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Abstract The association between composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) and asthma remains unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the association of CDAI with asthma in children aged 3–18 years in the United States. Cross-sectional analyses were carried out on 18,118 children aged 3–18 years old. Data was obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2003 and 2020. The Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) was measured by assessing the consumption of six dietary antioxidants (vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, selenium and carotenoids). The association between CDAI and asthma was explored using multivariate weighted logistic regression, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity analyses. Among the 18,118 participants, 2045 (11.3%) reported a diagnosis of asthma by a healthcare provider. In both the crude and adjusted models, the odds ratios (ORs) for asthma with CDAI were not significant. Specifically, in the fully adjusted model, the OR for T2 was 0.98 (95% CI 0.83, 1.17) and the OR for T3 was 1.00 (95% CI 0.76, 1.31). Subgroup analyses by sex, age and BMI category also showed no significant associations. Sensitivity analyses, including weighted logistic multivariate analyses adjusting for family history of asthma, confirmed the absence of a significant association between CDAI and asthma. Our study showed no significant association between CDAI and asthma in children and adolescents.

Abstract The current research focuses on the effects of nutritional supplementation and exercise on dialysis patients, but whether physical activity (PA) can reduce the risk of adverse outcomes for patients with different nutritional status is not clear. The maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients were recruited from April 2021 to April 2022. The information of PA was obtained from the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). The outcomes were cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, tumor and all-cause death. We used COX proportional risk model to estimate the association between PA and the outcomes of MHD patients. Patients are classified into two groups based on geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) and classified by age, and we used COX proportional risk model to estimate the association of PA and outcomes in subgroups. The isotemporal substitution model (ISM) was used to estimate the effects of replacing light physical activity (LPA) with moderate physical activity (MPA) or vigorous physical activity (VPA) on risk of cardiovascular events, tumors, and all-cause death in different subgroups. The effects of PA on ankle-brachial index (ABI) and body fat content were analyzed in different IPAQ groups. A total of 241 maintenance hemodialysis patients were included, 105 peoples developed cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, tumor and all-cause death (43.6%). The median follow-up time was 12 months. MPA reduced the risk of outcome in MHD patients or high GNRI patients (40% vs 39%).In MHD patients who was under 65 years with high GNRI, MPA reduced cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, tumor and all-cause death by 55%.PA reduced the risk of cardiovascular event by 65%, but did not reduce the risk of tumor or all-cause death. Replacing LPA with VPA did not improve clinical outcomes. It actually increases the risk of heart failure 0.4%. MPA reduced the risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, tumor, all-cause death in MHD patients under 65 years, while VPA had no health benefit. Trial registration: ChiCTR210050998.

Microplastics (MPs), recognized as an emerging environmental menace, have been extensively investigated in both marine and terrestrial fauna. This study is comprehensive to investigate how polystyrene (PS) affects ruminant animals. The experimental design comprised 24 individually housed lambs, divided into a CON group (diet without PS) and three PS-exposed (25 μm, 50 μm, 100 μm) groups, each with six lambs, the exposure of PS was 100 mg/day, and the duration of exposure was 60 days. The study yielded noteworthy results: (ⅰ) PS leads to a decrease in average daily gain along with an increase in feed conversion rate. (ⅱ) PS decreases rumen ammonia nitrogen. The rumen microbiota diversity remains consistent. However, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria increased in the PS-exposed groups, while the relative abundance of Coriobacteriales_incertae_Sedis and Prevotellaceae_YAB2003_group decreased. (ⅲ) PS leads to decrease in hemoglobin, thrombocytocrit, and albumin levels in lamb blood, thus triggering oxidative stress accumulation, along with swelling of the kidneys and liver. (ⅳ) PS inflicts severe damage to jejunum, consequently impacting digestion and absorption. (ⅴ) PS reduces meat quality and the nutritional value. In conclusion, PS-exposure inhibited lambs’ digestive function, adversely affects blood and organs’ health status, reducing average daily gain and negatively influencing meat quality. PS particles of 50–100 μm bring worse damage to lambs. This research aims to fill the knowledge void concerning MPs’ influences on ruminant animals, with a specific focus on the meat quality of fattening lambs.

Objective To investigate the changes in complement content in component blood before blood transfusion. Methods 180 samples from 20 plasma donors were collected at different stages of the preparation process, stored at different temperatures and time periods, and tested in the same batch to observe the changes in complement C3 and C4 levels under different storage temperatures and process stages. Results The same sample was used to test C3 and C4 levels, and the test results were sorted into nine groups for comparison according to different storage temperatures and preparation process stages. C3: 0.994 1; C4: 0.957 1, with no significant difference in storage at -40℃ and -60℃(P>0.05); C3: 0.133 3, 0.224 06(P>0.05); C4: 0.027 3, 0.025 1(P

