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Abstract Background A large body of data shows that fetal brain development is vulnerable to disruption by air pollution experienced by the mother during pregnancy, adversely affecting cognitive and psychomotor capabilities during childhood (De Asis-Cruz et al., Biol Psychiatry 7:480–90, 2022; Morgan ZEM et al., Environ Health 22:11, 2023). This study has sought to identify gestational windows of susceptibility to prenatal exposure to air pollution. Methods 470 African American and Latina mother/child pairs participated in a prospective cohort study based in the low-income communities of Northern Manhattan and the South Bronx, New York City. Gestational exposure to respirable particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was assessed through validated models in relation to cognitive and motor development assessed at ages 1, 2, and 3 years using the Bayley-II Scales. Multiple linear regression models and distributed lag models (DLM) were used to identify critical windows of exposure by trimester and week of pregnancy. Results By linear regression, average exposures to NO2 during the first and second trimesters and the entire pregnancy were significantly and negatively associated with the mental developmental index (MDI) at age 1. Average exposures to PM2.5 during the second trimester and the entire pregnancy were also significantly, inversely associated with age 1 MDI. No significant associations were found between these exposures and MDI at age 2. NO2 exposure during the first trimester was significantly negatively associated with MDI at age 3. Using DLM, exposures to NO2 at lags 29–30 weeks (within the first trimester) and PM2.5 at lags 17–18 weeks (second trimester) were significantly and inversely associated with MDI at age 1. Significant, inverse associations were found between exposures to NO2 at lag 29 weeks and PM2.5 at lags 27–29 weeks and children’s MDI at age 3. No significant associations were found between psychomotor index (PDI) and prenatal exposures to NO2 or PM2.5 at ages 1, 2 or 3. Conclusions Our finding that prenatal exposure to air pollution in the first and second trimesters was associated with lower scores for cognitive development at ages 1 and 3 is of concern because of the potential consequences of these outcomes for long-term functioning. They underscore the need for stronger policies to protect pregnant individuals and offspring, particularly during vulnerable, early life-stage of development.

IntroductionAir pollution poses serious health risks to humans, with particular harm to children.ObjectivesTo address the gap in understanding the efficacy of policies to reduce exposure to air pollution, we sought to assess the temporal relationship between the enactment of major air pollution and climate policies in NYC and trends in air quality during the period 1998–2021. We used previously available data from citywide monitoring and new data from the Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health (CCCEH) longitudinal cohort studies of mothers and children living in communities in Northern Manhattan and the South Bronx.MethodsWe utilized publicly available citywide air monitoring data for particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from 2009 to 2021 from the New York City Community Air Survey (NYCCAS) database and CCCEH cohort data on residential exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 and personal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during pregnancies occurring from 1998–2016 and 1998–2021, respectively. We compared annual and overall reductions in PM2.5 and NO2 citywide and reductions in PAH concentrations in the cohort studies.ResultsAs previously reported, annual average concentrations of pollutants in NYC dropped significantly over time. Between 1998 and 2021, PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations were reduced citywide by 37 and 31%, respectively. In our CCCEH cohorts, between 1998 and 2016, the annual average PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations also decreased significantly by 51 and 48%, respectively. Between 1998 and 2020, PAH concentrations decreased significantly by 66%.Discussion/conclusionWhile it is not possible to link improved air quality to a single policy, our analysis provides evidence of a cumulative beneficial effect of clean air and climate policies enacted between 1998 and 2021 both city-wide and in our cohorts residing in communities that have been disproportionately affected by air pollution. There are important implications for health benefits, particularly for children, who are known to be especially vulnerable to these exposures. The results support further environmental and social policy changes to prevent the serious health impacts of air pollution from fossil fuel emissions.

Background/Objective: A significant number of individuals with asthma have poorly controlled daily symptoms and utilize dietary supplements such as ginger in a quest for improved symptom control; however, its effectiveness at improving the control of symptoms is unproven. We questioned whether low-dose oral ginger would improve subjective and objective measurements of asthma control in mild-to-moderate asthmatics. Methods: We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study of a low dose (1 g twice daily) of a dietary supplement of ginger in 32 mild-to-moderate uncontrolled asthmatics over a 2-month trial period while maintaining daily conventional asthma therapies. The planned primary outcomes included an increased tolerance to inhaled methacholine and decreased concentrations of fractional excretion of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Secondary planned outcomes included measurements of asthma control by the Asthma Control Test (ACT), a 2-week symptom recall test, and the Juniper mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), and blood eosinophils and asthma-associated cytokines. Results: Exhaled nitric oxide or blood eosinophils were not changed by oral ginger. However, three different measures of asthma symptom control were improved by the 28-day time point of oral ginger. Asthma-associated serum cytokines (IL-13 and IL-17A) were modulated by oral ginger. Conclusions: This is the first demonstration that a small daily dose of a dietary supplement of ginger may improve asthma symptoms and reduce inflammation in human asthmatics. These findings support the need for additional studies using larger doses of ginger in specific endotypes of asthmatics that may identify a novel therapeutic for asthma.

