Search

The emergence of coordinated network function during nervous system development is often associated with critical periods. These phases are sensitive to activity perturbations during, but not outside, of the critical period, that can lead to permanently altered network function for reasons that are not well understood. In particular, the mechanisms that transduce neuronal activity to regulating changes in neuronal physiology or structure are not known. Here, we take advantage of a recently identified invertebrate model for studying critical periods, the Drosophila larval locomotor system. Manipulation of neuronal activity during this critical period is sufficient to increase synaptic excitation and to permanently leave the locomotor network prone to induced seizures. Using genetics and pharmacological manipulations, we identify nitric oxide (NO)-signaling as a key mediator of activity. Transiently increasing or decreasing NO-signaling during the critical period mimics the effects of activity manipulations, causing the same lasting changes in synaptic transmission and susceptibility to seizure induction. Moreover, the effects of increased activity on the developing network are suppressed by concomitant reduction in NO-signaling and enhanced by additional NO-signaling. These data identify NO signaling as a downstream effector, providing new mechanistic insight into how activity during a critical period tunes a developing network.

Manipulating neuronal homeostasis, which enables neurons to regulate their intrinsic excitability, offers an attractive opportunity to prevent seizures. However, no anticonvulsant compounds have yet been reported that directly manipulate neuronal homeostasis. Here, we describe a novel class of anticonvulsant compounds, based on 4-tert-butyl-benzaldehyde (4-TBB), with a mode-of-action that includes increased expression of the homeostatic regulator Pumilio (Pum). In Drosophila and mouse we use a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizure model, and an electrically induced seizure model for refractory seizures to evaluate anticonvulsant efficacy. The pyrazole analogue (RAB216) demonstrates best efficacy, protecting 50% of mice from PTZ-induced seizure. Knock-down of Pum, in Drosophila, blocks anticonvulsive effects, whilst analysis of validated Pum targets show significant reductions following exposure of mouse brain to 4-TBB. This study provides proof-of-principle that anticonvulsant effects can be achieved through regulation of neuronal homeostasis and identifies a chemical lead compound for future development.

Mapping the wired connectivity of a nervous system is a prerequisite for full understanding of function. In this respect, such endeavours can be likened to genome sequencing projects. These projects similarly produce impressive amounts of data which, whilst a technical tour-de-force, remain under-utilised without validation. Validation of neuron synaptic connectivity requires electrophysiology which has the necessary temporal and spatial resolution to map synaptic connectivity. However, this technique is not common and requires extensive equipment and training to master, particularly when applied to the small CNS of the Drosophila larva. Thus, validation of connectivity in this CNS has been more reliant on behavioural analyses and, in particular, activity imaging using the calcium-sensor GCaMP. Whilst both techniques are powerful, they each have significant limitations for this purpose. Here we use electrophysiology to validate an array of driver lines reported to label specific premotor interneurons that the Drosophila connectome project suggests are monosynaptically connected to an identified motoneuron termed the anterior corner cell (aCC). Our results validate this proposition for four selected lines. Thus, in addition to validating the connectome with respect to these four premotor interneurons, our study highlights the need to functionally validate driver lines prior to use.

Female breast cancer (BC) became the most commonly diagnosed cancer globally in 2020. One of the hallmarks of BC is both intratumor and intertumor heterogeneity. Efforts have been made to categorize this heterogeneity based on the presence or absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ERBB2). Receptor expression patterns are used to stratify BC and the subsequent treatments. Much of the current knowledge of breast cancer comes from in vitro and in vivo studies using well established cell lines, some of which have been cultured since the 1950s. Given that serial passaging over many years has been reported to alter the mutational profile of cell lines and therefore their relevance to clinical decisions on the primary tumour, new near-tumor cell models need to be generated. In this study, tumour biopsies or ascitic fluids were obtained from a local cancer research biobank, as well as directly from metastatic BC patients across the globe. Using mechanical dissociation and cell separation techniques we isolated tumor cells and grew them in proprietary media. The resultant models were subjected to whole exome and RNA sequencing. In addition, the models were tested in a 3-day cell death assay against a library of more than 50 FDA-approved drugs. The models and four BC cell lines (HCC1937, ZR-75-1, MDA-MB-436 and HCC1428) were also tested in a longer term 7-day assay against a panel of four poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. A total of 10 patient-derived cell (PDC) models were successfully established from biopsies or ascitic fluids taken from patients with primary (1/10) or metastatic (9/10) BC. Models were established from patients with ER+ BC, HER2+ BC and triple negative BC (TNBC) within an average of 23 days from sample arrival. All models displayed a greater sensitivity to the non-targeted drugs in the library compared with the targeted drugs. Mutations in breast cancer associated 1 (BRCA1) and BRCA2 genes that were not present in BC cell lines were identified in a subset of the PDCs. All models showed some sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, and most were exquisitely sensitive to talazoparib with IC50s of less than 100 nM. Determining cell death responses in near-tumour PDCs should thus be adopted to enable more informed clinical decisions for treatment pathways and in parallel will be promising tools for oncology drug discovery. Citation Format: Immaculate Nalubowa, Subir Singh, Yuen Ngan Fan, Rachel Howard-Jones, Albert Bezman, Dominic I. James, Geoff Muckle, Gareth J. Griffiths. Differential sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in patient-derived cell models of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2021 Oct 7-10. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2021;20(12 Suppl):Abstract nr P119.

