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Ultra-high temperature ceramic (UHTC) coatings are used to protect the hot-end components of hypervelocity aerocrafts from thermal ablation. This study provides a new approach to fabricate UHTC coatings with high speed laser cladding (HSLC) technology, and places more emphasis on investigating the formation mechanism, phase compositions, and mechanical properties of HSLC-UHTC coatings. Results show that a well-bonded interface between the coating and the tantalum alloy substrate can be formed. The coating is mainly composed of (Zr,Ta)C ceramic solid solution phase with a content of higher than 90% by volume and Ta(W) metal solid solution phase. At a relatively high powder feeding rate, the ZrC ceramic phase appears in the coating while a dense ZrC UHTC top layer with a thickness of up to ~50 μm is successfully fabricated. As for the mechanical properties of the HSLC coatings, the fracture toughness of the coating decreases with the increase of powder feeding rate. The increase of carbide solid solution phase can significantly improve the high temperature microhardness (552.7±1.8 HV0.5@1000 ℃). The innovative design of HSLC ZrC-based coatings on refractory alloys accomplishes continuous transitions on microstructure and properties from the substrate to the UHTC top layer, which is a very promising candidate scheme for thermal protection coating.

Abstract Nanodrugs capable of aggregating in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have demonstrated great efficiency in improving the therapeutic outcome. Among various approaches, the strategy utilizing electrostatic interaction as a driving force to achieve intratumor aggregation of nanodrugs has attracted great attention. However, the great difference between the two nanodrugs with varied physicochemical properties makes their synchronous transport in blood circulation and equal‐opportunity tumor uptake impossible, which significantly detracts from the beneficial effects of nanodrug aggregation inside tumors. We herein propose a new strategy to construct a pair of extremely similar nanodrugs, referred to as “twins‐like nanodrugs (TLNs)”, which have identical physicochemical properties including the same morphology, size, and electroneutrality to render them the same blood circulation time and tumor entrance. The 1:1 mixture of TLNs (TLNs‐Mix) intravenously injected into a mouse model efficiently accumulates in tumor sites and then transfers to oppositely charged nanodrugs for electrostatic interaction‐driven coalescence via responding to matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) enriched in tumor. In addition to enhanced tumor retention, the thus‐formed micron‐sized aggregates show high echo intensity essential for ultrasound imaging as well as ultrasound‐triggered penetrative drug delivery. Owing to their distinctive features, the TLNs‐Mix carrying sonosensitizer, immune adjuvant, and ultrasound contrast agent exert potent sonodynamic immunotherapy against hypovascular hepatoma, demonstrating their great potential in treating solid malignancies.

Abstract The protective blood‐brain barrier (BBB) prevents most therapeutic agents from entering the brain. Currently, focused ultrasound (FUS) is mostly employed to create microbubbles that induce a cavitation effect to open the BBB. However, microbubbles pass quickly through brain microvessels, substantially limiting the cavitation effect. Here, we constructed a novel perfluoropropane‐loaded microbubble, termed ApoER‐Pep‐MB, which possessed a siloxane bonds‐crosslinked surface to increase the microbubble stability against turbulence in blood circulation and was decorated with binding peptide for apolipoprotein E receptor (ApoER‐Pep). The microbubble with tailor‐made micron size (2 µm) and negative surface charge (−30 mV) performed ApoER‐mediated binding rather than internalization into brain capillary endothelial cells. Consequently, the microbubble accumulated on the brain microvessels, based on which even a low‐energy ultrasound with less safety risk than FUS, herein diagnostic ultrasound (DUS), could create a strong cavitation effect to open the BBB. Evans Blue and immunofluorescence staining studies demonstrated that the DUS‐triggered cavitation effect not only temporarily opened the BBB for 2 h but also caused negligible damage to the brain tissue. Therefore, various agents, ranging from small molecules to nanoscale objects, can be efficiently delivered to target regions of the brain, offering tremendous opportunities for the treatment of brain diseases.

