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Anaerobic co-digestion of concentrated swine manure with elephant grass silage was used, and this study carried out in full-scale three continuously stirred tank reactors was operated at mesophilic temperature. The Biogas impurity removal procedure was enhanced by using a molecular sieve and activated carbon. Two molecular sieve tanks are used to absorb water from the biogas. An activated carbon tank (2 meters) was used to eliminate H2S to < 1 ppm before entering the gas tank. In the form of compressed bio-methane gas (CBG), production was 14,400 m3/day (CH4 60-70%), and the amount of CBG was 9,600 m3/day 6.8 tons/day. The raw biogas containing CH4, CO2, and O2 are 68.8%, 29.7% and 0% with H2S 768 ppm. After the enhancement process, CBG having CH4, CO2, O2 are 89.35%, 10.05 0% and 0.02% with < 0.01 ppm H2S. Therefore, after the purification process amount of CO2, H2S gas was considerably reduced and CH4 was improved by up to 90% by volume, and then the CBG was compressed to 250 bar tanks to the fuel for cars. Therefore, these results clearly demonstrate that the activated carbon method is feasible to process for the removal of CO2 and H2S from biogas in a large-scale plant.

Combining alkaline and thermal pretreatments for the conversion of low-grade konjac powder to fermentable sugars was studied. After pretreatment, an enzyme hydrolysis procedure was applied with cellulase. The pretreatment and hydrolyzed liquids were used with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the fermentation process in the batch system. Analysis with a spectrometer revealed that the fundamental matter of low-quality konjac powder was severely degraded in order to enhance the fermentable sugars. Our investigation found that the alkaline combination thermal pretreatment produced the most reducing sugars. The impacts of several operational factors were examined. The highest alcohol content (3.551g/L), heating value (3570.27Cal/g) and energy values (17.15 MJ/kg) were achieved, this might be a very promising method of low-grade konjac powder use. Pretreatment of low-grade konjac powder for bioethanol production is highly advised due to its extremely low cost and high yield of reducing sugars and bioethanol.

There is an urgent demand for an evolution of renewable energy resources due to the rising global energy demand, resource depletion, growing emphasis on reducing climate change, and resource scarcity. Among many resources, Microalgae are thought to be the cleanest alternative feedstock for biofuels and biorefineries because of their advantages of quick growth, effective carbon dioxide fixation, lack of competition for agricultural production and potable water, and the potential to accumulate massive volumes of lipids and carbohydrates. Therefore, this review has discussed the different wastewater which can support and enhance the growth of microalgae, biosynthesis of lipids, production of biofuels from microalgae, and biochemical properties of biofuel. In order to minimize the accumulation of wastewater to protect the environment from pollution, apply wastewater to grow microalgae to achieve the goal of bio circular economy. This review provides clear details and a summary of the production of biofuel from microalgae grown in wastewater.

Much research on the shallot phytochemical is currently employed in various disciplines, such as medical reasons. Shallot (Allium ascalonicum) is a plant species belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae. It is a native plant grown in the North and Northeast region of Thailand. The present study aimed to determine the extracts' yield and antioxidant properties of black shallots made from fresh shallots. The black shallots were extracted with digestion by water, 47.5% and 95% ethanol at 50 ℃ for 1, 3 and 5 hours. The result discovered that black shallot extraction with digestion by water for 5 hours showed the highest weight of extracts (3.620 g). The determination of antioxidant activity by DPPH was observed, and extraction by water for 5 hours gave the highest percentage of inhibition. It was equal to 84.61%, which is not different from the digestion of 95% ethanol for 1 hour, with 83.48%. Similarly, the most outstanding value of IC50 was obtained from extraction with 95% ethanol for 1 and 5 hours with 21.30 mg/ml and 20.52 mg/ml. In terms of monitoring, the digestion method evaluated the productivity of pectin extracts from citrus peel. Hydrochloric acid (0.100, 0.050 and 0.025 M) was used as a solvent at 95 ℃ for 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The pectin extract by 0.1 M hydrochloric acid for 90 minutes gave the highest extract (5.237 g). The preliminary testing of cosmetic production was done by mixing black shallot extracts and pectin from citrus peels, and the two substances can be combined. Still, without adding preservatives, they could cause contamination in cosmetic samples.

