touristic viewing. Here, with the ultimate aim of providing innovative solutions for the conservation and visiting of such monuments, we conducted a pioneering two-year in situ manipulative experiment to evaluate the impacts of different artificial light wavelengths (i.e., blue, green and red lights compared to white light) on the phototrophic microbiome of a millennial Chinese imperial mausoleum. Our results show that artificial light can shape the ecophysiological features of the phototrophic bacteriome in this monument and reduce its potential for further biodeterioration. In general, Cyanobacteria dominated (42.0% of the total relative abundance) the phototrophic bacteriome of this cultural relic; however, they were also very sensitive to the choice of artificial light. Compared to white light, monochromatic light, especially green light, reduced Cyanobacteria abundances (18.6%) by decreasing photosynthetic pigment abundances (42.9%); decreased the abundances of heterotrophic species belonging to Proteobacteria (4.5%) and the proportion of genes (6.1%) associated with carbon (i.e., carbon fixation), nitrogen (i.e., denitrification), and sulfur (i.e., dissimilatory sulfate reduction) cycling; and further decreased organic acid (10.1–14.1%) production of the phototrophic bacteriome, which is known to be involved in biodeterioration. Taken together, our findings constitute a major advancement in understanding how light wavelengths influence the phototrophic microbiome in cultural relics, and we found that artificial lights with certain wavelengths (e.g., green light) can help long-term conservation while allowing tourism activities.

BackgroundSarcopenia, a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, needs to initially prevent in the twenties. Meanwhile, there is a lack of research on the effects of fat consumption on skeletal muscle mass and strength in adults aged 20–59. We aimed to assess associations between dietary fat intake and skeletal muscle mass, as measured by appendicular lean mass adjusted for body mass index (ALMBMI), and muscle strength, as represented by handgrip strength adjusted for body mass index (GSMAXBMI), among adults aged 20–59.MethodsDietary fat intake per kilogram of actual body weight was assessed using two 24h recalls, while ALM and GSMAX were measured using DXA and a handgrip dynamometer, respectively. A weighted multiple linear regression model was employed to analyze the association between dietary fat intake and skeletal muscle mass, utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spanning from 2011 to 2014. To assess the non-linear relationship and saturation value between dietary fat intake and skeletal muscle mass, a smooth curve fitting approach and a saturation effect analysis model were utilized.ResultsThe study comprised a total of 5356 subjects. After adjusting for confounding factors, there was a positive association observed between dietary fat intake and ALMBMI as well as GSMAXBMI. The relationship between dietary fat intake and ALMBMI showed an inverted U-shaped curve, as did the association with GSMAXBMI. Turning points were observed at 1.88 g/kg/d for total fat intake and ALMBMI, as well as at 1.64 g/kg/d for total fat intake and GSMAXBMI. Furthermore, turning points were still evident when stratifying by gender, age, protein intake, and physical activity. The turning points were lower in individuals with low protein intake(

Abstract Background Microbial-driven decomposition of plant residues is integral to carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. Actinobacteria, one of the most widely distributed bacterial phyla in soils, are known for their ability to degrade plant residues in vitro. However, their in situ importance and specific activity across contrasting ecological environments are not known. Here, we conducted three field experiments with buried straw in combination with microcosm experiments with 13C-straw in paddy soils under different soil fertility levels to reveal the ecophysiological roles of Actinobacteria in plant residue decomposition. Results While accounting for only 4.6% of the total bacterial abundance, the Actinobacteria encoded 16% of total abundance of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). The taxonomic and functional compositions of the Actinobacteria were, surprisingly, relatively stable during straw decomposition. Slopes of linear regression models between straw chemical composition and Actinobacterial traits were flatter than those for other taxonomic groups at both local and regional scales due to holding genes encoding for full set of CAZymes, nitrogenases, and antibiotic synthetases. Ecological co-occurrence network and 13C-based metagenomic analyses both indicated that their importance for straw degradation increased in less fertile soils, as both links between Actinobacteria and other community members and relative abundances of their functional genes increased with decreasing soil fertility. Conclusions This study provided DNA-based evidence that non-dominant Actinobacteria plays a key ecophysiological role in plant residue decomposition as their members possess high proportions of CAZymes and as a group maintain a relatively stable presence during plant residue decomposition both in terms of taxonomic composition and functional roles. Their importance for decomposition was more pronounced in less fertile soils where their possession functional genes and interspecies interactions stood out more. Our work provides new ecophysiological angles for the understanding of the importance of Actinobacteria in global carbon cycling. Video abstract