Abstract Background The cut-off date in the education system causes a relative age difference, with developmental advantages for children who are born on the “early side” of the cut-off date and disadvantages for those born later, which is known as the relative age effect (RAE). Very few studies have examined whether there is a RAE on the development of fundamental movement skills (FMSs) in preschool children, and no studies have been conducted in China. The purpose of this study is to identify whether a RAE exists on FMS in Chinese preschool children, comparing RAEs according to gender and age. Methods From a total of 378 invited preschool children regularly registered at one Chinese kindergarten, a total of 288 healthy and typically developing preschoolers (4.33 ± 0.84 years-old; 56.6% boys) were included in this study. All children were required to take part in anthropometry and FMS assessments. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to examine the difference in each of the FMS items across quarter categories, year and gender groups, controlling for body mass index (BMI). Results For the overall sample, the data show the significant main effects on the quarter of birth factor in locomotor skills (LC; F (3, 265) = 2.811, p = 0.04, ηp 2 = 0.031), object control skills (OB; F (3, 265) = 6.319, p = 0.04, ηp 2 = 0.031), and total test score (TTS; F (3, 265) = 5.988, p = 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.063). There were also significant differences in the age effect on all the domains of FMS (F LC (2, 265) = 100.654, p

Background/Objective: Regular physical activity (PA) is beneficial to young people's health and development. In order to provide nationally representative and internationally comparable evidence on youth PA, China has participated in Global Matrix 2.0 and 3.0. The purpose of this study is to report the updated results of China's Report Card on PA for Children and Adolescents. Methods: The grades were assigned by results derived from the PA and Fitness in China––The Youth Study (PAFCTYS), conducted from October to December in 2020. The data from PAFCTYS 2020 included a nationally representative sample of Chinese school-aged children (n = 133,006, boys: 49.6%, aged 9–17 years). Self-report questionnaires were completed by the sampled students, their parents/guardians (n = 133,006), and physical education teachers (n = 1036) from each sampled school respectively. Results: The grades of China 2022 Report Card are Overall PA (C), Organized Sport Participation (F), Active Play (C-), Active Transportation (C), Sedentary behaviors (C), Physical Fitness (INC), Family and Peers (C-), School (D), Community and Environment (D-), and Government (D). Conclusion: Levels of PA among Chinese youth were low and most young people were below the recommended guidelines, although the grade of Overall PA has been improved since the modified benchmark. Prevalence of sedentary behaviors remained high. Interventions and policies at the community and environment level should be encouraged to promote PA and reduce sedentary behaviors. In addition, national policies on young people's PA should be advocated widely to ensure the policies can be transferred into action.

The aim of present work was to investigate the tribological behavior of CVD nano-crystalline diamond (NCD) films with laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). The LIPSS textures were fabricated in ambient air using a Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifier femtosecond (fs) laser with pulse duration of 200 fs and central wavelength of 1040 nm. Two types of LIPSS texture, namely continuously distributed LIPSS (CDL) texture and a complex texture formed of evenly spaced LIPSS stripes (ESLS), were obtained with the above processing conditions. The tribological behavior of as-fabricated LIPSS textures was evaluated via ball-on-disc tests in dry reciprocating sliding motion, and ZrO2 ceramic balls were used as counterparts. In addition, there were two types of reciprocating direction involved in the frictional tests, namely the direction parallel/vertical to the orientation of LIPSS ripples. The results indicate that as the LIPSS can work as reservoir for wear debris and reduce the contact area during the friction process, the LIPSS textured NCD surface showed obviously reduced friction coefficient in comparison with the conventional NCD surface, which was reduced from 0.42 to 0.09. Besides, for the CDL surface, the friction coefficient as the LIPSS ripples vertical to the reciprocating direction was higher than that as the LIPSS ripples parallel to the reciprocating direction. In the case of ESLS surface, however, the direction of the LIPSS ripples had little influence on the friction coefficient.