As nervous systems develop, activity perturbations during critical periods can lead to permanently altered network function. However, how activity perturbation influences individual synapses, the network response and the underlying signalling mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we exploit a recently identified critical period in the development of the Drosophila larval locomotor circuit to show that activity perturbation differentially affects individual and identified synaptic pairings. Remarkably, we further show that activity-manipulation of a selective excitatory interneuron is sufficient to fully recapitulate the effects induced by network-wide activity disturbance; indicative that some neurons make a greater contribution to network tuning. We identify nitric oxide (NO)-signalling as a potential mediator of activity-dependent network tuning during the critical period. Significantly, the effect of NO-signalling to network tuning is dictated by the prior activity state of the network. Thus, this study provides mechanistic insight that is currently lacking into how activity during a critical period tunes a developing network.

Summary Metastasis is the leading cause of death for patients with cancer. Consequently it is imperative that we improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie progression of tumor growth toward malignancy. Advances in genome characterization technologies have been very successful in identifying commonly mutated or misregulated genes in a variety of human cancers. However, the difficulty in evaluating whether these candidates drive tumor progression remains a major challenge. Using the genetic amenability of Drosophila melanogaster we generated tumors with specific genotypes in the living animal and carried out a detailed systematic loss-of-function analysis to identify conserved genes that enhance or suppress epithelial tumor progression. This enabled the discovery of functional cooperative regulators of invasion and the establishment of a network of conserved invasion suppressors. This includes constituents of the cohesin complex, whose loss of function either promotes individual or collective cell invasion, depending on the severity of effect on cohesin complex function., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Screen identifies genes that affect tumor behavior in a wide variety of ways • A functionally validated network of invasion-suppressor genes was generated • Loss of cohesin complex function can promote individual or collective cell invasion • The fly pupal notum is an excellent in vivo system to study tumor progression, Biological Sciences; Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Cancer

Despite availability of a diverse range of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), only about two-thirds of epilepsy patients respond well to drug treatment. Thus, novel targets are required to catalyse the design of next-generation AEDs. Manipulation of neuron firing-rate homoeostasis, through enhancing Pumilio (Pum) activity, has been shown to be potently anticonvulsant in Drosophila. In this study, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen in S2R + cells, using a luciferase-based dPum activity reporter and identified 1166 genes involved in dPum regulation. Of these genes, we focused on 699 genes that, on knock-down, potentiate dPum activity/expression. Of this subgroup, 101 genes are activity-dependent based on comparison with genes previously identified as activity-dependent by RNA-sequencing. Functional cluster analysis shows these genes are enriched in pathways involved in DNA damage, regulation of cell cycle and proteasomal protein catabolism. To test for anticonvulsant activity, we utilised an RNA-interference approach in vivo. RNAi-mediated knockdown showed that 57/101 genes (61%) are sufficient to significantly reduce seizure duration in the characterized seizure mutant, para

Solid tumours are less oxygenated than normal tissues. This is called tumour hypoxia and leads to resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The molecular mechanisms underlying such resistance have been investigated in a range of tumour types, including the adult brain tumours glioblastoma, yet little is known for paediatric brain tumours. Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumour in children. Here we used a common MB cell line (D283-MED), to investigate the mechanisms of chemo and radio-resistance in MB, comparing to another MB cell line (MEB-Med8A) and to a widely used glioblastoma cell line (U87MG). In D283-MED and U87MG, chronic hypoxia (5 days), but not acute hypoxia (24 h) induced resistance to etoposide and X-ray irradiation. This acquired resistance upon chronic hypoxia was much less pronounced in MEB-Med8A cells. Using a transcriptomic approach in D283-MED cells, we found a large transcriptional remodelling upon long term hypoxia, in particular the expression of a number of genes involved in detection and repair of double strand breaks (DSB) was altered. The levels of Nibrin (NBN) and MRE11, members of the MRN complex (MRE11/Rad50/NBN) responsible for DSB recognition, were significantly down-regulated. This was associated with a reduction of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) activation by etoposide, indicating a profound dampening of the DNA damage signalling in hypoxic conditions. As a consequence, p53 activation by etoposide was reduced, and cell survival enhanced. Whilst U87MG shared the same dampened p53 activity, upon chemotherapeutic drug treatment in chronic hypoxic conditions, these cells used a different mechanism, independent of the DNA damage pathway. Together our results demonstrate a new mechanism explaining hypoxia-induced resistance involving the alteration of the response to DSB, but also highlight the cell type to cell type diversity and the necessity to take into account the differing tumour genetic make-up when considering re-sensitisation therapeutic protocols.