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Abstract Digital Micromirror Devices, extensively employed in projection displays offer rapid, polarization-independent beam steering. However, they are constrained by microelectromechanical system limitations, resulting in reduced resolution, limited beam steering angle and poor stability, which hinder further performance optimization. Liquid Crystal on Silicon technology, employing liquid crystal (LC) and silicon chip technology, with properties of high resolution, high contrast and good stability. Nevertheless, its polarization-dependent issues lead to complex system and low efficiency in device applications. This paper introduces a hybrid integration of metallic metasurface with nematic LC, facilitating a polarization-independent beam steering device capable of large-angle deflections. Employing principles of geometrical phase and plasmonic resonances, the metallic metasurface, coupled with an electronically controlled LC, allows for dynamic adjustment, achieving a maximum deflection of ± 27.1°. Additionally, the integration of an LC-infused dielectric grating for dynamic phase modulation and the metasurface for polarization conversion ensures uniform modulation effects across all polarizations within the device. We verify the device’s large-angle beam deflection capability and polarization insensitivity effect in simulations and propose an optimization scheme to cope with the low efficiency of individual diffraction stages.

Abstract The vectorial optical field (VOF) assumes a pivotal role in light-matter interactions. Beyond its inherent polarization topology, the VOF also encompasses an intrinsic degree of freedom associated with parity (even or odd), corresponding to a pair of degenerate orthogonal modes. However, previous research has not delved into the simultaneous manipulation of both even and odd parities. In this study, we introduce and validate the previously unexplored parity Hall effect for vectorial modes using a metasurface design. Our focus lies on a cylindrical vector beam (CVB) as a representative case. Through the tailored metasurface, we effectively separate two degenerate CVBs with distinct parities in divergent directions, akin to the observed spin states split in the spin Hall effect. Additionally, we provide experimental evidence showcasing the capabilities of this effect in multi-order CVB demultiplexing and parity-demultiplexed CVB-encoded holography. This effect unveils promising opportunities for various applications, including optical communication and imaging.

Background: The gut microbiota (GM) plays an important role in the development of immune-related diseases, and the immune response is one of the pathomechanisms of depression (Dep); whether the effect of GM on Dep is mediated by immune cells (ImC) is unclear. Objective: ImC may mediate the effect of GM on Dep. Our aim is to identify and quantify the role of immune characteristics as potential mediators. Methods: Pooled statistics for GM (n = 7738) and ImC (n = 3757) were obtained from publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and for Dep (n = 47,696) from the Finnish database R10. We used a mediated Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate the causal relationship between GM and Dep and the mediating role of ImC between GM and Dep associations. Results: The results showed that the genetically predicted GM was significantly correlated with both ImC as well as Dep. MR analysis identified five microbiomes that had significant causal effects on Dep (Methionine biosynthesis III, PWY-6737-Starch degradation V, Parasutterella excrementihominis, Parasutterella, and Lysine biosynthesis I). In addition, five of the 26 ImC trait significantly associated with GM were most closely associated with Dep (T cell %lymphocyte、CD28-CD127-CD25++CD8br AC、CD28-CD8br AC、CD27 receptor on peripheral blood plasma cells (CD27 on PB/PC) and CD11b receptor on mononuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (CD11b on Mo MDSC)). This mediated MR illustrates the causal role of methionine biosynthesis III on Dep (IVW: OR = 1.08, 95%CI [1.04,1.14], P = 0.001). And there was no strong evidence for a causal effect of depression on methionine biosynthesis III. In the B cell group, the proportion of CD27 on PB/PC mediated was 7.88 %(95%CI [−0.04,0.03]) of the total effect. This study further suggests that Dep patients should actively seek immunologic intervention therapy. Conclusion: This MR study found that GM may play a causal role in Dep by mediating ImC. Our findings will help to understand the pathogenic mechanism of GM in Dep and the risk of immune mediation.