Abstract Background Craniopharyngiomas are low‐grade malignancies (WHO I) in the sellar region. Most cases of childhood‐onset craniopharyngioma are adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma, and neurosurgery is the treatment of choice. Affected patients have postoperative complications, including water and electrolyte disturbances, because these malignancies develop near the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Determining postoperative serum sodium fluctuation patterns in these patients can reduce postoperative mortality and improve prognosis. Objective To measure changes in serum sodium levels in pediatric patients who underwent craniopharyngioma surgery and identify influencing factors. Methods This retrospective study measured the serum sodium levels of 202 patients aged 0–18 years who underwent craniopharyngioma resection in Beijing Tiantan Hospital and Beijing Children's Hospital and identified predictors of severe hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Results The mean age of the cohort was 8.35 ± 4.35 years. The prevalence of hypernatremia, hyponatremia, and their severe forms (serum Na+ > 150 mmol/L and serum Na+

ObjectiveHypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction is a common complication in post-operative craniopharyngioma(CP) patients, and it greatly impacts the long-term quality of life of such patients. To better understand the effects of postoperative hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction and long-term hormone replacement therapy in patients with childhood CP, we assessed approximately 200 patients with childhood-onset CP postoperatively.MethodsClinical details of patients with childhood-onset CP who underwent sellar tumor resection in Beijing Children’s Hospital and Beijing Tiantan Hospital from 2018 to 2019 were retrieved retrospectively. The participants were followed up to assess the effects of post-operative long-term hormone replacement therapy and assess the tumor recurrence rate.ResultsThe median age of admission was 8.1 (1.8, 14.3) years. Headache (45.5%), visual impairment (39.5%), and nausea (33.0%) were the most common clinical manifestations. ACP accounted for 95% of all CP cases. The incidence of central adrenal insufficiency and central hypothyroidism within the first week after surgery was 56.2% and 70.3%, respectively. At the same time 85.5% of the patients required at least one dose of desmopressin to control urine output. Total survival and tumor recurrence rates were 98.6% and 26.1%, respectively, with a median follow-up time of 29.7 (19.0, 40.3) months. During the follow-up period, 28.1% patients met the diagnostic criteria for short stature, while 54.4% fit the criteria for obesity. In addition, 94.4% of the patients were taking at least one kind of hormone substitution, and 74.7% were taking three or more. The prevalence of levothyroxine, glucocorticoid, desmopressin, and growth hormone replacement therapy was 87.3%, 77.5%, 78.9% and 31.0%, respectively. The proportion of patients treated with the substitutive combination of levothyroxine, hydrocortisone, and desmopressin was 54.9%.ConclusionThis study is a large-sample systematic postoperative endocrine function evaluation of patients with childhood-onset CP. Due to the high prevalence of post-operative hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, patients with CP usually require long-term multiple hormone substitution therapy. Individualized management and accurate hormone replacement dosage for postoperative childhood-onset CP patients are of great importance.

BackgroundThe PTPN11 gene, located at 12q24. 13, encodes protein tyrosine phosphatase 2C. Mutations in the PTPN11 gene can lead to various phenotypes, including Noonan syndrome and LEOPARD syndrome. The SEC24D gene is located at 4q26 and encodes a component of the COPII complex, and is closely related to endoplasmic reticulum protein transport. Mutations in SEC24D can lead to Cole-Carpenter syndrome-2. To date, dual mutations in these two genes have not been reported in the literature.MethodsWe report a patient with short stature and osteogenesis imperfecta as the primary clinical manifestation. Other clinical features were peculiar facial features, deafness, and a history of recurrent fractures. Whole exome sequencing was performed on this patient.ResultsAfter whole-exome sequencing, three mutations in two genes were identified that induced protein alterations associated with the patient's phenotype. One was a de novo variant c.1403C>T (p.Thr468Met) on exon 12 of the PTPN11 gene, and the other was a compound heterozygous mutation in the SEC24D gene, a novel variant c.2609_2610delGA (p.Arg870Thrfs*10) on exon 20 and a reported variant c.938G>A (p.Arg313His) on exon 8.ConclusionsConcurrent mutations in PTPN11 and SEC24D induced a phenotype that was significantly different from individual mutations in either PTPN11 or SEC24D gene. Personalized genetic analysis and interpretation could help us understand the patient's etiology and hence develop treatments and improve the prognosis of these patients.