Anaerobic digestion is recognized as an attractive option for the effective management and treatment of lignocellulosic biomass as well as waste recovery of resources for bioethanol production. Long enough testing has been done on bioethanol production using lignocellulosic biomass. This helps to reduce stress and global energy problems. Global wide has a variety of environmental impacts due to its use of fossil fuels. Bioethanol might be produced in Asian locations from many types of biomasses, including agricultural waste, forest waste, and wood biomass. This would be an environmentally friendly process. Unfortunately, there is very little research into the production of ethanol from rice field weeds. This makes it difficult to develop bioethanol production. This review is aimed at developing bioethanol production and the trend towards organic products that began nowadays. Unwanted weed growth is a major problem in rice cultivation. This review demonstrated the waste-to-energy aspect of the bioethanol production process using two weeds, gooseweed (Sphenoclea Zeylanica), and small-flowered nutsedge (Cyperus difformis).

Biofuels have been regaining popularity due to the increasing price of non-renewable fuels and the higher carbon dioxide emissions. Biofuels are manufactured from plant products and are mainly composed of lignocellulose and starch materials. This investigation aims to produce increased fermentable sugars for enhanced bioethanol production from tubers procured from northern Thailand. Varying concentrations of H2SO4 is used to pretreat the tubers. Before hydrolyzing with cellulase enzymes, the tubers were chopped into small pieces (1-2 cm), dried in a solar oven, powdered. The obtained results confirmed that the fermentable/ reducing sugar content of Amorphophallus spp. (suweg) tuber increased from 2.6 g/L to 19.01 g/L after enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzymes act as an excellent way to speed up the hydrolysis process. The theoretical potential of bioethanol production was calculated under ideal conditions, with the highest bioethanol concentration obtained is 9.69 ± 0.12 g/L at 0.4 % H2SO4 (pretreatment conc.) and 75 °C. The enhanced fermentable sugars obtained from starchy tubers may be utilized for bioethanol production to overcome depleting fossil fuels.

For many years, dye-sensitized sunlight cells (DSSC), which are feasible and have significant potential to harvest and convert light into renewable energy, have been the subject of serious research. DSSC is a great alternative for low-cost solar panels due to its simplicity in fabrication and acceptable efficiency. While synthetic dyes can produce higher efficiency, their production costs and complexity in synthesizing toxic chemicals that are harmful to the environment, people, and the environment present another problem. Therefore, several studies have focused on natural dyes extracted from plants (chlorophyll-anthocyanin, flavonoid and carotenoid) because of their advantages such as high absorption, low cost, no toxicity, eco-friendly and easy extraction. This review also highlights the development of dye-sensitized sun cells by using natural dyes as photosensitizers.

Cannabinoids are the major chemical constituents of the plant Cannabis sativa L. and are known to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects viz., psychotropic, analgesic, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, anticonvulsive, antibacterial and antifungal etc. The use of cannabis, cannabinoids and their products is restricted in several countries due to the high risk of misuse. Recently, cannabinoids have regained the interest of the researchers due to their therapeutic applications. Ever since the discovery of the cannabinoids, most of the studies carried out on the evaluation of their biological activities were limited to only preclinical levels. The quality of the preclinical data still remains only low to moderate, thus, leaving behind an uncertainty in their use for therapeutic applications. Problems associated with the solubility, stability and bioavailability of the cannabinoid drugs are also a major concern in the quality of the study. Nanoparticle based drug delivery system could be a potential method to increase the reliability of the data. While considering the immense pharmacological properties of the cannabinoids, there is an urgency to perform intensive clinical trials and to know their mechanism of action in various disease conditions, evaluate their efficacy and safety, and register them as drug candidates. This review highlights the chemistry, types and biological activities of the cannabinoids such as THC, CBD and CBN in focus with their anticancer activity, neuroprotective effect and nanoformulating the cannabinoid drugs.