Background: Globally, Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the common neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly with increasing morbidity and disability, and its clinical pathogenesis is not clear. Objective: To compare the differences in disease severity and blood biomarkers levels and their correlation between patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) and late-onset Parkinson's disease (LOPD). Methods: A total of 342 patients diagnosed with PD were retrospectively collected. PD patients were categorized into EOPD (24 patients) and LOPD (318 patients) according to the age of onset of the disease. The Hoehn-Yahr (HY) staging was used to assess the severity of the disease in PD patients. Subjective rating scales such as the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) were used to assess the motor and non-motor functions of the patients. The differences of objective blood biomarkers such as triglyceride (TG) between the two groups were investigated. The correlation between them and PD was explored by logistic analysis. Results: Percentage of EOPD group with HY staged as intermediate to late and Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT), Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's disease Rating Scale-III (MDS-UPDRS-III), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score and TG, non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (N-HDL-C), homocysteine (HCY), apolipoprotein B (Apo-B), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were lower than those in the LOPD group (P

Background: Stroke is a debilitating condition with high morbidity, disability, and mortality that significantly affects the quality of life of patients. In China, the WenYang FuYuan recipe is widely used to treat ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown, so exploring the potential mechanism of action of this formula is of great practical significance for stroke treatment. Objective: This study employed network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vivo experiments to clarify the active ingredients, potential targets, and molecular mechanisms of the WenYang FuYuan recipe in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, with a view to providing a solid scientific foundation for the subsequent study of this recipe. Materials and methods: Active ingredients of the WenYang FuYuan recipe were screened using the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform. Network pharmacology approaches were used to explore the potential targets and mechanisms of action of the WenYang FuYuan recipe for the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion/Reperfusion 2 h Sprague Dawley rat model was prepared, and TTC staining and modified neurological severity score were applied to examine the neurological deficits in rats. HE staining and Nissl staining were applied to examine the pathological changes in rats. Immunofluorescence labeling and Elisa assay were applied to examine the expression levels of certain proteins and associated factors, while qRT-PCR and Western blotting were applied to examine the expression levels of linked proteins and mRNAs in disease-related signaling pathways. Results: We identified 62 key active ingredients in the WenYang FuYuan recipe, with 222 highly significant I/R targets, forming 138 pairs of medication components and component-targets, with the top five being Quercetin, Kaempferol, Luteolin, β-sitosterol, and Stigmasterol. The key targets included TP53, RELA, TNF, STAT1, and MAPK14 (p38MAPK). Targets related to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury were enriched in chemical responses, enzyme binding, endomembrane system, while enriched pathways included lipid and atherosclerosis, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, AGE-RAGE signaling in diabetic complications. In addition, the main five active ingredients and targets in the WenYang FuYuan recipe showed high binding affinity (e.g. Stigmasterol and MAPK14, total energy

Phase carries crucial information about the light propagation process, and the visualization and quantitative measurement of phase have important applications, ranging from ultra-precision metrology to biomedical imaging. Traditional phase measurement techniques typically require large and complex optical systems, limiting their applicability in various scenarios. Optical metasurfaces, as flat optical elements, offer a novel approach to phase measurement by manipulating light at the nanoscale through light-matter interactions. Metasurfaces are advantageous due to their lightweight, multifunctional, and easy-to-integrate nature, providing new possibilities for simplifying traditional phase measurement methods. This review categorizes phase measurement techniques into quantitative and non-quantitative methods and reviews the advancements in metasurface-based phase measurement technologies. Detailed discussions are provided on several methods, including vortex phase contrast, holographic interferometry, shearing interferometry, the Transport of Intensity Equation (TIE), and wavefront sensing. The advantages and limitations of metasurfaces in phase measurement are highlighted, and future research directions are explored.

Abstract Dispersion decomposes compound light into its monochromatic components, which is detrimental to broadband imaging but advantageous for spectroscopic applications. Metasurfaces provide a unique path to modulate the dispersion by adjusting structural parameters on a two-dimensional plane. However, conventional linear phase compensation does not adequately match the meta-unit’s dispersion characteristics with required complex dispersion, hindering at-will dispersion engineering over a very wide bandwidth particularly. Here, we propose an asymptotic phase compensation strategy for ultra-broadband dispersion-controlled metalenses. Metasurfaces with extraordinarily high aspect ratio nanostructures have been fabricated for arbitrary dispersion control in ultra-broad bandwidth, and we experimentally demonstrate the single-layer achromatic metalenses in the visible to infrared spectrum (400 nm~1000 nm, NA = 0.164). Our proposed scheme provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for single-layer meta-optics, allowing for arbitrary dispersion manipulation without bandwidth restrictions. This development is expected to have significant applications in ultra-broadband imaging and chromatography detection, among others.