The Loess Plateau, known for its fragile ecosystems, is one of the traditional apple-producing regions in China. Although some management measures are needed to enhance sustainable agriculture in response to the rising pressure of climate change, the geographic distribution of apple trees considering multiple variables has not been considered. In this study, we used three software (the maximum entropy model, IDRISI, and ArcGIS) to simulate the potential distribution of suitable habitats and range shifts of apple trees in the near present and near future (i.e., the 2030s and the 2050s) under two climate scenarios (the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP)1-26 and SSP5-85), while taking a variety of environmental factors into account (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and terrain). After optimization, the class unsuitable habitat (CUH) changed the potential distribution pattern of apple trees on the Loess Plateau. Currently, the areas of lowly suitable habitat (LSH), moderately suitable habitat (MSH), highly suitable habitat (HSH), and CUH were 7.66 × 104, 2.80 × 104, 0.23 × 104, and 18.05 × 104 km2, respectively. Compared to the centroid estimated under the climate of 1970–2000, the suitability range of apple trees was displaced to the northwest in both the 2030s and the 2050s in SSP5-85 (i.e., 63.88~81.30 km), causing a larger displacement in distance than SSP1-26 (i.e., 40.05~50.32 km). This study demonstrates the possible changes in the spatial distribution of apple trees on the Loess Plateau in the near future and may provide a strong basis for future policy making.

Background. COVID-19 may result in multiorgan failure and death. Early detection of patients at risk may allow triage and more intense monitoring. The aim of this study was to develop a simple, objective admission score, based on laboratory tests, that identifies patients who are likely going to deteriorate. Methods. This is a retrospective cohort study of all COVID-19 patients admitted to a tertiary academic medical center in New York City during the COVID-19 crisis in spring 2020. The primary combined endpoint included intubation, stage 3 acute kidney injury (AKI), or death. Laboratory tests available on admission in at least 70% of patients (and age) were included for univariate analysis. Tests that were statistically or clinically significant were then included in a multivariate binary logistic regression model using stepwise exclusion. 70% of all patients were used to train the model, and 30% were used as an internal validation cohort. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a model for COVID-19 severity based on biomarkers. Results. Out of 2545 patients, 833 (32.7%) experienced the primary endpoint. 53 laboratory tests were analyzed, and of these, 47 tests (and age) were significantly different between patients with and without the endpoint. The final multivariate model included age, albumin, creatinine, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase. The area under the ROC curve was 0.850 (CI [95%]: 0.813, 0.889), with a sensitivity of 0.800 and specificity of 0.761. The probability of experiencing the primary endpoint can be calculated as p=e−2.4475+0.02492age−0.6503albumin+0.81926creat+0.00388CRP+0.00143LDH/1+e−2.4475+ 0.02492age−0.6503albumin+0.81926creat+0.00388CRP+0.00143LDH. Conclusions. Our study demonstrated that poor outcome in COVID-19 patients can be predicted with good sensitivity and specificity using a few laboratory tests. This is useful for identifying patients at risk during admission.