An increasing number of studies point to an association between mitochondrial proteins (MPs) and lung cancer (LC). However, the causal relationship between MPs and LC remains unclear. Consequently, our study employed a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal association between MPs and different pathological types of LC. A two-sample MR study was performed using the genome-wide association study (GWAS) data publicly available. We applied the primary inverse variance weighted (IVW) method along with additional MR methods to validate the causality between MPs and different pathological types of LC. To ensure the robustness of our findings, sensitivity analyses were employed. Moreover, we performed a bi-directional MR analysis to determine the direction of the causal association. We identified a total of seven MPs had significant causal relationships on overall LC, lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). We found two MPs had significant associations with overall LC, four MPs had significant associations with LUSC, and four MPs had significant associations with SCLC. Additionally, an MP was found to have a nominal relationship with LUSC. Moreover, no causality was found between MPs and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Bidirectional MR showed no reverse effect between identified MPs and different pathological types of LC. In general, our findings of this MR study suggest causal associations of specific MPs with overall LC, LUSC, and SCLC. However, no such causality was found in LUAD.

Abstract Glaucoma is an acquired optic neuropathy, which can lead to irreversible vision loss. Deep learning(DL), especially convolutional neural networks(CNN), has achieved considerable success in the field of medical image recognition due to the availability of large-scale annotated datasets and CNNs. However, obtaining fully annotated datasets like ImageNet in the medical field is still a challenge. Meanwhile, single-modal approaches remain both unreliable and inaccurate due to the diversity of glaucoma disease types and the complexity of symptoms. In this paper, a new multimodal dataset for glaucoma is constructed and a new multimodal neural network for glaucoma diagnosis and classification (GMNNnet) is proposed aiming to address both of these issues. Specifically, the dataset includes the five most important types of glaucoma labels, electronic medical records and four kinds of high-resolution medical images. The structure of GMNNnet consists of three branches. Branch 1 consisting of convolutional, cyclic and transposition layers processes patient metadata, branch 2 uses Unet to extract features from glaucoma segmentation based on domain knowledge, and branch 3 uses ResFormer to directly process glaucoma medical images.Branch one and branch two are mixed together and then processed by the Catboost classifier. We introduce a gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-GAM) method to increase the interpretability of the model and a transfer learning method for the case of insufficient training data,i.e.,fine-tuning CNN models pre-trained from natural image dataset to medical image tasks. The results show that GMNNnet can better present the high-dimensional information of glaucoma and achieves excellent performance under multimodal data.

Study region: Hulun Lake Basin, Northern China Study focus: Understanding lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) is important for elucidating the hydrological cycle and sustainable use of water resources. Hulun Lake is the largest fresh water lake and has prominent ecological function in North China. However, the effect of groundwater discharge on the water balance and spatial distribution of LGD under different aquifers have not yet been evaluated in detail. Herein, radium (223Ra, 224Ra, and 228Ra) and stable isotopes (δD, δ18O) were used to identify the LGD locations and quantify the spatial LGD flux into the lake. New hydrological insights for the region: The Ra isotope activities in groundwater from the fissured bedrock in the western part of the Lake are depleted relative to those from the east, underlain by the Quaternary unconsolidated sediments aquifer overlying granitic rocks. The spatial distribution of LGD under heterogeneous aquifers was revealed and groundwater discharge from fractured bedrock aquifer is the predominant source of the lake. The LGD flux is estimated to range from (1.07 ± 1.36)× 107 to (6.54 ± 1.89)× 107 m3/d, which exceeds that in the Quaternary aquifer by one order of magnitude due to the high permeability enlarged via tectonic faults and fractures. These findings promote scientific understanding of water balance in Hulun Lake and are instructional for LGD studies of freshwater lakes with complex water systems in cold and arid regions.

The plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Tsukamurella tyrosinosolvens P9 can improve peanut growth. In this study, a co-culture system of strain P9 and peanut was established to analyze the transcriptome of peanut roots interacting with P9 for 24 and 72 h. During the early stage of co-culturing, genes related to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Ca2+ signal transduction, ethylene synthesis, and cell wall pectin degradation were induced, and the up-regulation of phenylpropanoid derivative, flavonoid, and isoflavone synthesis enhanced the defense response of peanut. The enhanced expression of genes associated with photosynthesis and carbon fixation, circadian rhythm regulation, indoleacetic acid (IAA) synthesis, and cytokinin decomposition promoted root growth and development. At the late stage of co-culturing, ethylene synthesis was reduced, whereas Ca2+ signal transduction, isoquinoline alkaloid synthesis, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism were up-regulated, thereby maintaining root ROS homeostasis. Sugar decomposition and oxidative phosphorylation and nitrogen and fatty acid metabolism were induced, and peanut growth was significantly promoted. Finally, the gene expression of seedlings inoculated with strain P9 exhibited temporal differences. The results of our study, which explored transcriptional alterations of peanut root during interacting with P9, provide a basis for elucidating the growth-promoting mechanism of this bacterial strain in peanut.