Passion fruit wine is a popular fruit wine because of its unique aroma. However, the roles of microorganisms in different fermentation methods, particularly their contributions to aroma formation, are poorly understood. Accordingly, the goal of this study is to reveal the contribution of different fermentation methods to the flavor. Purple passion fruit was used as the experimental focus; high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the microbial community of CF (controlled fermentation) and NF (natural fermentation), and the correlations between the microbial community and physicochemical indices, nonvolatile metabolites and flavor substances were analyzed. In NF, totals of eight fungal phyla, 135 fungal genera, 15 bacterial phyla and 130 bacterial genera were identified. Debaryomyces, Meyerozyma, and Wickerhamomyces were the dominant fungal genera, and Paucibacter and Pantoea were the dominant bacterial genera. In CF, totals of 11 fungal phyla, 389 fungal genera, 15 bacterial phyla and 128 bacterial genera were identified. Meyerozyma, Cladosporium, and Saccharomyces were the dominant fungal genera, and Paucibacter, Achromobacter, and Lactobacillus were the dominant bacterial genera. In NF, Wickerhamomyces, Achromobacter, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were positively correlated with flavor substances such as ethylene glycol acetate formate, 2-pentanol, acetate, phenylethyl alcohol and 1-butanol, 3-methyl-. In CF, Saccharomyces, Achromobacter and Lactobacillus were positively correlated with a variety of esters and alcohols such as decanoic acid, ethyl ester, dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester and phenylethyl alcohol. Overall, this study can provide a valuable resource for further developments and improve the aromatic quality of passion fruit wine.

High computational requirement and rigorous memory cost are the significant issues which limit Convolutional Neural Networks' deployability in resource-constrained environments typically found in edge devices of Internet-of-Things (IoT). To address the problem, binary and ternary networks have been proposed to constrain the weights to reduce computational and memory costs. However, owing to the binary or ternary values, the backward propagations are not as efficient as normal during training, which makes it tough to train in edge devices. In this paper, we find a different way to resolve the problem and propose Fixed-Sign Binary Neural Network (FSB), which decomposes convolution kernel into sign and scaling factor as the prior researches but only trains the scaling factors instead of both. By doing so, our FSB avoids the sign involved in backward propagations and makes models easy to be deployed and trained in the IoT devices. Meanwhile, the convolution-acceleration architecture which we design for our FSB results in a reduced computing burden while achieving the same performance. Thanks to the efficiency of our FSB, even though we randomly initialize the sign and fix it to be untrainable, our FSB still has remarkable performances.

Air-dried soil archives are important for microbial ecology research, although the process of air-drying preservation inevitably destroys the original microbial information in soils. Only upon fully understanding the limitations of air-dried soil can it play a greater role. The value of air-dried soil depends on the fidelity of microbial community structure information in the air-dried soil relative to that in fresh soil. To evaluate this, high-throughput sequencing was applied to investigate the microbial community of fresh soils and 227 days air-dried archives from typical farmland under a large spatial scale, and PERMANOVA was used to analyze the explanation proportion (EP) of the spatial factor on the microbial community structure in any paired-fresh or air-dried soils. The results show that for any paired soils, the value of EP ranged from 42.4% to 97.9% (p < 0.001). Importantly, taking fresh soil as a reference, the value of EP declined in air-dried soils (effect size r = 0.79, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the standardized difference in EP between fresh and air-dried soil (NDEP) was used to characterize the fidelity of variance source of microbial community structure in air-dried soils, and correlation tests showed that NDEP was negatively correlated with spatial distance (r = −0.21, p < 0.01) and with environmental difference (r = −0.37, p < 0.001). Further analyses show that larger NDEP was observed at a spatial distance

The dynamic patterns of the belowground microbial communities and their corresponding metabolic functions, when exposed to various environmental disturbances, are important for the understanding and development of sustainable agricultural systems. In this study, a two-year field experiment with soils subjected to: chemical fertilization (F), mushroom residues (MR), combined application of chemical fertilizers and mushroom residues (MRF), and no-fertilization (CK) was conducted to evaluate the effect of fertilization on the soil bacterial taxonomic and functional compositions as well as on the rice yield. The highest rice yield was obtained under MRF. Soil microbial properties (microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), urease, invertase, acid phosphatase, and soil dehydrogenase activities) reflected the rice yield better than soil chemical characteristics (soil organic matter (SOM), total N (TN), total K (TK), available P (AP), available K (AK), and pH). Although the dominant bacterial phyla were not significantly different among fertilizations, 10 bacterial indicator taxa that mainly belonged to Actinobacteria (Nocardioides, Marmoricola, Tetrasphaera, and unclassified Intrasporangiaceae) with functions of xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism and amino acid and nucleotide metabolism were found to strongly respond to MRF. Random Forest (RF) modeling further revealed that these 10 bacterial indicator taxa act as drivers for soil dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, pH, TK, and C/N cycling, which directly and/or indirectly determine the rice yield. Our study demonstrated the explicit links between bacterial indicator communities, community function, soil nutrient cycling, and crop yield under organic and inorganic amendments, and highlighted the advantages of the combined chemical and organic fertilization in agroecosystems.

