Search

Using extensive databases and known algorithms to predict short-term energy consumption comprises most computational solutions based on artificial intelligence today. State-of-the-art approaches validate their prediction models in offline environments that disregard automation, quality monitoring, and retraining challenges present in online scenarios. The existing demand response initiatives lack personalization, thus not engaging consumers. Obtaining specific and valuable recommendations is difficult for most digital platforms due to their solution pattern: extensive database, specialized algorithms, and using profiles with similar aspects. The challenges and present personalization tactics have been researched by adopting a digital twin model. This study creates a different approach by adding structural topology to build a new category of recommendation platform using the digital twin model with real-time data collected by IoT sensors to improve machine learning methods. A residential study case with 31 IoT smart meter and smart plug devices with 19-month data (measurements performed each second) validated Digital Twin MLOps architecture for personalized demand response suggestions based on online short-term energy consumption prediction.

Tecnicas de Processamento de Linguagem Natural (PLN) podem ser aplicadas em dominios especificos para extracao de informacao. Este trabalho apresenta aplicacoes de PLN em documentos do Diario Oficial da Uniao (DOU) relativos ao setor eletrico para a automacao de back-office e similaridade entre palavras com uma representacao vetorial refinada para o dominio especifico. Foi obtida maior similaridade entre as palavras energia, eletrica, geracao e ANEEL com o uso desta representacao refinada.

Modelos de previsao do consumo energetico residencial a curto prazo (horizonte de horas ou dias) permitem a seus usuarios planejar e tomar decisoes de modo a reduzir seu consumo. Entretanto, grande parte dos trabalhos academicos nesta area utiliza ambientes offline para experimentacao, desconsiderando os desafios de automatizacao, monitoramento e atualizacao de modelos em ambientes online. Neste artigo sao apresentados os desafios e solucoes em estudo de caso, detalhando a implantacao em cenario real online de modelos de previsao de consumo em 4 residencias brasileiras no periodo de 2020. Concluiu-se que o uso de boas praticas e metricas para o desenvolvimento em ambientes online nao so aumentaram a acuracia das previsoes, como tambem facilitaram o desenvolvimento dos modelos e auxiliaram na velocidade de experimentacao e reprodutibilidade de resultados.

Flaking type failure in rolling-contact processes is usually attributed to fatigue-induced subsurface shearing stress caused by the contact loading. Assuming such crack growth is due to mode II loading and that mode I growth is suppressed due to the compressive stress field arising from the contact stress, we developed a new testing apparatus for mode II fatigue crack growth. Although the apparatus is, as a former apparatus was, based on the principle that the static K I mode and the compressive stress parallel to the pre-crack are superimposed on the mode II loading system, we employ direct loading in the new apparatus. Instead of the simple four-point-shear-loading system used in the former apparatus, a new device for the application of a compressive stress parallel to the pre-crack has been developed. Due to these alterations, mode II cyclic loading tests for hard steels have become possible for arbitrary stress ratios, including fully reversed loading (R = - 1); which is the case of rolling-contact fatigue. The test results obtained using the newly developed apparatus on specimens made from bearing steel SUJ2 and also a 0.75% carbon steel, are shown.

We have developed two types of real-time video watermarking systems using a VLIW-based media processor. One is an embedding system for HDTV (High-Definition TV), and the other is an embedding system for standard TV. These systems preserve the picture quality of each video frame by using motion estimation and contour detection that optimizes the strength of the watermark. We have developed a watermarking module that incorporates three MAPCAs (media accelerated processors for comsumer appliances) as art of a real-time embedding system for standard TV. For HDTV, we have developed a watermarking system with seven watermarking modules. The system divides an HDTV video into seven segments so that the seven independent modules work in parallel.