Norepinephrine (NE) is a key neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of organisms however specifically tracking the transient NE dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolution in living systems remains a great challenge. Herein, the authors developed a small molecular fluorescent probe that can precisely anchor on neuronal cytomembranes and specifically respond to NE on a 100-ms timescale.

High-entropy alloys are promising candidates expected to be applied in transportation equipment serving in extreme environments due to their excellent properties. CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy is a typical representative of them, and its low temperature performance is excellent. In this study, to evaluate the feasibility of forming HEA shells, the deformation behavior of CoCrFeMnNi under a plane-stress state at lower temperatures was thoroughly studied. Firstly, a thin-walled HEA tube was fabricated using hot extrusion and further formed into a thin shell for uniaxial tensile and biaxial bulging tests. Subsequently, uniaxial tensile tests at cryogenic temperatures were conducted. Both the strength and the ductility improves as the temperature decreases from −160 °C to −196 °C. Then, a systematic low-temperature bulging test was performed using isothermal dome tests and the thickness uniformity analysis of the bulged specimens was carried out. In addition, grain microstructural observation using EBSD was characterized analyze the possible deformation mechanism at the cryogenic temperature under the biaxial stress state. This study, for the first time, investigated the biaxial deformation behavior of HEA. Considering the plane-stress state deformation is the dominant type in the thin-walled shell deformation, this study enables us to provide direct guidance for various sheet-forming processes of HEAs.

Complex construction projects are characterized by a large scale, high dynamics, many unknown risks, high complexity, etc., which often result in serious consequences, such as schedule delays, cost overruns, and uncontrolled objectives. Organizational leadership, which can be dynamically adjusted to the changes in the external environment, is the most important management ability of project managers. Therefore, it is of great significance to systematically analyze organizational leadership for the management of complex construction projects. In this paper, through the dynamic Bayesian method, the influencing factors of organizational leadership of complex construction projects and its dynamic development law are studied in depth. First, 17 organizational leadership factors are identified. Second, a dynamic Bayesian measurement model of organizational leadership was developed using 128 training samples. Third, the developed measurement model was applied for model analysis. The results of the study are as follows. (1) This study models changes in organizational leadership influences over time. (2) The organizational leadership measurement model proposed in this study can be applied in practice to predict leadership trends in specific projects. (3) Leaders should pay more attention to management competence in the personal leadership dimension, culture building in the relational leadership dimension, and institutional support in the strategic leadership dimension. This study proposes a quantifiable model for project leaders that breaks through the traditional model of studying organizational leadership from a static perspective, provides a quantifiable model for project leaders, and can cope with the dynamics of actual projects so that project leaders can control the whole leadership process macroscopically, thus providing an important reference to improve the organizational leadership capacity of complex construction projects.

Understanding the carbon budget within cities is crucial in the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. This study investigates the carbon source-sink dynamics of urban forest ecosystems using carbon flux observations from the Chongming Island Ecological Observatory in Shanghai. The study aims to reveal the intra-annual variations of carbon fluxes and explore the changes in resource use efficiency of urban forest ecosystems within the framework of the big-leaf model. The results reveal distinct patterns in temperature (Tair), relative humidity (RH), radiation, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Diurnal cycles of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (Reco) exhibit seasonal variations, with higher amplitudes observed from April to September. The observed forest ecosystem acts as a moderate carbon sink (318.47 gC m−2 year−1), with the highest carbon uptake occurring in May and the highest carbon emission in February. During the growing season, the total carbon sink was 225.37 gC m−2, composed of GPP 1337.01 gC m−2 and Reco 1111.64 gC m−2. Water-use efficiency (WUE) and light-use efficiency (LUE) exhibit seasonal variations, while carbon-use efficiency (CUE) declines after May. These findings contribute to our understanding of urban forest carbon dynamics and their potential role in carbon management strategies.

Abstract Background Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor occurring during childhood and high-risk NB patients have a poor prognosis. The amplified MYCN gene serves as an important determinant of a high risk of NB. Methods We performed an integrative screen using public NB tissue and cell line data, and identified that SMAD9 played an important role in high-risk NB. An investigation of the super-enhancers database (SEdb) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) dataset along with biological experiments of incorporating gene knockdown and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) were performed to identify upstream regulatory mechanism of SMAD9. Gene knockdown and rescue, quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR), cell titer Glo assays, colony formation assays, a subcutaneous xenograft model and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the functional role of SMAD9 in NB. An integrative analysis of ChIP-seq data with the validation of CRISPRi and dual-luciferase reporter assays and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data with Q-RT-PCR validation was conducted to analyze the downstream regulatory mechanism of SMAD9. Results High expression of SMAD9 was specifically induced by the transcription factors including MYCN, PHOX2B, GATA3 and HAND2 at the enhancer region. Genetic suppression of SMAD9 inhibited MYCN-amplified NB cell proliferation and tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo. Further studies revealed that SMAD9 bound to the MYCN promoter and transcriptionally regulate MYCN expression, with MYCN reciprocally binding to the SMAD9 enhancer and transactivating SMAD9, thus forming a positive feedback loop along with the MYCN-associated cancer cell cycle. Conclusion This study delineates that SMAD9 forms a positive transcriptional feedback loop with MYCN and represents a unique tumor-dependency for MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma.