This study aims to produce a significant quantity of fermentable sugars from tubers sourced from northern Thailand to boost bioethanol production. Bioethanol production from Amorphophallus spp. tubers was compared using biological and chemical approaches. The tubers were sliced into small pieces (1–2 cm), dried in a solar oven, and powdered before hydrolyzing with cellulase enzymes. The results revealed the fermentable sugar content of Amorphophallus spp. tuber increased from 2.6 g/L–19.01 g/L after enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, under the ideal condition, the total sugar concentration was 33.22 g/L. Enzymes help to speed up the hydrolysis process, and biological methods are also less expensive and more ecologically friendly than chemical equivalents. After the alcoholic fermentation, the highest ethanol content was obtained, 8.68 ± 0.91 g/L, using S. cerevisiae for 48 h. Konjac receives little attention in the biofuel industry due to its irritating nature to the mouth and throat when swallowed, implying that competition between the fuel and food sectors is lower than for other feedstocks such as cassava and corn. Improved fermentable sugars may be used in the near future for bioethanol production to address the worldwide issue of declining fossil fuel consumption.

Bioethanol is considered one of the most promising next-generation automotive fuels, as it is carbon neutral and can be produced from renewable resources, like lignocellulosic materials. The present research investigation aimed to utilize the elephant ear plant, a hazardous plant (weed) also considered an invasive species, as a font of non-edible lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production. The freshly collected elephant ear plant (leaves and stalk) was chopped into small pieces (1–2 cm) and then homogenized to a paste using a mechanical grinder. The sample pretreatment was done by flying ash for three different time durations (T1 = 0 min, T2 = 15 min, and T3 = 30 min) with 3 replications. All treatment samples were measured for total sugar and reducing sugar content. The concentration of reducing sugar archived was T1 = 0.771 ± 0.1 mg/mL, T2 = 0.907 ± 0.032 mg/mL, and T3 = 0.895 ± 0.039 mg/mL, respectively. The results revealed that the chemical composition was different among treatments. The hydrolysis was performed using cellulase enzymes at 35 °C for the hydrolysis process. The hydrolysate was inoculated with 1% of S. cerevisiae and maintained at room temperature without oxygen for 120 h. Bioethanol concentration was measured by using an ebulliometer. The efficient ethanol percentage was 1.052 ± 0.03 mg/mL achieved after the fermentation. Therefore, the elephant ear plant invasive weed could be an efficient feedstock plant for future bioethanol production.

The ruthenium-based dye and platinum (pt) are the most common materials used as photosensitizer and counter electrode (CE), respectively, in the production of the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), the third generation of photovoltaic technologies. However, their expensive cost, the complexity and toxicity of ruthenium dye, and the scarcity of pt’s sources preclude their use in the DSSC. Thus, this has sparked much interest in integrating natural dyes such as chlorophylls, the predominant pigments found in nature and responsible for photosynthesis, and exploring platinum-free CE in developing DSSC. This research investigated the natural dye from Strobilanthes cusia (SC) and evaluated the performance output under the three various counter electrode materials: a. fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) CE; b. graphite/FTO CE; and c. pt/FTO CE. Hence, from this study’s results, it was found that the SC dye is primarily composed of Chl-a with 64.5345 ± 0.4226 μg/ml followed by Chl-b with 41.4341 ± 0.2636 μg/ml. While in the photovoltaic performance of the SC dye-based DSSC the graphite/FTO CE showed higher photoelectric output having an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 306.35 mV, short circuit current (Isc) of 15.55 μA, ff = 0.462, maximum power (PMAX) of 0.734 μW/cm2 and an efficiency (η) of 0.0385%. For the pt/FTO CE, the values obtained were Voc = 283.39 mV, Isc = 9.43 μA, ff = 0.252, PMAX = 0.225 μW/cm2 and η = 0.0118%, and last, for FTO CE, Voc = 192.62 mV, Isc = 2.94 μA, ff = 0.203, PMAX = 0.0128 μW/cm2, and η = 0.00067%. It can be concluded that graphite presents feasible potential as an alternative to platinum due to its affordable cost and performance output.