Background The Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder (KTK) is a reliable and low-cost motor coordination test tool that has been used in several countries. However, whether the KTK is a reliable and valid instrument for use in Chinese children has not been assessed. Additionally, because the KTK was designed to incorporate locomotor, object control, and stability skills, and there is a lack of measurement tools that include stability skills assessment for Chinese children, the KTK’s value and validity are worth discussing. Methods A total of 249 primary school children (131 boys; 118 girls) aged 9–10 years from Shanghai were recruited in this study. Against the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3), the concurrent validity of the KTK was assessed. We also tested the retest reliability and internal consistency of the KTK. Results The test–retest reliability of the KTK was excellent (overall: r = 0.951; balancing backwards: r = 0.869; hopping for height: r = 0.918; jumping sideways: r = 0.877; moving sideways: r = 0.647). Except for the boys, the internal consistency of the KTK was higher than the acceptable level of Cronbach’s α > 0.60 (overall: α = 0.618; boys: α = 0.583; girls: α = 0.664). Acceptable concurrent validity was found between the total scores for the KTK and TGMD-3 (overall: r = 0.420, p < 0.001; boys: r = 0.411, p < 0.001; girls: r = 0.437, p < 0.001). Discussion The KTK is a reliable instrument for assessing the motor coordination of children in China. As such, the KTK can be used to monitor the level of motor coordination in Chinese children.

Purpose: This study aimed to describe the national prevalence of Chinese children and adolescents who met the World Health Organization muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) recommendations and identify correlates of meeting the MSE recommendations. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the 2019 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study, a nationally representative sample of Chinese children and adolescents (n = 80,413; mean age = 13.7 years; 53.9% girls) and their parents, were analyzed. Children and adolescents who reported engaging ≥3 days (up to 7 days) of MSE per week were classified as meeting the MSE recommendations. MSE, demographics, lifestyle behaviors (sport participation, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration), exercise intention, peer and parental support, and parental MSE participation were assessed through self-reports. Logistic regression models were used to determine the correlates of meeting the MSE recommendations. The analyses were completed in 2020. Results: Overall, 39.3% of children and adolescents met the MSE recommendations. Girls, 10th–12th graders, minorities, those from lower income households and those from families with lower parental education were less likely to meet the MSE recommendations. Children and adolescents who were proficient in ≥2 sports were more likely to meet the MSE recommendations (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.26–1.65), as were those with more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (aOR = 1.57, 95%CI: 1.53–1.61). Additionally, children and adolescents with high exercise intention (aOR = 1.60, 95%CI: 1.51–1.69), those whose parents met the adult MSE recommendations (aOR = 1.46, 95%CI: 1.40–1.52), and those who received high peer (aOR = 1.27, 95%CI: 1.20–1.34) and parental support (aOR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.04–1.12) were more likely to meet the MSE recommendations. Conclusion: Less than two-fifths of Chinese children and adolescents met the World Health Organization MSE recommendations. The correlates identified in our study can help inform the development of school and community based strategies and policies to enhance participation in MSE and improve muscular fitness of all Chinese children and adolescents.

Abstract Background Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis is frequently undertaken during exploration of various -omics data sets. Despite the wide array of tools available to biologists to perform this analysis, meaningful visualisation of the overrepresented GO in a manner which is easy to interpret is still lacking. Results Monash Gene Ontology (MonaGO) is a novel web-based visualisation system that provides an intuitive, interactive and responsive interface for performing GO enrichment analysis and visualising the results. MonaGO supports gene lists as well as GO terms as inputs. Visualisation results can be exported as high-resolution images or restored in new sessions, allowing reproducibility of the analysis. An extensive comparison between MonaGO and 11 state-of-the-art GO enrichment visualisation tools based on 9 features revealed that MonaGO is a unique platform that simultaneously allows interactive visualisation within one single output page, directly accessible through a web browser with customisable display options. Conclusion MonaGO combines dynamic clustering and interactive visualisation as well as customisation options to assist biologists in obtaining meaningful representation of overrepresented GO terms, producing simplified outputs in an unbiased manner. MonaGO will facilitate the interpretation of GO analysis and will assist the biologists into the representation of the results.