Abstract Background Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor and group 3 subtype medulloblastoma (G3-MB) exhibits the worst prognosis. Super enhancers (SEs) are large clusters of enhancers that play important roles in cancer through transcriptional control of cell identity genes, oncogenes and tumor-dependent genes. Dissecting SE-driven transcriptional dependencies of cancer leads to identification of novel oncogenic mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and targets. Methods Integrative SE analyses of primary tissues and patient-derived tumor cell lines of G3-MB were performed to extract the conserved SE-associated gene signatures and their oncogenic potentials were evaluated by gene expression, tumor-dependency and patient prognosis analyses. SE-associated subtype-specific upregulated tumor-dependent genes, which were revealed as members of SE-driven core transcriptional regulatory network of G3-MB, were then subjected to functional validation and mechanistic investigation. SE-associated therapeutic potential was further explored by genetic or pharmaceutical targeting of SE complex components or SE-associated subtype-specific upregulated tumor-dependent genes individually or in combination, and the underlying therapeutic mechanisms were also examined. Results The identified conserved SE-associated transcripts of G3-MB tissues and cell lines were enriched of subtype-specifically upregulated tumor-dependent genes and MB patients harboring enrichment of those transcripts exhibited worse prognosis. Fourteen such conserved SE-associated G3-MB-specific upregulated tumor-dependent genes were identified to be members of SE-driven core transcriptional regulatory network of G3-MB, including three well-recognized TFs (MYC, OTX2 and CRX) and eleven newly identified downstream effector genes (ARL4D, AUTS2, BMF, IGF2BP3, KIF21B, KLHL29, LRP8, MARS1, PSMB5, SDK2 and SSBP3). An OTX2-SE-ARL4D regulatory axis was further revealed to represent a subtype-specific tumor dependency and therapeutic target of G3-MB via contributing to maintaining cell cycle progression and inhibiting neural differentiation of tumor cells. Moreover, BET inhibition with CDK7 inhibition or proteasome inhibition, two combinatory strategies of targeting SE complex components (BRD4, CDK7) or SE-associated effector gene (PSMB5), were shown to exhibit synergistic therapeutic effects against G3-MB via stronger suppression of SE-associated transcription or higher induction of ER stress, respectively. Conclusions Our study verifies the oncogenic role and therapeutic potential of SE-driven transcriptional dependencies of G3-MB, resulting in better understanding of its tumor biology and identification of novel SE-associated therapeutic strategies and targets.

Abstract Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disastrous gastrointestinal disease of newborns, and the mortality rate of infants with NEC is approximately 20%-30%. The exploration of pathogenic targets of NEC will be conducive to timely diagnosis of NEC. Methods The whole transcriptome RNA sequencing was performed on NEC samples to reveal the expression of lncRNAs, circRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs. Using differential expression analysis, cross analysis, target prediction, enrichment analysis, the pathogenic ceRNA network and target was found. Results Preliminarily, 281 DEmRNAs, 21 DEmiRNAs, 253 DElncRNAs and 207 DEcircRNAs were identified in NEC samples compared with controls. After target prediction and cross analyses, a key ceRNA regulatory network was built including 2 lncRNAs, 4 circRNAs, 2 miRNAs and 20 mRNAs. These 20 mRNAs were significantly enriched in many carbohydrate metabolism related pathways. After cross analysis of hypoxia-, carbohydrate metabolism-related genes, and 20 core genes, one gene HK2 was finally obtained. Dendritic cells activated were significantly differentially infiltrated and negatively correlated with HK2 expression in NEC samples. Conclusions The promising pathogenic hypoxia-related gene HK2 has been firstly identified in NEC, which might also involve in the carbohydrate metabolism in NEC.

The water conservation capacity of the litter and soil layers of forest ecosystems improves the function of forest ecosystems in conserving soil and water. Plantation restoration plays a key role in preventing soil erosion. In order to evaluate the water conservation capacity of plantation restoration in Latosol soil-eroded region, we analyzed the litter thickness and mass, water absorption process, water holding recovery process, and soil water holding capacity of five restoration types (Hevea brasiliensis, Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus robusta, Acacia–Eucalyptus, and Acacia–Hevea) in the Mahuangling Watershed, Hainan province. The results showed that the thickness of the litter ranged from approximately 3.42 ± 0.24 to 4.73 ± 0.81 cm, and the litter mass ranged from 5.04 ± 1.52 t·ha−1 to 13.16 ± 1.76 t·ha−1, with higher litter mass in the SL layer than in the UL layer. The litter mass of A. mangium was higher than that of H. brasiliensis, E. robusta, Acacia–Eucalyptus, and Acacia–Hevea, which was 3.16 ± 1.76 t·ha−1. A. mangium forest was significantly higher than other plantation restoration types in terms of the maximum water retention capacity (Qmax) and the effective water retention capacity (Qeff). The soil bulk weight ranged from approximately 1.52 ± 0.09 to 1.59 ± 0.08 g·cm−3, and porosity ranged from 31.77 ± 4.72 to 35.62 ± 3.02%, both of which increased with the depth of the soil layer. The water holding capacity of 0–60 cm soil varied from approximately 12.94 ± 7.91 to 45.02 ± 31.79 t·ha−1, with A. mangium having the best soil permeability and the strongest soil water holding capacity. The entropy weight method was used to conduct a comprehensive evaluation, and the results showed that the water conservation capacity of the soil layer was 1.26 times higher than that of the litter layer, in which the water conservation capacity of A. mangium was the strongest, with a comprehensive evaluation value of 0.2854, which effectively intercepted rainfall and reduced surface runoff. Hence, we suggest that the planting of A. mangium should be considered in future ecological restoration projects of the erosion area of Mahuangling in order to improve the function of conserving soil and water in a restoration forest ecosystem.

