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A network pharmacological approach was used to predict active ingredients in apples that may have therapeutic effects on hemolysis-induced hyperbilirubinemia and their potential targets, enrichment pathways and action process and to construct adisease-pathway-active component-target network for apples. Autodock software was used to perform molecular docking of key active ingredients and potential targets to verify the reliability of the network analysis results. Furthermore, the effect of apple alcohol extract (AE) on hemolysis-induced hyperbilirubinemia in rats was explored. The results showed that 17 active ingredients of apples with high gastrointestinal absorption and excellent drug-like properties were selected, among which, quercetin, 2α-hydroxyl-ursolic acid, β-sitosterol, phloretin and epicatechin could make important contribution to the treatment of hemolysis-induced hyperbilirubinemia. The top 5 targets in terms of moderate values in the network, including the serine/threonine protein kinase (Akt1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the tyrosine kinase (SRC), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) could exert therapeutic effects through the bile secretion pathway, the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 signaling pathway, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Molecular docking was performed on the major active ingredients and the core targets selected by the network, and the results showed a strong affinity between the active ingredients and the potential targets with reliable results from the network analysis. The animal experimental results indicated that compared with the blank control group, the model group had a significant decrease in hemoglobin (HB) levels in the blood and a significant increase in the levels of total bilirubin (TB), indirect bilirubin (IB), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), TNF-α, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, HB levels increased and while the levels of TB, IB, ALT, AST, TNF-α and IL-6 significantly decreased in the AE intervention and positive control groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). In summary, apples reduce hemolysis-induced hyperbilirubinemia, which will provide a basis for research on non-invasive therapy for neonatal jaundice.

Two new chromogenic sensors 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)thiourea 1 and 1-(3-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)thiourea 2 bearing nitrophenyl and thiourea groups were designed and synthesized by one-step procedure and characterized through [.sup.1]H NMR, [.sup.13]C NMR, FTIR, and MS. The anion recognition property of the receptors was studied via naked-eye detection, UV-vis, and [.sup.1]H NMR. Based on the existence of amino gen and hydroxyl moieties in receptors, receptors 1 and 2 exhibit obvious selectivity by the redshift of UV-vis signals, colour changes through naked-eye detection, and binding effects for [F.sup.-], [H.sub.2]P[O.sup.4.sub.-], and [Ac.sup.-]. Surprisingly, the detection limits of receptor 1 for [F.sup.-] and [Ac.sup.-] were calculated to be 5.45 * [10.sup.-7] and 2.11 * [10.sup.-7] [(mol/L).sup.-1], respectively, which indicated that [F.sup.-] and [Ac.sup.-] can be identified with high sensitivity by receptor 1. Besides, simple 'test strips' were developed and were used as sensors for recognition of [F.sup.-],[H.sub.2]P[O.sub.4.sup.1]-,or [Ac.sup.-] in DMSO solution. Lastly, the mechanisms of the recognition process were studied through DFT calculation and [.sup.1]H NMR titration. Key words: naked eye sensing, thiourea, DFT calculation, colorimetric. Nous avons conçu et synthetise deux nouveaux capteurs chromogènes, le 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)thiouree 1 et le 1-(3-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)thiouree 2, portant des groupes nitrophenyle et thiouree par une procedure en une etape, et nous les avons caracterises par spectroscopie RMN [.sup.1]H, RMN [.sup.13]C et FTIR, et par spectrometrie de masse. Nous avons evalue à l'oeil nu la propriete de reconnaissance anionique de ces recepteurs, ainsi que par spectroscopie UV-vis et RMN [.sup.1]H. En raison de la presence de groupes azotes et hydroxyles sur les recepteurs 1 et 2, ceux-ci presentent une selectivite evidente, qui se manifeste par un deplacement vers le rouge des signaux d'absorption UV-vis, des changements de couleur visibles à l'oeil nu et des effets de liaison avec les ions [F.sup.-],[H.sub.2]P[O.sub.4.sup.-] et [Ac.sup.-]. Étonnamment, les limites de detection du recepteur 1 que nous avons calculees pour les ions [F.sup.-] et [Ac.sup.-] etaient respectivement de 5,45 * [10.sup.-7] et de 2,11 * [10.sup.-7] [(mol/L).sup.-1], ce qui indique que les ions [F.sup.-] et [Ac.sup.-] peuvent être detectes avec une grande sensibilite par le recepteur 1. En outre, nous avons mis au point des bandelettes d'analyse simples à utiliser comme capteurs pour la reconnaissance des ions [F.sup.-],[H.sub.2]P[O.sub.4.sup.-] ou [Ac.sup.-] en solution dans le DMSO. Enfin, nous avons etudie les mecanismes du processus de reconnaissance par des calculs DFT et des experiences de titrage par RMN [.sup.1]H. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : detection à l'oeil nu, thiouree, calculs DFT, colorimetrique., Introduction Recognition of anions through chemical sensors has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to anion's crucial role in various areas such as biological fields, medical systems, and environmental [...]

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In this study, we aimed to develop a degradable nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) fertilizer with properties of slow release, water retention, and remediation of saline soil; the nitrogen and phosphorus was coated with starch/poly(acrylic acid- co-acrylamide) [poly(AA- co-AM)] superabsorbent (SAAmF) by reverse suspension radical copolymerization. The variable influences on the water absorbency were investigated and optimized. The results of the structure and morphology characterization of SAAmF show that poly(AA- co-AM) was grafted partly from the chain of starch, and the different contents of starch brought about a difference in the size of the three-dimensional net hole of the coating polymer. The property of water retention, the behaviors of slow release of nutrient, and the degradation of the SAAmF were evaluated, respectively, and the results revealed that the water transpiration ratio of soil with SAAmF was lower by approximately 8 percentage points than that of the blank test, about 60% nutrient was released from SAAmF by the 30th day, and 32 wt % of SAAmF with a content of starch of 20% was degraded after 55 days. Moreover, a considerable decrease in the conductivity was observed, which revealed a sharp reduction in the concentration of residual ions for the soil mixed with SAAmF. It may be inferred from these that the product seems to be a promising vehicle for the management of soils, including saline soils. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, a novel water-insoluble slow-release fertilizer, biuret polyphosphoramide (BPAM), was formulated and synthesized from urea, phosphoric acid (H(3)PO(4)), and ferric oxide (Fe(2)O(3)). The structure of BPAM was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Subsequently, a coated slow-release BPAM fertilizer with superabsorbent was prepared by ionic cross-linked carboxymethylchitosan (the core), acrylic acid, acrylamide, and active carbon (the coating). The variable influences on the water absorbency were investigated and optimized. Component analysis results showed that the coated slow-release BPAM contained 5.66% nitrogen and 11.7% phosphorus. The property of water retention, the behavior of slow release of phosphorus, and the capacity of adsorption of cations were evaluated, and the results revealed that the product not only had good slow-release property and excellent water retention capacity but also higher adsorption capacities of cations in saline soil.