Abstract The interfacial adhesion between microstructures is inevitable in a micro-electro-mechanical system (e.g., hard disk drive (HDD)), which may lead to complicated microtribodynamics problems. This research has investigated the effect of surface potential on the interfacial adhesion and microtribodynamics of the head–disk interface (HDI) in an HDD. A dynamic continuum surface force model, where the electrowetting is considered, is proposed to evaluate the interfacial interaction, and then employed into a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) model to theoretically analyze the potential influence mechanism on the microtribodynamics. The results confirm that the elimination of potential can effectively repress the adhesion retention, which is further proved by the measured slider response with a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). Moreover, the effect of the potential on the adhesion-induced instability is also analyzed through the phase portrait. It tells that the critical stable flying height can be lowered with the elimination of potential.

Ischemic stroke and vascular dementia, as common cerebrovascular diseases, with the former causing irreversible neurological damage and the latter causing cognitive and memory impairment, are closely related and have long received widespread attention. Currently, the potential causative genes of these two diseases have yet to be investigated, and effective early diagnostic tools for the diseases have not yet emerged. In this study, we screened new potential biomarkers and analyzed new therapeutic targets for both diseases from the perspective of immune infiltration. Two gene expression profiles on ischemic stroke and vascular dementia were obtained from the NCBI GEO database, and key genes were identified by LASSO regression and SVM-RFE algorithms, and key genes were analyzed by GO and KEGG enrichment. The CIBERSORT algorithm was applied to the gene expression profile species of the two diseases to quantify the 24 subpopulations of immune cells. Moreover, logistic regression modeling analysis was applied to illustrate the stability of the key genes in the diagnosis. Finally, the key genes were validated using RT-PCR assay. A total of 105 intersecting DEGs genes were obtained in the 2 sets of GEO datasets, and bioinformatics functional analysis of the intersecting DEGs genes showed that GO was mainly involved in the purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process，respiratory chain complex，DNA−binding transcription factor binding and active transmembrane transporter activity. KEGG is mainly involved in the Oxidative phosphorylation, cAMP signaling pathway. The LASSO regression algorithm and SVM-RFE algorithm finally obtained three genes, GAS2L1, ARHGEF40 and PFKFB3, and the logistic regression prediction model determined that the three genes, GAS2L1 (AUC: 0.882), ARHGEF40 (AUC: 0.867) and PFKFB3 (AUC: 0.869), had good diagnostic performance. Meanwhile, the two disease core genes and immune infiltration were closely related, GAS2L1 and PFKFB3 had the highest positive correlation with macrophage M1 (p

Abstract Metasurfaces can perform high-performance multi-functional integration by manipulating the abundant physical dimensions of light, demonstrating great potential in high-capacity information technologies. The orbital angular momentum (OAM) and spin angular momentum (SAM) dimensions have been respectively explored as the independent carrier for information multiplexing. However, fully managing these two intrinsic properties in information multiplexing remains elusive. Here, we propose the concept of angular momentum (AM) holography which can fully synergize these two fundamental dimensions to act as the information carrier, via a single-layer, non-interleaved metasurface. The underlying mechanism relies on independently controlling the two spin eigenstates and arbitrary overlaying them in each operation channel, thereby spatially modulating the resulting waveform at will. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate an AM meta-hologram allowing the reconstruction of two sets of holographic images, i.e., the spin-orbital locked and the spin-superimposed ones. Remarkably, leveraging the designed dual-functional AM meta-hologram, we demonstrate a novel optical nested encryption scheme, which is able to achieve parallel information transmission with ultra-high capacity and security. Our work opens a new avenue for optionally manipulating the AM, holding promising applications in the fields of optical communication, information security and quantum science.

Background: Inflammation plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and has gained much scholarly interest. However, this research field has not yet been examined bibliometrically. We intended to utilize bibliometrics to highlight the research hotspots and developing trends of inflammation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and provide an objective foundation for basic and clinical research. Methods: The Web of Science database was combed for articles relating to inflammation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury from 2002 to 2022. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to visualize and analyze data pertaining to countries, institutions, journals, authors, references, and keywords. Results: There were a total of 1183 papers included in this analysis. Every year, the number of articles on inflammation research in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury increases. Brain Research and Stroke are, respectively, the most published and most cited academic journals in this discipline. We identified 646 scholars, with Zhao,jing producing the most publications and Longa EZ receiving the most citations. Inflammation, stroke, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were found to be the most frequently used terms after analysis. The main areas of current research on inflammation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury involve non-coding rna, myeloperoxidase, Toll-like receptor-4, and neurotrophic factor. Conclusion: The importance of inflammation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury diseases has been widely recognized. After decades of constant research, we are not yet sufficiently knowledgeable in this sector.Microglial activation, signaling pathway, protection and pathophysiology will be the new hot and new direction in this research field in the future.

