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Cost reduction and enhanced cooling performance are strongly demanded for daytime passive radiative cooling due to its attractive cooling strategy that does not require any energy input. Its potential application varies widely from air conditioning systems for buildings, photovoltaic cells, electronic device cooling and automobiles. However, recently proposed daytime passive radiative coolers are based on photonic structures which are high in cost. A relatively cheap metal oxide material, TiO2, which lowers the cost but is highly emissive in the mid-infrared range has been used, also improving the cooling performance of the photonic daytime passive radiative cooler. An optimized TiO2–SiO2 alternating multi-layered photonic daytime radiative cooler with average emissivity of 0.84 within 8–13 μm while reflecting 94% of incident solar energy is developed. Its net cooling power is estimated to be 136.3 W/m2 at ambient air temperature of 27 °C which shows an improvement of 90 W/m2 compared to that of the HfO2-SiO2 photonic radiative cooler. Last, a field test has been conducted in Hong Kong's subtropical climate (i.e. relative humidity = 60–70%) to investigate its feasibility, and with the help of solar shading, successfully demonstrated temperature reduction of 7.2 °C with a net cooling power of 14.3 W/m2 under direct sunlight.

A passive daytime radiative cooler is made of a sky facing surface which can preserve the indoor air temperature below ambient without energy consumption by simultaneously reflecting solar radiation and emitting thermal radiation to the universe through the atmospheric window located between 8–13 μm of the electromagnetic spectrum. After the first demonstration of radiative cooling under direct sunlight, a solar mirror coated with a mid-infrared (MIR) emissive thin film has become the standard device architecture. This study firstly reviews recent developments in daytime passive radiative cooling, followed by describing the development of an energy balance mathematical model to study the potential application of passive radiative coolers in HVAC systems of buildings. Some micro-channels are fabricated on the back side of the passive radiative cooler, allowing fluid to flow in an isolated loop such that the coolant can be chilled and transported to the demand side for spacing cooling. This leads to the partial replacement of conventional vapor compression refrigeration by the radiative cooling panel. Considering the steady state energy balance within the radiative cooling panel integrated HVAC systems, the cooling performance and indoor air temperature are evaluated by numerical analysis. A 100 m2 passive radiative cooling panel could chill water for the cooling of air, reducing indoor air temperature by 10 °C, equivalent to a net cooling power of 1600 W. This study suggests that the proposed passive radiative cooling system should be used to pre-cool the ambient hot air such that the overall energy consumption of a traditional air-conditioning system can be reduced. The findings promise the application of passive daytime radiative cooling in building HVAC systems.

Anoctamin-1 (ANO1) (TMEM16A) is a calcium-activated chloride channel that plays critical roles in diverse physiological processes, such as sensory transduction and epithelial secretion. ANO1 levels have been shown to be altered under physiological and pathological conditions, although the molecular mechanisms that control ANO1 protein levels remain unclear. The ubiquitin–proteasome system is known to regulate the levels of numerous ion channels, but little information is available regarding whether and how ubiquitination regulates levels of ANO1. Here, we showed that two E3 ligases, TRIM23 and TRIM21, physically interact with the C terminus of ANO1. In vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that whereas TRIM23 ubiquitinated ANO1 leading to its stabilization, TRIM21 ubiquitinated ANO1 and induced its degradation. Notably, ANO1 regulation by TRIM23 and TRIM21 is involved in chemical-induced pain sensation, salivary secretion, and heart-rate control in mice, and TRIM23 also mediates ANO1 upregulation induced by epidermal growth factor treatment. Our results suggest that these two antagonistic E3 ligases act together to control ANO1 expression and function. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism for regulating ANO1 protein levels and identify a potential molecular link between ANO1 regulation, epidermal growth factor, and other signaling pathways.

Saharan silver ants can maintain their body temperature below ambient air due to unique triangular shaped hairs that enhance solar reflection and thermal emission through a transparent window that lies in the atmosphere. Applying this thermoregulatory prismatic structure to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), highly emsissive in the 8–13 μm spectrum, we present a geometrically modified polymer-based daytime passive radiative cooler. The selective thermal emitter was fabricated based on the optimized prismatic structure from Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations. The average emissivity within the 8–13 μm spectrum was enhanced to 0.98 by the gradient refractive index effect, while the average solar reflectivity in the visible and near-infrared spectrum was measured to be 0.95. The net radiative cooling power is estimated to reach 144 W/m2, exceeding records of previously reported radiative coolers. Last, in Hong Kong's hot and humid climate, a field test successfully demonstrated cooling by 6.2 °C below the temperature of ambient air corresponding to a net cooling power of 19.7 W/m2 in a non-vacuum setup during the peak daytime with shading. This is the largest temperature reduction observed in a tropical region for daytime passive radiative cooling. Our work presents an alternative method to enhance passive thermal emission and may facilitate its world wide application in eco-friendly space cooling.