The use of fossil fuels, as well as the environmental issues associated with their burning, has pushed for the development of clean, renewable energy sources. Biofuels made from lignocellulosic biomass are considered a carbon-neutral and sustainable method. As the demand for non-petroleum fuels grows, more attention will be placed on developing a cost-competitive liquid transportation biofuel like ethanol. This study was conducted to produce bioethanol utilizing the SHF (separate hydrolysis and fermentation) technique from corn stove lignocellulose. Pretreatment with sodium hydroxide at various concentrations was also studied. The influence of enzymatic saccharification, fermentation time, and substrate concentration on sugar yield and, eventually, ethanol production was investigated. Fermentation was carried out by using the enzymatically saccharified hydrolysate and monoculture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results reveal that pretreatment with 2% NaOH followed by 48 hours of hydrolysis produced the maximum bioethanol production (30.21 ±0.13 g/L). This study findings indicated that alkali-pretreated corn stove might be used as a feedstock for bioethanol production, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

This study aims to investigate the effect of substrate concentration and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on hydrogen production in a continuous anaerobic bioreactor from unhydrolyzed common reed (Phragmites australis) an invasive wetland and perennial grass. The bioreactor has capacity of 1 L and working volume of 600 mL. It was operated at pH 5.5, temperature at 37 °C, hydraulic retention time (HRT) 12 h, and variation of substrate concentration from 40, 50, and 60 g COD/L, respectively. Afterward, the HRT was then varied from 12, 8, to 4 h for checking the optimal biohydrogen production. Each condition was run until reach steady state on hydrogen production rate (HPR) which based on hydrogen percentage and daily volume. The results were obtained the peak of substrate concentration was at the 50 g COD/L with HRT 12 h, average HPR and H2 concentration were 28.71 mL/L/h and 36.29%, respectively. The hydrogen yield was achieved at 106.23 mL H2/g CODre. The substrate concentration was controlled at 50 g COD/L for the optimal HRT experiments. It was found that the maximum of average HPR and H2 concentration were 43.28 mL/L/h and 36.96%, respectively peak at HRT 8 h with the corresponding hydrogen yield of 144.35 mL H2/g CODre. Finally, this study successful produce hydrogen from unhydrolyzed common reed by enriched mixed culture in continuous anaerobic bioreactor.

The use of low-cost agricultural waste-derived biochar in solving water and environmental challenges induced by climate change was investigated and sound conclusions were presented. Water reuse strategies can diminish the impact of climate change in rural and remote areas of developing countries. The novel biochar materials from three agro-waste biomass (Matamba fruit shell, Mushuma, and Mupane tree barks) were investigated and characterized to attest to their capacity to remove iodine from the aqueous solution. Their surface morphologies were assessed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX) which exhibited their structural phenomena to purge environmental pollutants. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was conducted to show surface functional groups of the biochar materials and Matamba fruit shell exhibited hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl groups (C=O), C=C stretches of aromatic rings, and the carboxylate (C–O–O–) groups on its surface with corresponding data from the Isotherm and Kinetic models, statistically analyzed by the conventional and Bayesian methods. These surface mechanisms are said to be induced by weak van der Waals forces and - and -stacking interaction on the biochar surface. These adsorbents promised to be potential materials for environmental-ecosystem-protection and water re-use approach.

This study aimed to decrease the production cost and increase tilapia yield with a feeding regime. The trial was divided into four treatments with three replications followed by the feeding frequency in monosex male Nile tilapia with an average initial weight of 17.86-18.40 g/fish cultured on a net cage in the earth pond for three months. Fish fed with 18% protein supplemented with 5% protein concentrate. The first month was used by 32% protein feed twice per day (T1, control), fish were fed twice per day every other week (T2), fish were fed twice per day per week (T3), and fish were fed twice per day per week (T3). Fish fed twice per day per week are now fed twice per day (T4). These results revealed that T2 fish had the highest growth performance and most protein consumption (P 0.05). Moreover, fish in T2 has the lowest production cost and highest benefit-cost ratio (B/C ratio) (P 0.05). The highest percentage of edible meat in T2 was P 0.05, but the proximate analysis was close for all three groups (P 0.05). As a result, it is necessary to ensure that Nile Tilapia culture has sufficient protein and nutrition control. This will allow for both high growth and low cost. Fish health and quality were positively affected by a perfect protein-containing feeding regimen. In fish fed with 18% protein and 5% protein concentrate for the first month, followed by 32% protein feed twice every other day and then with 18% protein.