Influenza viral infections are significant global public health concerns due to the morbidity and mortality associated with acute respiratory disease, secondary complications, and pandemic threats; thus, continuous efforts have been made to develop potent influenza vaccines. In this study, 3 different mucosal adjuvants—alkyl polyglycoside (APG), gellan gum, and chitosan (CS)—were evaluated for their efficacy in intranasal A/H1N1 or B split influenza vaccines administered to BALB/c mice. Protective immunity was monitored by serum analysis for IgG, hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and neutralizing antibody levels, as well as mucosal IgA levels in nasal and pulmonary lavage fluids. Survival, body weight, lung viral titer, and pulmonary immunopathology were also examined following lethal influenza challenge. Notably, all adjuvants amplified the IgG and IgA immune responses (not detected in immunization of influenza B) and increased survival rate compared with controls administered adjuvant-free intranasal vaccines. Alternatively, intramuscular immunization stimulated IgG production, but had no effect on IgA levels. Our collective analysis identified that APG was the most effective intranasal adjuvant, as all mice survived influenza challenge with limited body weight loss, viral titer, and pulmonary pathology, similar to those observed with intramuscular vaccination. This evidence supports that APG can elicit both systemic and mucosal immunity, and may be an effective adjuvant in intranasal split influenza A/H1N1 and B vaccines.

BackgroundLittle is known about the plasma levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and the relationship between the severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) with NT-proBNP and multiple biomarkers in diabetic and pre-diabetic patients, compared to individuals with normal glucose levels.MethodsFour hundred and fifteen consecutive Chinese patients of both sexes were assigned to three groups on the basis of the new hemoglobin (Hb) A1c (HbA1c) cut-off points for diagnosis of diabetes and pre-diabetes. The three groups were divided into tertiles according to NT-proBNP, hs-CRP, cystatin C, and troponin T levels. Gensini scores were compared among the three groups and biomarker tertiles. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to obtain the angiographic CHD cut-off points for each biomarker. Stepwise multivariate linear correlation analysis was applied to examine the association between the severity of CHD and biomarker levels.ResultsGensini scores increased with increasing biomarker tertile levels and HbA1c. Gensini scores were significantly different in the middle and upper NT-proBNP tertiles of the diabetic, pre-diabetic and control groups. NT-proBNP had the highest positive and negative predictive values and area under the curve for CHD. Only NT-proBNP was identified as an independent variable for Gensini score.ConclusionsPlasma NT-proBNP may be an important biomarker to evaluate the severity of CHD and screen for CHD in diabetic or pre-diabetic patients.

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is one of the main nutrients necessary for plant growth. Phosphate transporters mediate the acquisition, transport and recycling of phosphate, which is essential for plant growth and development. Although PHT1 has been reported in many plants at home and abroad, it is rarely studied in potato. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the PHT1 family members in order to understand the molecular response mechanism of potato in low phosphate state. In this study, a total of 6 potato PHT1 genes were identified and isolated. It was found that after the expression of different members of potato PHT1 gene, there were certain differences in amino acids and proteins, and the transmembrane domains ranged from 6 to 12. The difference in the secondary and tertiary protein structure of potato PHT1 also led to a difference in protein morphology. In addition, the expression of the PHT1 gene in potato increased obviously during 3~9 h of Pi deficiency stress. Overall, the expression levels of different genes in roots, stems and leaves are distinctly different, but the expression levels of the StPHT1;6 and StPHT1;10 genes are very high in roots, stems and leaves, indicating that these two genes may participate in the absorption of Pi in potato and play a role in Pi translocation. These two genes play a major role in the regulation of expression under short-term Pi deficiency stress. Our results provide an important reference for further understanding the evolution and function of potato phosphate transporters, and have important significance for improving the ability of potato to tolerate low Pi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]