Background: Meeting 24-h movement guidelines by children and adolescents has been associated with improved indicators of health, although it has been under-studied in China. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines, its correlates, and its relationships with body mass index in children and adolescents in China. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the 2017 Youth Study in China of 114,072 children and adolescents (mean age = 13.75 years, 49.18% boys) were used. Meeting 24-h movement guidelines (≥60 min of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, ≤2 h of daily leisure screen time, 9–11 h and 8–10 h nightly sleep duration for 6–13-year-olds and 14–17-year-olds, respectively) and height and weight of all participants were assessed. The prevalence of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines and World Health Organization weight status categories were determined. Generalized linear models were used to determine the correlates of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines and the relationships of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines with overweight (OW) and obesity (OB). Results: Only 5.12% of Chinese children and adolescents met the 24-h movement guidelines, and 22.44% were classified as OW/OB. Older children and adolescents were less likely to meet the 24-h movement guidelines. Parental education level and family income were positively related to meeting the 24-h movement guidelines. Children and adolescents meeting the 24-h movement guidelines showed lower odds ratios for OW/OB. Compared with participants meeting the 24-h movement guidelines, boys in 4th–6th grades met none of the recommendations (OR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.06–1.40), met the screen time recommendation only (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.01–1.28), met the nightly sleep duration recommendation only (OR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.03–1.28), and had significantly higher odds ratios for OW/OB. Similar trends were observed for girls in 4th–6th grades: meeting none of the guidelines (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.14–1.59), meeting sleep duration guidelines only (OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.08–1.39), and meeting moderate-to-vigorous physical activity + nightly sleep duration guidelines (OR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.01–1.54). For girls in 7th–9th grades, the following trend was observed: meeting none of the guidelines (OR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.01–1.67). Conclusion: Very few Chinese children and adolescents met the 24-h movement guidelines. Age (negatively correlated), parental education level, and family income (both positively correlated) were correlates of meeting the 24-h movement guidelines. Children and adolescents meeting the 24-h movement guidelines were more likely to have lower risks for OW/OB, especially in the youngest age group (Grades 4–6); and girls in the middle age group (Grades 7–9) were also more likely to have lower risks for OW/OB. Further research studies should explore additional correlates and determinants for meeting the 24-h movement guidelines. Also, future studies should use longitudinal or interventional designs to determine the relationships between meeting the 24-h movement guidelines and OW/OB and other health indicators, while taking sex and age differences into account.

Considering that motor and cognitive processes are intertwined and inhibit or help each other throughout life and that primary school age is one of the most critical stages of children's cognitive and motor development, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between executive functions and gross motor skills in Chinese children aged 9–10 years, as well as gender differences. The flanker task, the 1-back task, the more-odd shifting task, and the test of gross motor coordination (Körperkoordinationtest für Kinder) were used to collect data on executive functions and gross motor coordination. The results were as follows. First, there was a weak association between gross motor coordination and the inhibition reaction time in the congruent test and the reaction time of working memory (r = −0.181 to −0.233), but no association was found between gross motor coordination and cognitive flexibility. Second, a weak-to-moderate correlation was presented between the move sideways test and the inhibition reaction time in the congruent test and the reaction time in the refreshing test of the working memory (r = −0.211 to −0.330). Finally, gender influenced on the relationship between gross motor coordination and the reaction time of both inhibition (βGender = −0.153, p < 0.05) and working memory (βGender = −0.345, p < 0.01). To conclude, our results suggest that children with better motor coordination skills require less reaction time, especially girls, and this association was more substantial than in boys. The finding supports the current assertion that there are commonalities between gross motor coordination and cognitive control by showing the relationship between gross motor coordination and complex cognitive processes (executive function) in preadolescent children.

In the context of exercise psychology, the mediating relationship between peer support, self-efficacy and self-regulation, and adolescents’ exercise adherence was to be explored. Methods: A questionnaire was distributed among 2200 teenagers from twelve middle schools in Shanghai. The “process” program in SPSS and the bootstrap method were applied to construct and analyze the direct and indirect effects of peer support on adolescents’ exercise adherence. Results: Peer support directly affected adolescents’ exercise adherence (β = 0.135, p < 0.001, effect size of 59%) and self-efficacy (β = 0.493, p < 0.001, effect size accounted for 42%), and self-regulation (β = −0.184, p < 0.001, effect size of 11%) influenced exercise adherence indirectly. In addition, self-efficacy and self-regulation could impose a chain-mediated effect on peer support and exercise adherence (effect size of 6%). Conclusion: Peer support could promote adolescents’ exercise adherence. Self-efficacy and self-regulation are mediating factors of peer support on exercise adherence in teenagers, self-regulation as well as self-efficacy-imposed chain-mediating effects on peer support and adolescents’ exercise adherence.