The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) deliver a low-cost and dependable alternative for various photovoltaic devices. The extraction process of natural pigments is simple and inexpensive compared with synthetic dyes. Natural plant pigments were extracted from flowers, leaves, roots, and fruits. Thus, this research focuses on the potential of natural dye using cold extraction with methanol. A UV–visible spectrometer was used for analyzing the Inthanin bok (Lagerstroemia macrocarpa) pigments absorption wavelength for the DSSC application. Carotenoids have the highest content, which is 10.666 ± 0.324 μg/ml; followed by chlorophyll-a with 2.708 ± 0.251 μg/ml and lastly chlorophyll-b with 2.500 ± 0.102 μg/ml. Elemental of the TiO2 nanoparticles and natural dyes was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the laser scanning microscope used for analyzed morphological characteristics of TiO2 nanoparticles and natural dyes. Moreover, the highest efficiency of the pigments extracted from Inthanin bok leaves is 1.138% ± 0.018, which the condition of 1 layer of TiO2 nanoparticles and the temperature; 300 °C.

A biorefinery is ideal because it can combine many processes to produce multiple bio-products from organic solid waste. Moreover, in view of socially rising energy demands and biodiversity conservation, biorefinery contributed as a sustainable strategic tool for the emerging circular bio-economy. In this research objective was to study some techniques to increase the productivity of Lanchester’s freshwater prawn in earthen ponds. The experiment using a completely randomized design was conducted. In six Nattearthen ponds, different amounts of chicken manure were applied to produce different amounts of phytoplankton (green algae). The first pond was control, then, the 2nd to 6th ponds were applied with chicken manure in 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg/rai/week, respectively. The prawns were fed twice daily with 5% of total body weight using 40% protein diet. The results of the study showed that feeding with different densities of phytoplankton (green algae) affected the productivity of Lanchester's freshwater prawn significantly. The highest productivity of Lanchester's freshwater prawn was 566.30 ±4.88 g from the pond applied with chicken manure of 120 kg/rai/week. The productivity of Lanchester’s freshwater prawn applied with 90, 30, 60, 150 and 0 kilograms/rai/week of chicken manure was 416.53 ± 9.89, 295.43 ± 5.46, 281.13 ± 4.63, 275.39±4.78 and 265.86 ±4.79 g, respectively. In conclusion, the effect of different densities of phytoplankton (green algae) increased the productivity of Lanchester's freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium lanchesteri).

Energy use from fossil fuels increases, causing an energy crisis, increasing greenhouse gases, and other environmental issues. In this study, obtaining renewable energy sources from biomass to replace fossil fuels is vital for future energy supply. Ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials was gain more attention recently. It is an interesting process and an alternative way countries with agricultural waste can be recycled as energy. To convert such waste biomass source into energy in ethanol needed to adjust cellulose conversion to different suitability. Therefore, to obtain the fermentable sugars for bioethanol production, the pretreatment process involved a vital role. In this experimental study, 4% of calcium oxide (CaO) was applied. Moreover, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) distinguished the characteristics of untreated and pretreated samples. In this study, the separated hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) method was used for bioethanol production. Total and reducing sugars yield confirmed that tobacco stalks are suitable feedstock for bioethanol production.

Biochar-inspired tertiary removal system is beneficial in preventing antibiotic residue discharged from hospital wastewater treatment. Taking advantage of a simple kiln controlled at around 600 °C, we succeeded in carbonizing corncobs to biochar with a surface area of 306 m2/g. Using ciprofloxacin (CFX), ofloxacin (OFX), and delafloxacin (DLX), we demonstrated the performance of the corncob biochar for the sorption removal. The pseudo-second-order rate of DLX was lower than CFX and OFX. The maximum sorption capacity Qmax of 93.9 μg/g for DLX, 399.6 μg/g for CFX, and 306.0 μg/g for OFX were estimated using the Langmuir model. The parameter KL relating to binding strength for DLX is 8 times larger than CFX and OFX. The Qmax could be mainly determined by the pore size distribution of the biochar and the dimensions of FQs considering hydration. Furthermore, we discussed that these results might relate to the number of halogen atoms and functional groups in the fluoroquinolones.

