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The problems of the new cultural and educational environment are being faced by a rising number of Chinese overseas students attending American universities.Through analyzing the existing literature, this paper reviews and compares the challenges posed by individual and social factors to Chinese international students' American college life. Firstly, in order to study the various components of individual and social issues that contribute to difficulties for Chinese international students integrating into the American campus, this paper first explores six perspectives. Secondly, by comparing the different aspects, the article emphasizes that social challenges should be considered by international education institutions as a more general aspect of challenges. By understanding the impact of different types of challenges on Chinese international students, international education institutions, including U.S. universities and Chinese international schools, can act more directly and accurately which can assist this student population to better integrate into campus life.

Selective hydrogenation of nitroarene to aniline is a key reaction for the manufacture of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and dyes. In this study, N-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) are prepared by the pyrolysis of chitosan-CNTs composite. The outside diameter of CNTs, concentration of chitosan, pyrolysis temperature and heating rate are tuned to improve the catalytic performance. The catalyst of CS/CNTs-800 doped with 0.33% pyrrolic N and 0.30% graphitic N exhibits good activity and high selectivity for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes. The kinetics data reveal that the hydrogenation reaction is zero-order for 4-nitrophenol and first-order dependence to H2 pressure, and H2 dissociation on the active sites is the rate-determining step. On CS/CNTs-800, the nitro groups of 12 different substrates can be selectively reduced with the protection of the other reducible groups. Nonpolar H radicals are found to be formed on CS/CNTs-800 for efficient hydrogenation. In addition, the catalyst showed good stability.

Introduction Strong evidence is lacking to support effectiveness of currently implemented tuberculosis infection prevention control (TB-IPC) measures for preventing nosocomial tuberculosis (TB) transmission. This 13-year analysis is the longest follow-up investigation to date to identify risk factors underlying nosocomial TB transmission. Methods We monitored all staff of Beijing Chest Hospital each year from 2006 to 2018. Age, gender, duration, department, education, income, respirator, ultraviolet, and ventilation were chosen as variables. Univariate cox regression, correlation analysis, and multivariate cox regression were analyzed sequentially. Results Using multivariable cox regression analysis, variables of income, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation conferred significant protective effects, with odds ratios of 0.499, 0.058, 0.003, and 0.015, respectively (P Conclusion UVGI, adequate ventilation, and use of medical N95 respirator may be risk factors of nosocomial TB transmission.

Background: Strong evidence is lacking to support effectiveness of currently implemented tuberculosis infection prevention control (TB-IPC) measures for preventing nosocomial tuberculosis (TB) transmission. This 13-year analysis is the longest follow-up investigation to date to identify risk factors underlying nosocomial TB transmission. Methods: We monitored all staff of Beijing Chest Hospital each year from 2006 to 2018. Age, gender, duration, department, education, income, respirator, ultraviolet, and ventilation were chosen as variables. Univariate cox regression, correlation analysis, and multivariate cox regression were analyzed sequentially.Results: Using multivariable cox regression analysis, variables of income, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation conferred significant protective effects, with odds ratios (ORs) of 0.499, 0.058, 0.003, and 0.015, respectively (P Naihui Chu: Tuberculosis Department, Beijing Chest Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, No 9, Beiguan street, Tongzhou District, Beijing 101149, P.R.China. Email: chunaihui1994@sina.com

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. TB infection rates under different TB-IPC measures for staff of Beijing Chest Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University from 2006 to 2018. Abscissa shows the year associated with each result and the ordinate shows TB infection incidence rate. Table S1. The variables that have significant correlations after Spearman or Pearson analysis.