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Vibrio spp. is typically found in salty waters and is indigenous to coastal environments. V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus frequently causes food-borne and non-food-borne infections in the United States. Vibrio spp. is sensitive to changes in environmental conditions and various studies have explored their relationship with the environment and have identified water temperature as the strongest environmental predictor with salinity also affecting the abundance in some cases. It is unclear how additional environmental factors will affect intra-seasonal variance as well as the seasonal cycle. This study investigated the intra-seasonal variations in total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus organisms in oysters and surrounding waters from 2009 to 2012 at a few locations in the Chesapeake Bay. V. Vulnificus is always pathogenic, but it has been observed that there was greater sample-to-sample variability in pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus than in total V. parahaemolyticus. To determine the increase in the likelihood of vibrio presence when the value of a certain environmental parameter has changed, the odds ratio is examined for various values of environmental factors. The odds ratio that we employed measures the likelihood that the desired outcome would occur in samples with the vibrio in comparison to the likelihood that the desired outcome will occur in samples without the vibrio. This technique will give us the threshold value of the environmental variable above which the likelihood of vibrio spp. presence has increased drastically. With changing climate and environmental conditions, vibrio is posing increasing risks to human health. The findings of this study will demonstrate the effectiveness of the odds ratio technique in estimating the likelihood that vibrio abundance would increase when environmental conditions change, which can then be incorporated into prediction models to reduce the danger to the public's health.

Vibrio spp. are pathogenic bacteria native to warm and brackish water. Vibriosis- the disease caused by these pathogens in humans accounts for around 80000 illnesses and 100 deaths annually in the United States. Of all the species, V. vulnificus has the highest mortality rate of all seafood-borne pathogens in the United States. In this context, understanding the environmental conditions that lead to increased V. vulnificus growth and spread can aid in the development of early warning systems and targeted prevention strategies. Besides sea surface temperature (SST), biotic parameters like coastal chlorophyll are also determined to affect V. vulnificus incidence in humans locally. However, the precise role of coastal chlorophyll as a potential confounding variable is understudied. Moreover, the spatial scale to which the data for environmental variables could be obtained also poses characterization constraints for researchers since the commonly employed in-situ sampling-based methods usually work with discrete locations covering a small area. The present study uses the odds ratio analysis to determine SST and chlorophyll-a threshold values critical to V. vulnificus incidence. The analysis reveals a definite positive relationship between remotely derived environmental variables and the odds of V. vulnificus incidence, where a specific statistical value of SST and chlorophyll-a marks a clear distinction between low and high odds of V. vulnificus incidence. This finding translates into a consistent pattern when checked for counties of coastal Florida. We anticipate our methodology to help distinguish between high and low-risk conditions, enabling public health workers to take proactive measures to protect the health and well-being of the public.

Mizaj concept in the Unani system of medicine is a wide area of research. Mizaj theory has its roots in the ancient four humors theory. It was the Greek physician Buqrat (Hippocrates 460-370 BC) who systematized and developed it into a medical theory. He believed certain human moods, emotions, and behaviors were caused by body fluids (called “Humor”): blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. So, it is necessary to find out its relationship with physical fitness which may be influenced by individual mizaj (body type) and it can be considered as a decisive advantage to selecting an appropriate exercise for each athlete. Research in this area is very scanty and inconclusive, therefore the participants of young age and clinically healthy have been chosen as the subject of study. The objective of the present study is to find out the nature of mizaj (body type) with physical fitness. The sample of the present study was drawn from Ayurvedic and Unani tibbia college students, both boys and girls. In the present study, mizaj was assessed by using a mizaj assessment questionnaire based on ten classical parameters described in the Unani classical literature category, and physical fitness was determined by physical fitness index(PFI) using a modified Harvard step bench test. Analysis of data in the current study was done by calculating the mean, standard deviation, and one-way ANOVA in SPSS 22.0 software for all the factors of mizaj and physical fitness. It is observed that PFI, is highest in people having Damvi Mizaj and lowest in people having saudavi Mizaj and it is in concordance with the experimental hypothesis of this research work. From this study, it is clear that a possible correlation between PFI and Mizaj certainly does exist. After that, PFI could be considered as one of the diagnostic indices of temperament.

The discovery of da Vinci surgical systems significantly contributed to cancer surgeries worldwide, however, the clinical and oncological outcomes are still debatable. Many retrospective studies have highlighted the advantage of robotic surgery over laparoscopic or open surgical procedures for various cancers, however, more multicentered, coordinated, random clinical trials must be conducted to outline the specific advantages of da Vinci robots. They have been widely used in cancer surgeries, however, higher operative cost and comparable oncological outcomes with laparoscopic approaches further forced manufacturers to come up with affordable and efficient specialized robotic surgery systems. Nevertheless, robotic surgery using da Vinci robots has been widely accepted for hysterectomy and prostatectomy over the laparoscopic procedure and this review briefly discusses da Vinci robots in the surgery of various human cancers and their clinical outcomes.

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), an emerging approach for community-wide COVID-19 surveillance, was primarily characterized at large sewersheds such as wastewater treatment plants serving a large population. Although informed public health measures can be better implemented for a small population, WBE for neighborhood-scale sewersheds is less studied and not fully understood. This study applied WBE to seven neighborhood-scale sewersheds (average population of 1,471) from January to November, 2021. Community testing data showed an average of 0.004% incidence rate in these sewersheds (97% of monitoring periods reported two or fewer daily infections). In 92% of sewage samples, SARS-CoV-2 N gene fragments were below the limit of quantification. We statistically determined 10-2.6 as the threshold of the SARS-CoV-2 N gene concentration normalized to pepper mild mottle virus (N/PMMOV) to alert high COVID-19 incidence rate in the studied sewershed. This threshold of N/PMMOV identified neighborhood-scale outbreaks (COVID-19 incidence rate higher than 0.2%) with 82% sensitivity and 51% specificity. Importantly, neighborhood-scale WBE can discern local outbreaks that would not otherwise be identified by city-scale WBE. Our findings suggest that neighborhood-scale WBE is an effective community-wide disease surveillance tool when COVID-19 incidence is maintained at a low level.Graphical abstract

Purpose of Review: The management of eye injuries is both difficult and argumentative. This study attempts to highlight the management of ocular trauma using currently available information in the literature and author experience. This review presents a workable framework from the first presentation, epidemiology, classification, investigations, management principles, complications, prognostic factors, final visual outcome and management debates. Review Findings: Mechanical ocular trauma is a leading cause of monocular blindness and possible handicap worldwide. Among several classification systems, the most widely accepted is Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT). Mechanical ocular trauma is a topic of unsolved controversy. Patching for corneal abrasion, paracentesis for hyphema, the timing of cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation are all issues in anterior segment injuries. Regarding posterior segment controversies, the timing of vitrectomy, use of prophylactic cryotherapy, the necessity of intravitreal antibiotics in the absence of infection, the use of vitrectomy vs vitreous tap in traumatic endophthalmitis is the issues. The pediatric age group needs to be approached by a different protocol due to the risk of amblyopia, intraocular inflammation, and significant vitreoretinal adhesions. The various prognostic factors have a role in the final visual outcome. B scan is used to exclude R.D, Intraocular foreign body (IOFB), and vitreous haemorrhage in hazy media. Individual surgical strategies are used for every patient according to the classification and extent of the injuries. Conclusion: This article examines relevant evidence on the management challenges and controversies of mechanical trauma of the eye and offers treatment recommendations based on published research and the authors’ own experience.