This study aims to examine the perspective of feedstock for producing biomethane from invasive aquatic weed water primroses (Ludwigia Hyssopifolia). The methane yield and methane content of biogas were analyzed and studied. The calculating methods of theoretical methane yield based on the elemental application or the theoretical chemical oxygen demand (COD) number were showed. The percentage of element chemicals, carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) of raw materials were analyzed, and results were 40.2%, 5.03%, 22.13%, 1.8% and 0.24%, respectively. The plant biomass was contained moisture content, volatile carbon, fixed carbon and ash were 7.28%, 63.07%, 1.28% and 28.37%, respectively. From the water primroses calculated yield of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia (NH3) results were 54.90%, 41.40% and 3.70%, respectively. Therefore, the aquatic weed water primroses biomass are suitable feedstock for biogas production as well as future scale-up studies.

Increasing demand for energy and environmental issues has laid various opportunities for research and development of sustainable, renewable, and environmentally friendly energy. Production of ethanol from biomass has been the focus of researchers due to its feasible characteristics in meeting global energy demands. Moreover, the second-generation ethanol or the ethanol derived from lignocellulosic biomass has been favored due to its diverse biomass resources such as wood, grass, agricultural residue, and municipal waste (newspaper). Hence, Limnocharis flava, an aquatic plant and considered a weed, was investigated and converted into bioethanol. For optimization, the lignocellulosic biomass was examined by various alkaline treatments (0% alkaline, 1% CaO, 2% CaO, and 2% NaOH) to distinguish the suitable pretreatment that can break down lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose to form sugars that can be fermented to produce bioethanol. Significantly, 1% CaO showed favorable results of ethanol yield of 6.31 ± 0.72 g/L with a total and reducing sugars of 50.81 g/L and 28.88 g/L, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that bioethanol can be derived from L. flava.

Algae are aquatic organisms that can be found in a wide range of water bodies. Algae, a form of aquatic organism, is found in many different water types. Besides being relatively easy to maintain, algae are also numerous, making them a good choice for biomass production. The filamentous Spirogyra sp., a common green alga, tends to grow in freshwater. It is said that this macroalga has a wide variety of biotechnological applications. Research in this area highlights biomass's creation and builds on our understanding of the composition of macroalgae generated in fish farm wastewater. A study of Spirogyra in undisturbed fish farm wastewater was conducted in this study. Various algal species were evaluated for their qualities, including biomass yields and productivity, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. This investigation has confirmed that the nutrients in fish farm effluent are suitable for cultivating algal biomass. Protein, lipid, and carbohydrate levels in unaltered fish farm effluent were the highest for Spirogyra, with percentages of 19.03, 8.38, and 45.71%, respectively. Thus, it was the most suitable organism for various biomass-based applications and nutrient removal.

Fruit production in Thailand has been increasing due to the practical farmers’ knowledge of agroecology and sustainable farming. Thailand is one of the productions of the most massive fruit in southeast Asian countries. On the other hand, the status of fruit waste, which becomes stuck previous to landfills, is concerned by researchers over the years. Low-grade and waste longan fruits are also no exceptions that are feedstock material for bioethanol production. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate bioethanol production from dried low-grade and waste longan fruits by using physical pretreatment (boiling and autoclave) and blue-green algal enzymes for hydrolysis. After pretreatment, total and reducing sugar was 227.63 ± 2.63 g/L and 89.26 ± 1.70 g/L, respectively. Algal enzymes were added at a pH of 7.0 in the hydrolysis process; subsequently, total and reducing sugar were achieved 348.68 ± 3.95 g/L and 183.33 ± 14.70 g/L, respectively. The present study shows that using algal enzymes in the hydrolysis process improves fermentable sugar production and applicable for bioethanol production.