In rolling contact fatigue, we have discovered that a flaking failure accompanied by cracks extending bi-directionally relative to the load-movement occurs on a defect-free surface due to the influence of indentations on a mating surface. We have also demonstrated, using stress analysis, the initiation of incipient cracks in the subsurface region resulting from indentations on the mating surface. In the present study, we focus on the stage of crack extension in the direction opposite to the load-movement. Firstly, mode II fatigue crack growth properties are investigated by conducting mode II fatigue testing, which has been previously presented. Subsequently, stress intensity factors at a subsurface crack are calculated by using a finite element method for the case of an indentation on the mating surface moving through the contact area. In this calculation, the configuration of the modeled crack is very similar to cracks actually observed. Based on the results of both the stress analysis and the cracking seen in actual tests, the mechanism for the development of opposite-directional cracking is proposed to be a mode II extension of an incipient subsurface crack.

The crack growth in rolling contact fatigue has been investigated with a newly devised testing rig. A surface crack normally extends in the direction of the load-movement, and flaking failures accompanied by cracks extending in the direction opposite to the load-movement are rarely observed. However, in some situations, cracks extending in the opposite direction appear with an as not as yet clarified mechanism. In this study, a double-roller type rolling contact fatigue testing rig has been devised to reproduce the opposite-direction crack growth. Equally spaced artificial indentations are marked on the surface of one roller, while the other roller surface is defect-free. In that set-up, a flaking accompanied by cracks extending bi-directionally to the load-movement almost always occurs on the defect-free roller surface. The appearance of the flaking is consistent throughout the tests, but the cycles to failure vary according to test conditions such as (1) contact load, (2) additional tangential force between the rollers, (3) the number of artificial indentations, (4) whether the defect-free roller is operated as the driver or the follower, (5) rotational speed, and (6) size of artificial indentations.

Flaking type failure in rolling contact fatigue is usually attributed to the fatigue induced by cyclic subsurface shearing stress caused by contact loading. We suppose that this type of subsurface crack growth is essentially a mode II fatigue crack growth under the condition in which tensile mode growth is suppressed due to the compression stress field arising from the contact stress.Although the newly developed apparatus is, as the former apparatus, based on the principle that the static KI and the compressive stress parallel to the pre-crack are superimposed to mode II loading, we employ a new mechanism for mode II load application. In the new apparatus, a direct loading system is employed instead of the four-points-shear loading system used in the former apparatus. A new device for the application of compressive stress parallel to the pre-crack is also developed. Due to these alterations, mode II cyclic loading tests for hard steels have become possible at arbitrary stress ratios, including fully reversed loading (R=-1) which is the case of rolling contact fatigue.The tests were made on bearing steel SUJ2 and 0.75% carbon steel. The hardness of these two steels was around HRC60. The test results showed that stable mode II fatigue crack growth occurred in the region of ΔKII=3-10MPa√m, and that ΔKII-threshold values for mode II fatigue crack growth of these two steels were estimated to be around 3MPa√m. The apparent effect of load ratio was not observed in the data of R=0 and R=-1.

Cylindrical roller bearings are being developed which can operate over 300°C and greater than three million DN for innovative gas-generators. Under such severe conditions, it is necessary for retainers to be frictionless, lightweight and strong. After preliminary testing, SiC particle reinforced aluminum alloy composite appeared to have good friction and wear properties. It's specific gravity is about one-third of the present material in use, silver-coated SAE4340. In the course of the study, two different friction and wear tests were conducted to investigate the optimum volume fraction of SiC. The results indicated that the most efficient volume fraction was 20vol%. The tensile strength of Al-20vol%SiC was about 140MPa at 300°C. Based on the results of FEM analysis, 140MPa is considered sufficient to endure any stress concentration caused by tensile hoop stresses up to four million DN. Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting Las Vegas, Nevada May 23–27, 1999

In this paper, we describe our dot-pattern code, which can embed information onto the paper. Its main features are 1) no need to reserve a special room for the code, 2) obscure and unnoticeable, 3) comparatively large information capacity, 4) the absolute coordinates in the paper is measurable. We describe how to embed and detect the information onto / from the paper, and we estimate it by examination. From the examination, we found that our dot-pattern code is applicable to various kinds of papers, printers including ink-jet and scanners. We also found that even when the density of the black dot is greater than 6 %, over 8,000 bits could be safely embedded with error rate less than 10-6 . We also found that the embedded information could be detected correctly after the paper had been damaged.