Tidal flats in eastern China have undergone various transformations into other land-use types. Understanding the impact of land-use conversion on soil properties and microbial communities is crucial for effective ecological conservation efforts. In this study, we compared soil chemical properties and the diversity, composition, and ecological functions of soil bacterial and fungal communities across four land-use types: natural bare land (BL), unused reclaimed tidal land (Phragmites, PL), agricultural land (maize, ML), and shelterbelt land (SL), utilizing next-generation sequencing technology. The results indicated that soil electrical conductivity decreased, while soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient contents increased in ML and SL compared to BL and PL. The bacterial Chao1 and fungal Chao1 and Shannon values vary across different land-use types. A higher relative abundance of Acidobacteriota, specifically RB41, was found in ML compared to BL. Principal coordinate and PerMANOVA analysis showed that the composition of bacterial and fungal communities differed significantly across the four land-use types. SOC explained the most variance in both bacterial and fungal communities. Carbon-related functional genes and fungal guilds exhibit greater diversity across the four land-use types compared to nitrogen-related functional genes. In conclusion, the transformation of natural land-use types to managed one greatly altered soil chemical and microbial properties. Our study offers foundational insights into the microbial communities in the typical land-use types of Eastern China’s coastal area. Future studies should emphasize the quantification of human interventions and their impact on soil microbial communities and ecological functions.

Abstract Background Septic shock is the most severe complication of sepsis, and is a major cause of childhood mortality, constituting a heavy public health burden. Methods We analyzed the gene expression profiles of septic shock and control samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Four differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from survivor and control groups, non-survivor and control groups, and survivor and non-survivor groups were selected. We used data about these genes to establish a logistic regression model for predicting the survival of septic shock patients. Results Leave-one-out cross validation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that this model had good accuracy. Differential expression and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) between septic shock patients stratified by prediction score indicated that the systemic lupus erythematosus pathway was activated, while the limonene and pinene degradation pathways were inactivated in the high score group. Conclusions Our study provides a novel approach for the prediction of the severity of pathology in septic shock patients, which are significant for personalized treatment as well as prognostic assessment.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool to evaluate environmentally sustainable production or consumption of various goods or services. Microalgae are single-celled green factories and good resources of biofuels, bioactive products, food ingredients, and degradable biomaterials. Currently, microalgae are also valuable for mitigating elevated greenhouse gases like CO2 levels and treatment of wastewater. LCA evaluation was limited and separated, majorly in microalgal biofuels and heterotrophic cultivation. Comparative LCA for different final algal products such as algal powder, bio-oil, total fatty acid, and residue recycling is still limited, especially autotrophic algal cultivation for products other than bio-oils and biofuels. Thus, we chose several autotrophic cultivated microalgae and made a comparative LCA among these selected species and a detailed step-by-step production in Chlorella sp. Results indicated that we could significantly reduce the production cost and lower environmental impacts by selecting algal species and final products, optimizing methods for algal cultivation, biomass separation, and drying process, and land selection plus electricity renewable energy, together with thermal power plants nearby for CO2 or flu gas. It shed light on the insight of microalgal consumption selection under current international requirements and challenges for carbon sequestration.

The bolt connection structure is widely used in the connection of aeroengine parts, and its connection quality is very important, as it can directly affect the geometric and dynamic performance of the aeroengine. Taking the bolt preload as the entry point, the research status of bolted aeroengine connections in recent years is summarized based on the bolt preload formation mechanism and control technology in this review. For the research of the preload formation mechanism, single and multiple bolts of aeroengine bolt arrays are analyzed. According to the characteristics of aeroengine bolt connections, the research of aeroengine bolt preload control technology is divided into two parts: bolt tightening technology, and bolt tightening equipment. Finally, based on the summarization of the research, the future research prospects are evaluated and discussed.