Abstract Background and purpose The heterogeneous, complex condition known as ischemic stroke (IS) is brought on by the interaction of a number of risk factors and genetic variables. The association between C‐reactive protein (CRP) gene polymorphisms and IS has, however, been the subject of inconsistent findings. Therefore, we conducted a meta‐analysis to comprehensively address possible associations of CRP genes with the risk of IS. Methods A comprehensive literature search for all the published articles was performed in electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from January 1, 1950 to June 30, 2022. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence interval (CIs) along with fixed/random effect models were used to calculate summary estimates. Results Twelve case‐control studies totalling 3880 IS cases and 5233 controls were included for the association of CRP gene polymorphisms (rs1800947, rs1130864, rs3093059, rs2794521, and rs1205). Across all genotyping models, we discovered that rs1130864, rs3093059, rs2794521, and rs1205SNPs were not substantially related to IS risk. A trend for significant association for rs1800947 under dominant (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 0.97 to 1.48), recessive (OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 0.71 to 3.14) and allelic model (OR = 1.21; 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.48) was observed. However, protective association for rs1130864 under dominant (OR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.91) and rs3093059 under allelic model (OR = 0.18; 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.22) was found. Conclusion Our thorough study revealed that the CRP gene variants rs1800947, rs1130864, rs3093059, rs2794521, and rs1205 could not be related to the risk of ischemic stroke. However, additional research must focus on the rs1800947 polymorphisms in a particular group.

Abstract Background The related factors affecting the adherence of ischemic cerebral stroke (ICS) patients to antiplatelet therapy have attracted much attention. Methods Patients with ICS (confirmed by CT or MRI) were enrolled from January 2020 to July 2021. The demographic data were retrospectively investigated and analyzed. The adherence calculation was as follows: Adherence = number of tablets taken/number of tablets needed to be taken. Adherence

This review outlines the exciting developments in high-performance dielectric metalenses whilst highlighting the challenges of using dielectric metalenses to replace conventional optics in miniature optical systems.

A polarization-multiplexed metasurface-enabled diffractive neural network, which is integrated with a CMOS imaging sensor, demonstrates on-chip multi-channel sensing and multitasking in the visible.

Optical imaging systems have greatly extended human visual capabilities, enabling the observation and understanding of diverse phenomena. Imaging technologies span a broad spectrum of wavelengths from x-ray to radio frequencies and impact research activities and our daily lives. Traditional glass lenses are fabricated through a series of complex processes, while polymers offer versatility and ease of production. However, modern applications often require complex lens assemblies, driving the need for miniaturization and advanced designs with micro- and nanoscale features to surpass the capabilities of traditional fabrication methods. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing, presents a solution to these challenges with benefits of rapid prototyping, customized geometries, and efficient production, particularly suited for miniaturized optical imaging devices. Various 3D printing methods have demonstrated advantages over traditional counterparts, yet challenges remain in achieving nanoscale resolutions. Two-photon polymerization lithography (TPL), a nanoscale 3D printing technique, enables the fabrication of intricate structures beyond the optical diffraction limit via the nonlinear process of two-photon absorption within liquid resin. It offers unprecedented abilities, e.g. alignment-free fabrication, micro- and nanoscale capabilities, and rapid prototyping of almost arbitrary complex 3D nanostructures. In this review, we emphasize the importance of the criteria for optical performance evaluation of imaging devices, discuss material properties relevant to TPL, fabrication techniques, and highlight the application of TPL in optical imaging. As the first panoramic review on this topic, it will equip researchers with foundational knowledge and recent advancements of TPL for imaging optics, promoting a deeper understanding of the field. By leveraging on its high-resolution capability, extensive material range, and true 3D processing, alongside advances in materials, fabrication, and design, we envisage disruptive solutions to current challenges and a promising incorporation of TPL in future optical imaging applications.