Building extraction of remote sensing images is very important for urban planning. In the field of deep learning, in order to extract more detailed building features, more complex convolution operations and larger network models are usually used to segment buildings, resulting in low efficiency of automatic extraction. The existing network is difficult to balance the extraction accuracy and extraction speed. Considering the segmentation accuracy and speed, a Feature Residual Analysis Network (FRA-Net) is proposed to realize fast and accurate building extraction. The whole network includes two stages: encoding and decoding. In the encoding stage, a Separable Residual Module (SRM) is designed to extract feature information and extract building features from remote sensing images, avoiding the use of large convolution kernels to reduce the complexity of the model. In the decoding stage, the SRM is used for information decoding, and a multi-feature attention module is constructed to enhance the effective information. The experimental results on the LandCover dataset and Massachusetts Buildings dataset show that the reasoning speed has been greatly improved without reducing the segmentation accuracy.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been identified in various biological processes and plays important regulatory functions in diverse cells. However, there is still no visualization database for exploring global m6A patterns across cell lines. Here we collected all available MeRIP-Seq and m6A-CLIP-Seq datasets from public databases and identified 340,950 and 179,201 m6A peaks dependent on 23 human and eight mouse cell lines respectively. Those m6A peaks were further classified into mRNA and lncRNA groups. To better understand the potential function of m6A, we then mapped m6A peaks in different subcellular components and gene regions. Among those human m6A modification, 190,050 and 150,900 peaks were identified in cancer and non-cancer cells, respectively. Finally, all results were integrated and imported into a visualized cell-dependent m6A database CVm6A. We believe the specificity of CVm6A could significantly contribute to the research for the function and regulation of cell-dependent m6A modification in disease and development.

Objective: Hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction is a common complication in post-operative craniopharyngioma(CP) patients, and it greatly impacts the longterm quality of life of such patients. To better understand the effects of postoperative hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction and long-term hormone replacement therapy in patients with childhood CP, we assessed approximately 200 patients with childhood-onset CP postoperatively. Methods: Clinical details of patients with childhood-onset CP who underwent sellar tumor resection in Beijing Children’s Hospital and Beijing Tiantan Hospital from 2018 to 2019 were retrieved retrospectively. The participants were followed up to assess the effects of post-operative long-term hormone replacement therapy and assess the tumor recurrence rate. Results: The median age of admission was 8.1 (1.8, 14.3) years. Headache (45.5%), visual impairment (39.5%), and nausea (33.0%) were the most common clinical manifestations. ACP accounted for 95% of all CP cases. The incidence of central adrenal insufficiency and central hypothyroidism within the first week after surgery was 56.2% and 70.3%, respectively. At the same time 85.5% of the patients required at least one dose of desmopressin to control urine output. Total survival and tumor recurrence rates were 98.6% and 26.1%, respectively, with a median follow-up time of 29.7 (19.0, 40.3) months. During the follow-up period, 28.1% patients met the diagnostic criteria for short stature, while 54.4% fit the criteria for obesity. In addition, 94.4% of the patients were taking at least one kind of hormone substitution, and 74.7% were taking three or more. The prevalence of levothyroxine, glucocorticoid, desmopressin, and growth hormone replacement therapy was 87.3%, 77.5%, 78.9% and 31.0%, respectively. The proportion of patients treated with the substitutive combination of levothyroxine, hydrocortisone, and desmopressin was 54.9%. Conclusion: This study is a large-sample systematic postoperative endocrine function evaluation of patients with childhood-onset CP. Due to the high prevalence of post-operative hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, patients with CP usually require long-term multiple hormone substitution therapy. Individualized management and accurate hormone replacement dosage for postoperative childhood-onset CP patients are of great importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study employed density functional theory (DFT) to analyze the adsorption configuration and mechanism of Fe(OH)2 + on the kaolinite (001) surface. The findings demonstrated that Fe(OH)2(H2O)4 + is the main type in which hydrated Fe(OH)2 + can be found in aqueous solution. On the surface of kaolinite, Fe(OH)2(H2O)4 + will be adsorbed. There are two forms of adsorption: outersphere and inner-sphere coordination (monodentate/bidentate) adsorption. Fe(OH)2(H2O)4 + has a moderate propensity to adsorb on the alumina octahedral sheet of kaolinite when the outer-sphere coordination adsorption takes place. In cases of inner-sphere coordination adsorption, Fe exhibits a tendency to form monodentate adsorption compounds in conjunction with Ou atoms. Additionally, it prefers to create bidentate adsorption compounds through coordination with both Ot and Ou atoms. The adsorption mechanism analysis results show that the ionic property of Fe atom decreases after outer-sphere coordination adsorption. After inner-sphere coordination adsorption, some electrons of Fe atom are transferred to the surface O atom. The presence of electrons between the Fe and O atoms enhances the formation of bonds, hence enhancing the covalent nature of the Fe-O bond. Theoretical FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) calculations show that the formation of Fe-O chemical bonds. Because of the lower adsorption energy and more chemical bonds, hydrate Fe(OH)2 + is more likely to be bidentate adsorbed on the kaolinite surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]