Abstract Background Coblation is a novel technique in respect of treating idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. We aimed to identify the efficacy and complications between radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFT) and coblation for V2/V3 idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (ITN) and investigate the risk factors associated with postoperative facial numbness. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our cohort of 292 patients who had undergone RFT or coblation for V2/V3 ITN. The characteristics of the baseline were collected before surgery. Pain scores, the degree of facial numbness and other complications were evaluated at discharge and 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after surgery. Results Postoperative pain intensity was apparently alleviated in both groups. The initial and 12-months remission rates were 94.0 and 75.3% in coblation group compared with 96.9 and 78.4% in RFT group (P = 0.462, P = 0.585). The degree of postoperative facial numbness tended to be more severe in RFT group at discharge, 1 month, 6 months and 12 months (P = 0.006, P = 0.026, P = 0.004, P = 0.003). Factors significantly associated with more severe facial numbness were procedure of RFT (OR = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.28–0.76, P = 0.002), history of previous RFT at the affected side (OR = 2.33, 95%CI: 1.21–4.48, P = 0.011), and ITN with concomitant continuous pain (OR = 0.36, 95%CI: 0.18–0.71, P = 0.004). Conclusion Coblation could reduce the degree of postoperative facial numbness for ITN, and the efficacy was no less effective than RFT. History of previous RFT at the affected side, procedure of RFT, ITN with concomitant continuous pain was identified as significant factors of the development of postoperative facial numbness.

Abstract With the advancement of forgery and decryption methods, conventional static encryption technology is becoming more and more powerless, which strongly demands the development of multistate anticounterfeiting materials as well as advanced multidimensional encryption strategies and technologies. Here a new strategy to realize time‐resolved encryption based on a self‐assembled supramolecular ternary complex is presented, which exhibits tunable dynamic photochromic features caused by the reversible photodimerization/cleavage reactions of the guest chromophores inside the cavity of cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). This supramolecular system shows excellent photochromic properties, including extremely rapid response time, high conversion rate, and product‐stereoselectivity, etc. More importantly, the kinetics of the photoreaction can be modulated by simply varying the host–guest ratios in aqueous or quasi‐solid phase, providing the material with finely tunable time‐dependent features, which cannot only be employed in data processing with more extended information, but also construct confidential materials by time‐resolved multidimensional encryption and dynamic anticounterfeiting. The strategic design of kinetics‐tunable supramolecular photochromic materials may provide valuable guidance for the development of more advanced materials for information security.

Lakes in cold and arid regions are extremely vulnerable to global climate change, and the study of seasonal spatial and temporal fluctuations of lake-groundwater chemistry is of major significance for water resource management and environmental preservation. In this study, we combined hydrogeochemical, multivariate statistical, and spatial interpolation methods to assess spatial and temporal variations of lake and groundwater chemistry in Hulun Lake during the frozen and non-frozen periods. The results show that sodium (Na+) is the most abundant cation in the Hulun Lake area. Bicarbonate (HCO3−) and sulfate (SO42−) are the most predominant anions in the lake, river, and ground water during both seasons. The higher Na+ + K+ concentrations in the frozen season were related to longer circulation time and lower renewable rate. The water chemistry of the lake was of the HCO3-SO4-Cl-Na type and that of groundwater in the east and west regions was of the SO4-Cl-Na and HCO3-Na types, respectively. The chemical compositions of groundwater in the non-frozen season were mainly affected by evaporation and concentration, while rock weathering, evaporation, and human activities jointly controlled groundwater chemical component in the frozen period. Based on hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) methods, Ca2+, NO3−, and SO42− were identified as the main controlling indicators of the chemical characteristics of groundwater and lake water. The increase of Ca2+ concentration in the center of the lake was related to groundwater discharge along the marginal tectonic fracture zone along the lake shores, which was the potential groundwater discharge area. The unconsolidated aquifer provides recharge channels for groundwater on the eastern side, which has a certain influence on the increase of nutrient concentration (NO3−) in the lake on the eastern shore. This research adds to our rough understanding of the lake-groundwater interaction in Hulun Lake, and provides a scientific foundation for the sustainable use of water resources, as well as the eco-logical integrity preservation in cold and arid regions.