Through the solvent extraction of copper(II) with the three isomeric chlorobenzoic acids in 1-octanol, it has been shown that the entrance of chloro substituent into the three positions in the benzene ring of benzoic acid results in an individuality in the extraction behavior for copper(II). The dimeric copper(II) chlorobenzoates CU2A4 and Cu2A4(HA)2 were responsible for the extraction with m-chlorobenzoic acid together with the monomer CuA2, while only the monomeric species CuA2 was extracted with o- and p-chlorobenzoic acids. The entrance of chloro group into the ortho position in benzoic acid was found to result in a lowering of both the partition constants of o-chlorobenzoic acid itself and its copper(II) compound. That into the para position has led to a significant decrease in the solubilities of the para isomer and its copper(II) compound in both aqueous and octanol phases.

A method for enhancing the image quality of watermarked binary images containing text, drawings, graphs and tables is described. Using the proposed method, we can construct binary watermarking methods that do not perceptually degrade image quality and are robust against image deformation. The method can enhance image quality by accurately detecting the gaps created by the conventional watermarking method and by restoring them at little cost of watermark survivability. Testing of a prototype application demonstrated the validity of the method and revealed that it can widely be used in various binary image watermarking schemes.

Wide use of broadband networks and high-efficiency personal computers facilitates distribution of live video content through the Internet. Digital watermarking for video helps protect the copyright of the video content, making real-time watermark embedding an essential requirement for content distribution. This paper describes a real-time embedding system suitable for live content distribution that uses software on an ordinary personal computer. Real-time processing is achieved by combining all the processes related to watermark embedding, and by shortening the watermark embedding time by reusing the estimated watermark imperceptibility among neighboring frames. A prototype system demonstrated the validity of the proposed system.

Random geometric distortion is one of the most difficult kinds of image processing to survive and has been a noted problem in watermarking research. Previous methods for dealing with random geometric distortion, however, are accompanied by large computational overhead or by operational inconvenience. This paper therefore proposes a method based on embedding watermark patterns in two of the three color planes constituting a color picture so that these two planes have a specific correlation less subject to random geometric distortion. Experimental evaluations using StirMark confirmed that information of over 100 bits embedded in 256/spl times/266-pixel pictures can be correctly detected without using searches or special patterns.

More and more consumer electronics devices are being interconnected wirelessly in private homes as well as in public spaces. While these wireless networks must use signal powers as low as possible so that they will not adversely affect human bodies, they must be reliable in noisy and physically-complex indoor environments. Consumer wireless networks therefore need to use new and better error-correction techniques. Previous error-correction techniques concerned both coding and decoding. Research in coding gave us the BCH and Reed-Solomon codes, extending the correction limitation (the number of correctable bit errors). Research in decoding explored ways of recovering more bit errors. This work proposes a new decoding method suitable for consumer wireless networks, one that can recover roughly 40% more errors than the current correction limitation.

Errors in watermark detection can cause serious problems, such as erroneous copy control and misindication of illegal copying. This paper proposes a new watermark method which prevents detection errors by using the expectation-maximization algorithm from inferential statistics. Experimental evaluations have confirmed its reliability.

The extraction of adenosine phosphates with hydrophobic cyclic diammonium or alkyl diammonium salts is described. The selectivity of these compounds is governed by two factors, the length of the spacer arm between the two ammonium nitrogens and the pH of the system. The cyclic compound exhibits less selectivity than the similar noncyclic alkyl compounds. It is shown that several of the compounds are fairly selective for adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). The best of these, N,N,N′-tetramethyl-N,N′-dioctadecyldiammoniumethane, is tested for assay of ATP in spiked urines.

The partition of carboxylic acids between benzene and 0.1 mol dm−3(H,Na)ClO4 aqueous solution has been studied at 25 °C. Carboxylic acids used include acetic, propanoic, butanoic, pentanoic, hexanoic, and decanoic acids. The hydration of monomeric acids in benzene being taken into account, the hydration-corrected partition constant has been calculated. The effect of the chain length on the partition is accounted for with the aid of the newly estimated solubility parameters and empirical binary coefficients. Applicability of the empirical solubility parameter of water (35.89 J1⁄2 cm−3⁄2) has also been discussed.