Simple and efficient nanofabrication technology with low cost and high flexibility is indispensable for fundamental nanoscale research and prototyping. Lithography in the near field using the surface plasmon polariton (i.e., plasmonic lithography) provides a promising solution. The system with high stiffness passive nanogap control strategy on a high-speed rotating substrate is one of the most attractive high-throughput methods. However, a smaller and steadier plasmonic nanogap, new scheme of plasmonic lens, and parallel processing should be explored to achieve a new generation high resolution and reliable efficient nanofabrication. Herein, a parallel plasmonic direct-writing nanolithography system is established in which a novel plasmonic flying head is systematically designed to achieve around 15 nm minimum flying-height with high parallelism at the rotating speed of 8–18 m·s−1. A multi-stage metasurface-based polarization insensitive plasmonic lens is proposed to couple more power and realize a more confined spot compared with conventional plasmonic lenses. Parallel lithography of the nanostructures with the smallest (around 26 nm) linewidth is obtained with the prototyping system. The proposed system holds great potential for high-freedom nanofabrication with low cost, such as planar optical elements and nano-electromechanical systems.

BackgroundCerebral revascularization is a neurosurgical procedure used to restore the cerebral collateral circulation channel. This study examines the countries, institutions, authors, journals, keywords, and references related to the disease in the field of cerebral revascularization from 1999 to 2022 from a bibliometrics perspective, evaluates the changes of knowledge structure clustering and identifies the new hot spots and new research directions in this field.MethodsThe Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database and the PICOS retrieval method were used to conduct a comprehensive search for articles and reviews pertaining to cerebral revascularization. The final filtered data were bibliometrically and visually drawn using Microsoft office 365, CiteSpace (v.6.1.R2), and VOSviewer (v.1.6.18).ResultsFrom 1999 to 2022, a total of 854 articles pertaining to cerebral revascularization, which originated from 46 nations, 482 institutions, and 686 researchers, were extracted from the WOSCC database, and the number of publications in this field of study was rising. The United States held the highest proportion in the ranking analysis of countries, institutions, authors, and journals. By analyzing co-citations, the scientific organization of this field and the development status of frontier fields were realized. Cerebral revascularization, moyamoya disease, extracranial intracranial bypass, and occlusion are the current research focal points in the field of cerebral revascularization. Hyperperfusion and vascular disorder may also become a new study focus in this discipline in the near future.ConclusionUsing the method of bibliometrics, this study analyzed and reviewed the articles in the field of cerebral revascularization, which enabled scholars to better comprehend the dynamic process in this field and provided a foundation for future in-depth research.

A space-variant information density three-dimensional display with ultrawide field of view is achieved by a large-scale 2D-metagrating complex, which shows great potential for portable electronic devices.

Metasurfaces are ultrathin metamaterials consisting of subwavelength scatterers (e.g., meta-atoms) arranged in a specific sequence that generates low radiation losses and fantastic optical resonances. According to the electromagnetic response properties, metasurfaces can be divided into two categories: metallic nanostructures based on the response of plasmonic excitations (e.g., noble metals and graphene) and all-dielectric nanostructures based on near-field scattering (e.g., Mie scattering). Metasurfaces supporting various optical modes possess optical localization and electromagnetic field enhancement capabilities on the subwavelength scale, making them a promising platform for label-free detection in biomedical sensing. Metasurface-based optical sensors offer several outstanding advantages over conventional spectroscopic detection solutions, such as planar structures, low loss, miniaturization, and integration. Recently, novel sensing and even imaging tools based on metasurfaces have widely loomed and been proposed. Given recent advances in the field of metasurface spectroscopic detection, this review briefly summarizes the main resonance mechanisms of metasurfaces and the notable achievements, including refractive index sensing, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface-enhanced infrared absorption, and chiral sensing in the ultraviolet to terahertz wavelengths. Ultimately, we draw a summary of the current challenges of metasurface spectroscopic detection and look forward to future directions for improving these techniques. As the subject is broad and growing, our review will not be comprehensive. Nevertheless, we will endeavor to describe the main research in this area and assess some of the relevant literature.

