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The moistening impact of El Niño on the tropical lower stratosphere has been extensively studied, yet a long-standing challenge is its potential nonlinearities regarding the strength of El Niño. Extreme El Niño’s hydration in 2015/2016 was unprecedented in the satellite era, providing a great opportunity to distinguish the differential response of water vapor to extreme and moderate El Niño. Using ERA5 and MERRA-2 reanalysis data from 1979–2019, we compare the composite tropical lower stratospheric water vapor anomalies throughout all extreme and moderate El Niño episodes since the satellite era. We validate the variations in the lower stratospheric water vapor during the two distinct El Niño episodes using a three-dimensional chemistry transport model simulating the same period. The model reproduces the observed pattern in lower stratospheric water vapor. Both demonstrate that robust moistening during extreme El Niño events occurs throughout the tropical lower stratosphere. However, moderate El Niño events seem to have a weak effect on lower stratospheric water vapor. In comparison to moderate El Niño, the strong convective activities induced by extreme El Niño release large amounts of latent heat, causing extensive and intense warming in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, thus greatly increasing the water vapor content in the tropical lower stratosphere. Additionally, moderate El Niño events have strong seasonality in their hydration effect in the tropics, whereas the intense moistening effect of extreme El Niño events prevails in all seasons during their episodes.

Water vapor in the stratosphere makes a significant contribution to global climate change by altering the radiative energy budget of the Earth’s climate system. Although many previous studies have shown that the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has significant effects on the water vapor content of the stratosphere in terms of the annual or seasonal mean, a comprehensive analysis of the seasonal evolution of these effects is still required. Using reanalysis data and satellite observations, we carried out a composite analysis of the seasonal evolution of stratospheric water vapor during El Nino/La Nina peaks in winter and decays in spring. The ENSO has a distinct hysteresis effect on water vapor in the tropical lower stratosphere. The El Nino/La Nina events moisten/dry out the tropical lower stratosphere in both winter and spring, whereas this wetting/dehydration effect is more significant in spring. This pattern is due to a warmer temperature in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during the El Nino spring phase, which causes more water vapor to enter the stratosphere, and vice versa for La Nina. This delayed warming/cooling in the lower stratosphere during the El Nino/La Nina decay in spring leads to the seasonal evolution of ENSO effects on water vapor in the lower stratosphere.

Several applications of Origami have been tested in industrial area. However, Origami based design is found only in lamp shade and wrapping in design area, and has not been practically applied especially in clothing. In this paper, the conical truss model is applied in the clothing skirt, and the simulation software from 2D to 3D is developed by parametric Origami module (POM). Finally, the pattern is copied on felt clothing, and the scaled model of skirt on the basis of conical reverse truss model design is made.

In this study, a new automatic point cloud registration algorithm based on point cloud registration is proposed to broaden registration ways. The proposed method extracts features of point cloud region for performing the coarse registration. Based on the coarse registration results, the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm is used for performing the fine registration to restore the measured model. The proposed registration approach is able to do automatic registration without any assumptions about initial positions, and avoid the problems of traditional ICP algorithm in the bad initial estimation. The proposed method along with ICP algorithm provides efficient 3D modeling for computer-aided engineering, computer-aided design and application with Kinect.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a Parametric Origami Module and relevant methods, which are able to expand the complex three-dimensional origami structure into a plane only by the topological relation matrix TP and node position coordinate matrix GP. Furthermore, an extended data structure for POM is proposed as well. In this study, we are not limited to the particular conditions for design origami structure such as Ori-tatami folding and axial symmetry. Plenty of three-dimensional origami structures are analyzed from the geometrical perspective and the common features among them are extracted. In the end, we compare the proposed method with others in further discussion and confirm its effectiveness.

Meeting abstracts Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumors in China, and frequently occurs in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Although liver resection and other therapies may improve survival, HCC is rarely cured and with high risk of recurrence and