The extraction of copper(II) with benzoic acid was carried out at 25 °C and aqueous ionic strength of 0.1 mol/dm3(NaClO4). Copper(II) benzoate cannot be extracted in benzene, while it is extracted in 1-octanol as a monomeric copper(II) benzoate. The extraction equilibrium is described as: with logKex(1,0) = − 7.70. The extraction of copper(II) with benzoic acid(aromatic carboxylic acid) was found to proceed through a stoichiometry different from that with decanoic acid (aliphatic carboxylic acid).

Complex formation of copper(II) with decanoic acid (HA) has been studied by potentiometric measurement in 1,4-dioxane-water mixtures at a constant ionic concentration of 0.1 mol dm−3 (Na, H)ClO4 and at 25°C. The experimental data can be interpreted with the formation of CuA+, CuA2 and Cu2A4. The dimerization constant formulated as: was found to be log Kdim = 3.75, 4.02 and 4.26 for 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mole fractions of dioxane, respectively. Absorbances at 373 and 670 nm are interpreted with the aid of the formation constants determined by potentiometry. Solvent effect on the dimerization of the monomeric copper(II) decanoate is discussed on the basis of selective solvation of CuA2 and Cu2A4 with water molecules.

Microgram and nanogram quantities of copper and bismuth are electrodeposited on a glassy carbon electrode from 10M hydro-fluoric-1M nitric acid solutions. The deposit is then anodically removed in 0.1M perchloric acid or 0.1–12M hydrochloric acid, a current-voltage curve being recorded. Copper and bismuth at p. p. b. levels in sponge zirconium are determined by this technique with 5 M hydrochloric acid as stripping electrolyte within 3 hours.

The self-association of acetic acid in organic solvents at 25 o C has been investigated by infrared spectroscopy. The organic solvents used are n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride, toluene, benzene, chlorobenzene, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, and dichloromethane. The spectra of the carbonyl region were fitted with four Lorentzian curves, two for acetic acid monomer and cyclic dimer and the other two for the linear dimer

Extraction of aluminum(III) and indium(III) with decanoic acid in 1-octanol was carried out at 25 °C and at an aqueous ionic strength of 0.1 mol dm−3 (NaClO4). Monomeric and tetrameric aluminum(III) decanoates and monomeric indium(III) decanoate are responsible for the extraction. From a comparison of the present results with those obtained from the previous works, the polymerization of the extracted species was found to be more extensive in benzene than in 1-octanol, and the metal decanoates were highly polymerized in the following order in both solvents: Al>Ga>In.

Copper(II) was extracted with α-bromovaleric acid in benzene from 0.1 mol dm −3 (Na, H)ClO 4 aqueous solution at 25°C. The acid dissociation constant of the extracting agent was determined to be K a = 10 −2.79 in aqueous solution at 25°C. The partition constant of the acid (HA) between the aqueous phase and benzene, and the dimerization constant of the acid in benzene were evaluated to be 2.6 and 56 in molarity, respectively. The dimeric copper(II) α-bromovalerate is responsible for the extraction: 2Cu 2+ +3(HA) 2, o ⇌ K ex Cu 2 A 4 (HA) 2, o +4H 3 O + , (subscript o = organic phase) with log K ex = −7.87. The complex formation of cupric ion with the acid anion observed in the aqueous phase was taken into consideration for calculation of the extraction constant. It was proved that the formation of dimeric copper(II) species is not prevented by the bromine at the α-position in the valeric acid.

To develop a high-grade optical communication system, numerous studies have been performed on the single longitudinal mode operation of a laser diode (LD). The optical feedback generated at the coupling junction of the LD and the optical waveguide is a serious problem since it is a cause of the deterioration of the stability of the operation of the single mode laser. This paper describes a theoretical study of the reflected and transmitted light at the open end of the LD and at the junction between the LD and the optical waveguide via a gap by means of the boundary element method and the eigenmode expansion method. It is confirmed from the viewpoint of electromagnetic theory that among various configurations for elimination of the feedback, the one with a double-layered antireflection coating is the most effective. The analysis method used in this paper, unlike many other methods, has no restriction on the difference in the refractive index between the core and cladding. It can be extended easily to the case where the gap region consists of multimedia.

