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We report the case of a 55-year-old man presented with a nodule in the right middle lung on computed tomography. The size of the nodule had increased at 12 years after the first visit. Consequently, the patient was diagnosed with a Mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma (MSGP) by surgical resection. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies that MSGP in the lung which had been observed for 12 years before surgery. This study reports the case of a patient who underwent surgical resection of a MSGP.

Abstract Background Lung resection in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) has been reported to be associated with favorable outcomes. However, little is known regarding the risk and prognostic factors for refractory and recurrent cases. We aimed to evaluate the overall impact and benefit of adjuvant lung surgery by comparing NTM-PD patients who underwent adjuvant lung resection with those treated exclusively with antibiotics. We also investigated the efficacy of serum IgA antibody against glycopeptidolipid (GPL) core antigen (GPL core antibody) to monitor disease activity and predict the recurrence of disease after adjuvant lung resection. Methods We retrospectively evaluated the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of 35 patients surgically treated for NTM-PD. Furthermore, we compared surgically treated patients and control patients treated exclusively with antibiotics who were matched statistically 1:1 using a propensity score calculated from age, sex, body mass index, and radiologic features of disease. Results In the surgically treated patients, the median age was 58 (interquartile range, 47–65) years and 65.7% were female. Twenty-eight patients had Mycobacterium avium complex. Operations comprised four pneumonectomies, two bilobectomies, one bilobectomy plus segmentectomy, 17 lobectomies, two segmentectomies, and nine lobectomies plus segmentectomies. Postoperative complications occurred in seven patients (20%), there were no operative deaths, and 33 (94.3%) patients achieved negative sputum culture conversion. Refractory and recurrent cases were associated with remnant bronchiectasis, contralateral shadows, and positive acid-fast bacilli staining or culture. Of 28 statistically matched pairs, long-term sustained negative culture conversion was observed in 23 (82.2%) surgical group patients and in 14 (50.0%) non-surgical group patients (0.0438). The mortality rate was lower in the surgical group, but did not reach statistical significance (one in the surgical group and four in the non-surgical group, p = 0.3516). GPL core antibody was correlated with disease activity and recurrence. Conclusions NTM-PD patients who underwent adjuvant lung resection experienced overall favorable outcomes and achieved sputum culture conversion more frequently. Long-term mortality may have been reduced by this procedure, and the level of GPL core antibody was shown to be a good clinical indicator of disease activity after surgery.

Abstract Background Tyramine, known as a “trace amine” in mammals, modulates a wide range of behavior in invertebrates; however, the underlying cellular and circuit mechanisms are not well understood. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), tyramine affects key behaviors, including foraging, feeding, and escape responses. The touch-evoked backward escape response is often coupled with a sharp omega turn that allows the animal to navigate away in the opposite direction. Previous studies have showed that a metabotropic tyramine receptor, SER-2, in GABAergic body motor neurons controls deep body bending in omega turns. In this study, we focused on the role of tyramine in GABAergic head motor neurons. Our goal is to understand the mechanism by which tyraminergic signaling alters neural circuit activity to control escape behavior. Results Using calcium imaging in freely moving C. elegans, we found that GABAergic RME motor neurons in the head had high calcium levels during forward locomotion but low calcium levels during spontaneous and evoked backward locomotion. This calcium decrease was also observed during the omega turn. Mutant analyses showed that tbh-1 mutants lacking only octopamine had normal calcium responses, whereas tdc-1 mutants lacking both tyramine and octopamine did not exhibit the calcium decrease in RME. This neuromodulation was mediated by SER-2. Moreover, tyraminergic RIM neuron activity was negatively correlated with RME activity in the directional switch from forward to backward locomotion. These results indicate that tyramine released from RIM inhibits RME via SER-2 signaling. The omega turn is initiated by a sharp head bend when the animal reinitiates forward movement. Interestingly, ser-2 mutants exhibited shallow head bends and often failed to execute deep-angle omega turns. The behavioral defect and the abnormal calcium response in ser-2 mutants could be rescued by SER-2 expression in RME. These results suggest that tyraminergic inhibition of RME is involved in the control of omega turns. Conclusion We demonstrate that endogenous tyramine downregulates calcium levels in GABAergic RME motor neurons in the head via the tyramine receptor SER-2 during backward locomotion and omega turns. Our data suggest that this neuromodulation allows deep head bending during omega turns and plays a role in the escape behavior in C. elegans.

Imaging the activities of individual neurons with genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators (GECIs) is a promising method for understanding neuronal network functions. Here, we report GECIs with improved neuronal Ca(2+) signal detectability, termed G-CaMP6 and G-CaMP8. Compared to a series of existing G-CaMPs, G-CaMP6 showed fairly high sensitivity and rapid kinetics, both of which are suitable properties for detecting subtle and fast neuronal activities. G-CaMP8 showed a greater signal (F(max)/F(min) = 38) than G-CaMP6 and demonstrated kinetics similar to those of G-CaMP6. Both GECIs could detect individual spikes from pyramidal neurons of cultured hippocampal slices or acute cortical slices with 100% detection rates, demonstrating their superior performance to existing GECIs. Because G-CaMP6 showed a higher sensitivity and brighter baseline fluorescence than G-CaMP8 in a cellular environment, we applied G-CaMP6 for Ca(2+) imaging of dendritic spines, the putative postsynaptic sites. By expressing a G-CaMP6-actin fusion protein for the spines in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and electrically stimulating the granule cells of the dentate gyrus, which innervate CA3 pyramidal neurons, we found that sub-threshold stimulation triggered small Ca(2+) responses in a limited number of spines with a low response rate in active spines, whereas supra-threshold stimulation triggered large fluorescence responses in virtually all of the spines with a 100% activity rate.