Abstract Medial artery calcification results from deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals on elastin layers, and osteogenic changes in vascular smooth muscle cells. It is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and peripheral artery disease (PAD), and when identified in lower extremity vessels, it is associated with increased amputation rates. This study aims to evaluate the effects of medial calcification on perfusion and functional recovery after hindlimb ischemia in rats. Medial artery calcification and acute limb ischemia were induced by vitamin D3 (VitD3) injection and femoral artery ligation in rats. VitD3 injection robustly induced calcification in the medial layer of femoral arteries in vivo. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging revealed that perfusion decreased and then partially recovered after hindlimb ischemia in vehicle‐injected rats. In contrast, VitD3‐injected rats showed markedly impaired recovery of perfusion following limb ischemia. Accordingly, rats with medial calcification showed worse ischemia scores and delayed functional recovery compared with controls. Immunohistochemical and histological staining did not show differences in capillary density or muscle morphology between VitD3‐ and vehicle‐injected rats at 28 days after femoral artery ligation. The evaluation of cardiac and hemodynamic parameters showed that arterial stiffness was increased while cardiac function was preserved in VitD3‐injected rats. These findings suggest that medial calcification may contribute to impaired perfusion in PAD by altering vascular compliance, however, the specific mechanisms remain poorly understood. Reducing or slowing the progression of arterial calcification in patients with PAD may improve clinical outcomes.

Abstract Background With increases in inactive lifestyles and mounting pressure for academic excellence in Chinese younger populations, lack of physical activity and increased prevalence of obesity have become a major public health concern in China. The purpose of this study is to provide updated estimates on the prevalence of meeting moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and screen viewing time guidelines, and overweight and obesity among Chinese school-aged children and adolescents, with a secondary aim examining variations in prevalence by sex, grade groupings, and residential location. Methods The study sample came from the 2017 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study, a cross-sectional and national survey of 131,859 students (aged 7 to 19 years) from 986 public schools in China. Measures of MVPA, screen viewing time, and age- and sex-specific overweight and obese body mass index were used to calculate national prevalence estimates of Chinese school-aged children and adolescents. Results In 2017, 34.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.09–34.11%) of children and adolescents met MVPA guidelines and 65.4% (95% CI, 65.39–65.41%) adhered to screen viewing time guidelines. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 15.1% (95% CI, 15.09–15.11%) and 10.7% (95% CI, 10.69–10.71%), respectively. Prevalence estimates differed by sex (boys, girls), grade grouping (primary schools, junior middle schools, junior high schools), and residential location (rural, urban). Conclusions There remains a low prevalence of meeting MVPA guidelines and high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese school-aged children and adolescents. Future efforts should focus on monitoring the trend of these behavioral and health risk factors to inform school policies and programs aimed at increasing physical activity and reducing and preventing obesity in younger populations in China.

Background: Physical exercises can affect executive function both acutely and chronically, with different mechanisms for each moment. Currently, only a few reviews have elaborated on the premise that different types of exercises have different mechanisms for improving executive function. Therefore, the primary purpose of our systematic review was to analyze the effects of acute and chronic exercises on executive function in children and adolescents.Objective: We identified acute and chronic exercise studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of executive function in children and adolescents that reported overall effect, heterogeneity, and publication bias of acute and chronic exercises on executive function.Methods: We searched for RCTs of exercise interventions in children and adolescents from databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), and Wanfang, from January 1 2009 to December 31 2019. We performed methodological quality evaluations on the included literature using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale (PEDro) and graded evidence with a meta-analysis using Stata 12.0 software.Results: In total, 36 RCTs were included (14 acute exercises, 22 chronic exercises); the overall results of the meta-analysis (4,577 students) indicated that acute exercises significantly improved working memory (standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.89 to −0.56; p < 0.001), inhibitory control (SMD = −0.25; 95% CI −0.40 to −0.09; p = 0.002), and cognitive flexibility (SMD = −0.34; 95% CI −0.55 to −0.14; p < 0.005), whereas chronic exercises significantly improved working memory (SMD = −0.54; 95% CI −0.74 to −0.33; p < 0.001), inhibitory control (SMD = −0.30; 95% CI −0.38 to −0.22; p < 0.001), and cognitive flexibility (SMD = −0.34, 95 % CI −0.48 to −0.20, p < 0.001).Conclusion: Acute and chronic exercises can effectively improve the executive function of children and adolescents. The effects on inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility are considered as small effect sizes, while the effects on working memory are considered as moderate effect size. Limited by the quantity and quality of the included studies, the above conclusions need to be verified with more high-quality studies.