The extraction of copper(II) with o-, m-, and p-methylbenzoic acids in 1-octanol was carried out at 25 °C and aqueous ionic strength of 0.1 mol dm−3 (NaClO4). In contrast to the extraction with benzoic acid, in which only the monomeric copper(II) benzoate is extracted, the dimeric copper(II) species is also responsible for the extraction of copper(II) with o- and m-methylbenzoic acids in 1-octanol together with the monomeric one. On the other hand, p-methylbenzoic acid has a poorer extracting capability than o- and m-methylbenzoic acids and only the monomeric copper(II) species is responsible for the extraction.

The extraction of copper(II) was carried out with lipoic acid in benzene at 25 °C and at a constant ionic strength in the aqueous phase: 0.1 mol dm−3 (NaNO3). The partition constant, KD,HA of lipoic acid between benzene and water, and the dimerization constant, K2,HA of lipoic acid in benzene were determined: logKD,HA=1.17 and logK2,HA=2.51 The dimeric copper(II) lipoate is responsible for the extraction:2Cu2++3(HA)2,o\oversetKex(22)\ightleftharpoons(Cu2A4(HA)2)o+4H+with the extraction constant, logKex(22)=−11.00. It was proved that lipoate ion coordinates to copper(II) with the carboxylate group without a remarkable participation of the disulfide moiety in the coordination.

Copper, lead and cadmium at the ppb level in high-purity tantalum metal are determined simultaneously by square-wave polarography after removal of tantalum by anion exchange. A 1-g sample is dissolved in a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acids in a Teflon beaker, and the solution (20 ml, 4 M in F- and 0.5 M in NO3-) is introduced onto an anion-exchange column (Bio·Rad AG 1-X8, 100200 mesh, 10 mmφ × 150 mm, polyethylene tubing). Then 20 ml of the mixed acid (4 M HF +0.5 M HNO3) is passed through the column. The effluent is evaporated to dryness and the residue is dissolved in 5 ml of the supporting electrolyte containing 0.5 M potassium chloride-0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The lower limits of determination are 0.05 ppm for copper, 0.1 ppm for lead, and 0.02 ppm for cadmium, and the precision is about 10% at the 0.2 ppm level. The time required for a determination is approximately 5 to 6 hours.

Nanogram quantities of copper and silver are electrodeposited on a glassy carbon electrode from a hydrofluoric-nitric acid solution containing 0.5–1 g of tantalum. The deposit is then anodically removed in 0.1M hydrochloric acid, a current-voltage curve being recorded. The impurities at the parts per billion level in high-purity tantalum metal powder are determined within 3 hours.

The self-association of acetic acid in organic solvents at 25 o C has been investigated by infrared spectroscopy. The organic solvents used are n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride, toluene, benzene, chlorobenzene, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, and dichloromethane. The spectra of the carbonyl region were fitted with four Lorentzian curves, two for acetic acid monomer and cyclic dimer and the other two for the linear dimer

The hydration and dimerization of some aliphatic carboxylic acids have been studied by partition. Monomer monohydrate, dimer mono- and tri-hydrates have been formed in benzene contacted with water. The formation constant of the monohydrates of monomeric and dimeric acids is related linearly to the acidity of acids.

The formation of mixed dimers of acetic, monochloroacetic, dichloroacetic and trichloroacetic acids with decanoic acid has been studied by partition and solubility measurements of water in benzene. The dimerization constants of these acids decrease with increasing acidity of the acids, while the reverse is found for the hydration constant of the acid monomer monohydrate. The formation constants of the mixed dimers have been determined for the following acid pairs: acetic–decanoic, monochloroacetic–decanoic, dichloroacetic-decanoic and trichloroacetic–decanoic. The formation constant is just as expected statistically for all these acid pairs. Linear free energy relationships have been observed between the formation of dimeric acids and acid monomer monohydrates and the dissociation of acids in water.

The hydration and dimerization of some aliphatic carboxylic acids have been studied by partition. Monomer monohydrate, dimer mono- and tri-hydrates have been formed in benzene contacted with water. The formation constant of the monohydrates of monomeric and dimeric acids is related linearly to the acidity of acids.