Litter and soil play an important role in influencing hydrological processes and the global water cycle. Artificial afforestation, as a part of vegetation restoration, was constructed in the gully erosion areas of latosol with the objective to prevent erosion. Variations in the hydrological properties in soils that have undergone vegetation restoration from gully erosion are not well understood. In this study, we examine the variations in the litter thickness and mass, soil structure and porosity, and hydrological properties of four forest types (eucalyptus–grass forest, bamboo–grass forest, acacia–grass forest, and shrub–grass forest). The results show that the total litter thickness varied from 1.71 to 3.74 cm and was highest in the acacia–grass forest. The total litter mass for the acacia–grass forest, 3.49 ± 0.06 t·ha−1, was significantly higher than that for the other forest types. The mass of the undecomposed litter (UL) layer was significantly lower than that of the semi-decomposed litter (SL). (2) The maximum water-retention capacity (Wmax) and effective water-retention capacity (Weff) of the SL layer were greater than those of the UL layer. The Wmax and Weff for the acacia–grass forest were markedly larger than those of the eucalyptus–grass, bamboo–grass, and shrub–grass forests. The water absorption rates of the SL and UL layers were highest during the onset of the immersion experiment, declined exponentially with time, and declined rapidly in the first 2 h. (4) The soil bulk density ranged from 1.46 g·cm−3 to 1.54 g·cm−3, and the total porosity ranged from 32.06% to 37.13%. The soil bulk density increased with the increasing soil depth, while the total porosity decreased gradually. The soil water-holding capacity of the soil layer of 0–60 cm in the acacia–grass forest (301.76 t·ha−1) was greater than that of the other forest types. A comprehensive evaluation of the water conservation capacity by the entropy weight method showed that the water conservation capacity was greatest in the acacia–grass forest. The higher water-holding capacity of the acacia–grass forest may be more effective in enhancing rainfall interception, minimizing splash erosion, and decreasing surface runoff. Here, the results indicate that acacia–grass forest restoration can mitigate soil erosion by favoring soil and water conservation, improving the environment in the gully erosion area of latosol.

Abstract Background Rosa hybrida is a valuable ornamental, food and medicinal crop worldwide, but with relatively limited molecular marker resources, especially for flower-specific markers. In this study, we performed genomic and floral transcriptomic sequencing of modern rose. We obtained comprehensive nucleotide information, from which numerous potential simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were identified but were found to have high rates of amplification failure and PCR product redundancy. Results We applied a filtering strategy for BLAST analysis with the assembled genomic sequence and identified 124,591 genomic and 2,292 EST markers with unique annealing sites. These markers had much greater reliability than those obtained before filtering. Additional BLAST analysis against the transcriptomic sequences uncovered 5225 genomic SSRs associated with 4100 transcripts, 2138 of which were associated with functional genes that were annotated against the non-redundant database. More than 90% of these newly developed molecular markers were polymorphic, based on PCR using a subset of SSRs to analyze tetraploid modern rose accessions, diploid Rosa species and one strawberry accession. The relationships among Rosa species determined by cluster analysis (based on these results) were in agreement with modern rose breeding history, whereas strawberry was isolated in a separate cluster, as expected. Conclusions Our results provide valuable molecular-genetic tools for rose flower trait improvement, breeding and taxonomy. Importantly, we describe a reproducible organ-specific strategy for molecular marker development and selection in plants, which can be applied to other crops.

To solve the nonlinear Bayesian estimation problem in underwater terrain-aided navigation, a terrain-aided navigation method based on improved Gaussian sum particle filter is proposed. This method approximates the Bayesian function using multiple Gaussian components, and the components can be obtained by radial basis function neural network. This method has no resampling process, the particle depletion of particle filtering is eliminated in principle. The simulation shows that the proposed method has good matching performance, which is suitable for autonomous underwater vehicle navigation.

Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis (MCTO) is a rare skeletal dysplasia with osteolysis at the carpal and tarsal bones. Heterozygous missense mutations in the transcription factor MAFB are found in patients with MCTO. MAFB is reported to negatively regulate osteoclastogenesis in vitro. However, the in vivo function of MAFB and its relation to MCTO remains unknown. In this study, we generated zebrafish MAFB homolog mafbb mutant utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Mafbb deficient zebrafish demonstrated enhanced osteoclast cell differentiation and abnormal cartilage and bone development resembling MCTO patients. It is known that osteoclasts are hematopoietic cells derived from macrophages. Loss of mafbb caused selective expansion of definitive macrophages and myeloid cells, supporting that mafbb restricts myeloid differentiation in vivo. We also demonstrate that MAFB MCTO mutations failed to rescue the defective osteoclastogenesis in mafbb−/− embryos, but did not affect osteoclast cells in wild type embryos. The mechanism of MCTO mutations is likely haploinsufficiency. Zebrafish mafbb mutant provides a useful model to study the function of MAFB in osteoclastogenesis and the related MCTO disease.

Physicallybased constitutive equations are increasingly used for finite element simulations of metal forming processes due to the robust capability of modelling of underlying microstructure evolutions. However, one of thelimitations of current models is the lack of practical validation using real microstructure data due to the difficulties in achieving statistically meaningful data at a sufficiently large microstructure scale. Particularly, dislocation density and grain size governing the hardening in sheet deformation are of vital importance and need to be precisely quantified. In this paper, a set of dislocation mechanics-based plane stress material model is constructed for hot forming aluminum alloy. This material model is applied to high strength 7075 aluminum alloy for the prediction of the flow behaviorsconditioned at 300–400 °C with various strain rates. Additionally, an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique was applied to examine the average grain size and geometrical necessary dislocation (GND) density evolutions, enabling both macro- and micro- characteristics to be successfully predicted. In addition, to simulate the experienced plane stress states in sheet metal forming, the calibrated model is further extended to a plane stress stateto accuratelypredict the forming limits under hot conditions.The comprehensively calibrated material model could be used for guidinga better selection of industrial processing parameters and designing process windows, taking into account both the formed shape as well as post formed microstructure and, hence, properties.