Purpose: This study presents the most recent estimates of prevalence of overweight, obesity, and screen-time viewing among Chinese school-aged children. Demographic differences in these estimates between sexes and resident locales were also examined. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses of 116,615 Chinese school children 9 to 17 years of age who participated in the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study project. Outcomes were the prevalence of children's overweight (85th ≤ body mass index (BMI)

Abstract Hypoxia leads to up‐regulation of PD‐L1 and decreases T lymphocyte infiltration, thus boosting immunotherapeutic resistance of tumors. Moreover, tumor‐infiltrating myeloid cells such as myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) correlate with potent immune suppressive activity and resistance to the immune checkpoint blocking (ICB) in tumor sites. Here, a multifunctional nanoregulator incorporating MnO2 particles and small molecular IPI549 is developed, which can reshape the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to unleash the immune system. The intravenously administered nanoregulator effectively accumulates in tumor sites to alleviate hypoxia via oxygen‐generating reduction of MnO2 and to inhibit PI3Kγ on MDSCs via IPI549 release in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which results in concurrent downregulation of PD‐L1 expression, polarization of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) toward pro‐inflammatory M1‐like phenotype (tumor‐suppressive), enhanced infiltration of CD4+ helper T lymphocytes (Th cells), and cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (Tc cells), and suppressed infiltration of regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg cells) for effective tumor immunotherapy. Furthermore, the local generation of Mn2+ in TME allows tumor‐specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). More excitingly, the nanoregulator‐reshaped TIME is effectively reserved due to the synergistic effect of hypoxia alleviation and MDSC PI3Kγ inhibition, leading to remarkable post‐medication inhibition of tumor re‐growth and metastasis in an animal study.

The traditional loans pricing methods are usually based on risk measures of individual loan’s characteristics without considering the correlation between the defaults of different loans and the contribution of individual loans to the entire loan portfolio. In this study, using account-level loans data of 2010-2016 abstracted from 2 databases kindly provided by a Chinese commercial bank, the authors choose Archimedean Copula to fit the default relationship between loans, combined with the loss distribution function constructed to measure the economic capital of the loan portfolio, to propose a loan pricing method that is more suitable for measuring the unique risk characteristic of SMEs loans. Empirical evidence shows that compared with the traditional loan pricing model, this new proposed one, requiring lower loan interest rates from customers with higher credit rating, while higher loan interest rates from customers with lower credit rating, could thus be able to provide higher risk-adjusted returns, higher economic capital adequacy ratios, and ultimately stronger banks’ capabilities to tolerate risk events. Although there might still be some issues and limitations in the study, the method proposed in this study could be of interest not only to the banks’ management, but also to banking regulators as well.

Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor originating from bone tissue that progresses rapidly and has a poor patient prognosis. Immunotherapy has shown great potential in the treatment of osteosarcoma. However, the immunosuppressive microenvironment severely limits the efficacy of osteosarcoma treatment. The dual pH-sensitive nanocarrier has emerged as an effective antitumor drug delivery system that can selectively release drugs into the acidic tumor microenvironment. Here, we prepared a dual pH-sensitive nanocarrier, loaded with the photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and CD47 monoclonal antibodies (aCD47), to deliver synergistic photodynamic and immunotherapy of osteosarcoma. On laser irradiation, Ce6 can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill cancer cells directly and induces immunogenic tumor cell death (ICD), which further facilitates the dendritic cell maturation induced by blockade of CD47 by aCD47. Moreover, both calreticulin released during ICD and CD47 blockade can accelerate phagocytosis of tumor cells by macrophages, promote antigen presentation, and eventually induce T lymphocyte-mediated antitumor immunity. Overall, the dual pH-sensitive nanodrug loaded with Ce6 and aCD47 showed excellent immune-activating and anti-tumor effects in osteosarcoma, which may lay the theoretical foundation for a novel combination model of osteosarcoma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]