Mid-infrared large field-of-view (FOV) imaging optics play a vital role in infrared imaging and detection. The metalens, which is composed of subwavelength-arrayed structures, provides a new possibility for the miniaturization of large FOV imaging systems. However, the inaccuracy during fabrication is the main obstacle to developing practical uses for metalenses. Here, we introduce the principle and method of designing a large FOV doublet metalens at the mid-infrared band. Then, the quantitative relationship between the fabrication error and the performance of the doublet metalens with a large FOV from four different fabrication errors is explored by using the finite-difference time-domain method. The simulation results show that the inclined sidewall error has the greatest impact on the focusing performance, and the interlayer alignment error deforms the focusing beam and affects the focusing performance, while the spacer thickness error has almost no impact on the performance. The contents discussed in this paper can help manufacturers determine the allowable processing error range of the large FOV doublet metalens and the priority level for optimizing the process, which is of significance.

Abstract Rotary near-field lithography (RNFL) technology provides a route to overcome the diffraction limit with a high throughput and low cost for nanomanufacturing. Utilizing the advantage of the passive flying of a plasmonic head, RNFL can achieve a 10 m/s processing speed with a perfect near-field condition at dozens of nanometers. The flying performance of the plasmonic flying head (PFH) is the pivotal issue in the system. The linewidth has a strong correlation with the near-field gap, and the manufacturing uniformity is directly influenced by the dynamic performance. A more serious issue is that the unexpected contact between the PFH and substrate will result in system failure. Therefore, it is important to model and analyze the flying process of the PFH at the system level. In this study, a novel full-coupled suspension-PFH-air-substrate (SPAS) model that integrates a six-degree of freedom suspension-PFH dynamics, PFH-air-substrate air bearing lubrication, and substrate vibration, is established. The pressure distribution of the air bearing is governed by the molecular gas lubrication equation that is solved by the finite element method (FEM) with a local pressure gradient based adaptive mesh refinement algorithm using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. Based on this model, three designs of the air bearing surface are chosen to study the static, dynamic, and load/unload performance to verify whether it satisfies the design requirements of RNFL. Finally, a PFH analysis solver SKLY.app is developed based on the proposed model.

Summary: Glasses-free three-dimensional (3D) display is considered as a potential disruptive technology for display. The issue of visual fatigue, mainly caused by the inaccurate phase reconstruction in terms of image crosstalk, as well as vergence and accommodation conflict, is the critical obstacle that hinders the real applications of glasses-free 3D display. Here we propose a glasses-free 3D display by adopting metagratings for the pixelated phase modulation to form converged viewpoints. When the viewpoints are closely arranged, the holographic sampling 3D display can approximate a continuous light field. We demonstrate a video rate full-color 3D display prototype without visual fatigue under an LED white light illumination. The metagratings-based holographic sampling 3D display has a thin form factor and is compatible with traditional flat panel and thus has the potential to be used in portable electronics, window display, exhibition display, 3D TV, as well as tabletop display. : Optical Imaging; Optical Physics; Wave Optics; Metamaterials Subject Areas: Optical Imaging, Optical Physics, Wave Optics, Metamaterials

Summary of Background Data: Depression is one of the most common comorbidities in patients with chronic low back pain. However, the mechanisms of depression in chronic low back pain patients and the effect of antidepressants on the comorbidity of pain and depression need to be further explored. The establishment of the appropriate animal models and of more effective therapies is critical for this comorbidity. Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is the most common disease that causes low back pain. The current study examined whether an LDH model shows behavioral and biochemical alterations that are in accordance with the characteristics of the comorbidity of pain and depression and tested the effect of fluoxetine (FLX) on these measures.Objective: The current study examined whether an LDH model showed the behavioral and biochemical alterations that were in accordance with the characteristics of the comorbidity of pain and depression and tested the effect of FLX on these measures.Methods: The LDH animal model was generated by the implantation of the autologous nucleus pulposus on the left L5 nerve root just proximal to the dorsal root ganglion in Wistar rats. Pain intensity was evaluated by mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, and changes in depressive behavior were examined by the taste preference and forced swim tests. Hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) levels were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA was quantified using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR.Results: LDH resulted in chronic pain, which further induced depressive behavior that persisted for 6 weeks after surgery. There were decreased 5-HT concentrations and upregulated TNF-α mRNA levels that were accompanied by behavioral changes. FLX treatment improved depressive behavior and moderately alleviated pain through increased 5-HT concentrations, and inhibited TNF-α mRNA expression.Conclusions: In summary, our studies provide initial evidence that the LDH chronic pain model might serve as a model of the comorbidity of low back pain and depression. The finding that FLX improved depressive behavior and pain through normalized 5-HT concentrations and TNF-α mRNA expression establishes the initial mechanism of the comorbidity of pain and depression.

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