Negative air ions (NAIs) exert positive effects on human health. Urban green spaces produce NAIs and perform valuable ecological functions; this phenomenon has attracted much attention. However, NAIs in urban green spaces are influenced by many factors, leading to extremely large variability in their concentrations and complicating their measurement. Therefore, we collected observational data on NAI concentrations (NAICs), as well as on other environmental factors for one year in Shanghai City Park. We then used this data to construct an indicator of NAI variability (NAIV); we understand NAIV to be dependent upon NAIC, and study of the derivative can better reflect the driving force and dominant factors of the original function. Based on a preliminary investigation of correlation, and on a multiple linear regression analysis, we used a random forest algorithm to evaluate the influence of various factors that affect the variability of NAIs. The results show that “water factors,” whose main contribution is humidity, exert the most influence, followed by “phenology factors,” whose main contribution is temperature, and “particulate factors,” whose main contribution is PM2.5. High humidity, high temperature, and low PM2.5 concentration enrich NAI generation and extend their lifetimes, thus helping to maintain them within a relatively stable range. In this study, the main driving forces that govern NAI changes were shown to be humidity, temperature and particulate matter. Our results may help to deepen our understanding of NAI characteristics and applications in urban green spaces.

Negative air ions (NAIs) are a natural component of air and have a positive impact on the health of urban residents. Few studies have focused on the relationship between NAI concentration (NAIC) in the urban atmosphere and environmental factors, such as meteorological factors and air pollutants. Therefore, we established observation points in Zhongshan Park in downtown Shanghai, China, and continuously measured and recorded changes in NAIC for one year. We also monitored nine meteorological factors and six atmospheric pollutants. Through correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis, the key factors influencing NAIC were screened, and the effects of those factors on NAIC were explored using the random forest algorithm. The results show that NAIC is most sensitive to humidity, followed by radiation and temperature, and finally to PM2.5. Humidity is the most critical factor, primarily because it directly affects the formation of NAIs from both the environment and vegetation. Furthermore, our results reveal that the mechanisms through which NAIC is influenced by the same factor varies seasonally. We analyzed the relationship between NAIC in an urban atmosphere and environmental factors by using big data, which is a new method for studying the relationships between NAIs and environmental factors. Our results indicate potential explanations for the mechanisms underlying NAI response to various environmental factors.

Three different bonding couples assembled by two commonly used aerospace aluminum alloys were bonded within the temperature range of 460–520 °C under 6 MPa for 60 min in vacuum atmosphere. The interface microstructure and alloying elements distribution of the bonded joints were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscope (EDS); the bond strength was evaluated by tensile-shear strength test. The results show the bond quality improved effectively as the bonding temperature increased. Compared with the 1420-1420 and 7B04-7B04 bonding couples, the 1420-7B04 couples obtained better interface integrity and higher bond strength, the highest shear strength for 1420-7B04 couple can be as high as 188 MPa when bonded at 520 °C. Special attention was focused on the 1420-7B04 couple, the diffusion coefficient of Mg at the original interface under different temperatures were investigated, the results show the diffusion coefficient increased obviously as the bonding temperature increased. A diffusion affected zone (DAZ) without continuous intermetallic phases formed due to the diffusion of alloying elements across the bonding interface. The combined action of temperature and alloying elements gradient resulted in the increase of alloying elements diffusion fluxes, which in turn promote the bonding quality through the accelerated shrinkage of interfacial voids.

The "Shuanghuanglian" formula, simplified from the classic formula "Yin Qiao San", is composed of the Honeysuckle flower, Scutellaria root and Forsythia fruit. Its primary effects include dispelling wind, relieving exterior syndrome, and clearing heat and toxic materials. The traditional "Shuanghuanglian" (SHL) preparation method requires prolonged heating that results in the loss of volatile oil components and diminishes its efficacy. This study centered on developing an enhanced "Shuanghuanglian" volatile oil-infused soluble powder (SHLO) and evaluating its therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms using a mouse pneumonia model. Our findings demonstrate that SHLO administration significantly restores lung tissue damage and mitigates LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. SHLO intervention led to a notable reduction in TUNEL-positive lung cells and levels of IL-6 (P<0.01), IL-1β (P<0.001), and TNF-α (P<0.05) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) triggered by LPS. Furthermore, SHLO markedly suppressed p-ERK levels without substantially influencing p-JNK levels or p-NF-κB p65 levels. The relative traces of p-ERK, MyD88, and TLR4 in lung tissues were notably decreased in the SHLO group relative to the LPS group. Additionally, SHLO reduced the proportion of an unclassified Muribaculaceae genus while increasing Akkermansia levels in the gut microbiota. In summary, SHLO effectively defends against LPS-induced lung damage through the inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88 and p-ERK signaling pathways and modulating gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]