This study aims to investigate the potential of water primrose for biogas production in batch anaerobic digestion. To examine the ability of co-digestion with other substrates, cow dung and swine manure was chosen to mix with pretreated water primrose in a ratio of 1:1 (w/w, based on dry matter of water primrose). The pretreatment of water primrose was conducted by using sodium hydroxide at 2% concentration for one week. A modified Gompertz equation was employed to estimate parameters, including estimated biogas yield potential (Ym), maximum biogas production rate (Rm), and duration of lag phase (λ). The equation showed a good approximation of cumulative biogas production with a coefficient of determination (R2) over 0.997. The overall results indicate that all treatments had successfully produced biogas production in the range of 4285 to 6150 mL with methane (CH4) content above 50%. The maximum biogas yield of 6150 mL was obtained at co-digestion with cow dung and high methane content of 63.88%. This value was given 25.50 MJ/m3 for high calorific value (HCV) and 22.97 MJ/m3 of low calorific value (LCV).

Renewable energy is the main key to production, long-term environmental sustainability, and safe and inexhaustible energy source. One of the interesting devices of renewable energy that has received considerable attention as an alternative technology is dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), which is considered the third generation of solar cells. These solar cells can convert solar radiation into electric current by using natural pigments as sensitizers by using natural pigments in the regulation of solar energy, which is similar to the photosynthesis process of the plant. Thus, this study results recommend that the fresh longan extraction method (original) has the highest pigment extraction yields of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and carotenoids that were 88.055 ± 0.424 μg/ml, 26.178 ± 0.343 μg/ml, and 16.307 ± 0.564 μg/ml, respectively, and suitable for preparation as a photosensitizer for the DSSC production. Dye addition to semiconductor improves the basicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2), leading to enhanced dye adsorption and UV–vis spectroscopy measurements confirmed. Dye absorption range is 400–700 nm visible on a solar spectrum and significant adsorption onto the semiconductor surface. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis described that the extract encourages the formation of large crystals of the dye into the layers of TiO2. Therefore, the use of these extracts would increase efficiency and reduce production costs for the manufacture of DSSC.

This study aimed to evaluate potential biogas production from Ludwigia hyssopifolia (water primrose) and examine the effect of alkaline pretreatment on samples through biogas production efficiencies. The research was carried out for 45 days of operation from anaerobic mono-digestion of water primrose by using a batch experiment. Pretreatment was applied for substrate using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution (w/v) at different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%) with 10% of total solids (TS) based on dry matter. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were captured to investigate the characteristics of the raw material and pretreated biomass. The results showed that the treatment with 2% NaOH has the highest performance in biogas yield (8072.00 mL) and methane content (64.72%). Notably, the increase (3, 4%) or decreasing (0, 1%) NaOH concentration in treating water primrose did not achieve a significant improvement. Further investigation in the power potential of produced biogas was calculated, and the result was 22,382.19 W/m3 power. Consequently, the feasibility of the alkaline pretreatment method for biogas production and achievable potential for energy efficiency indicates that water primrose is appropriate agro-weed biomass for bioenergy applications.

Pretreatment is a vital step in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass and the successive production of bioethanol. The present study is focused on thermal pretreatment (boiling & autoclave) methods of low grade and damaged longan fruits using three different types of the enzymatic sources from commercial cellulase, an enzyme from algae and mixed enzymes (i.e., commercial cellulase with algal enzyme). Total sugar production after the hydrolysis process from commercial cellulase, the enzyme from algae and mixed enzymes were 326.41 ± 08.97 g/L, 348.68 ± 01.95 g/L and 368.42 ± 01.16 g/L, respectively. Reducing sugar after the hydrolysis process generated from commercial cellulase, the enzyme from algae and mixed enzymes was 182.54 ± 03.05 g/L, 183.33 ± 04.70 g/L and 297.78 ± 02.94 g/L, respectively. Fermentation of these hydrolysate using Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5020 produced the highest ethanol production from using commercial cellulase, the enzyme from algae and mixed enzymes was 16.74 ± 0.62 g/L, 5.38 ± 0.54 g/L and 14.32 ± 1.89 g/L, respectively. Consequently, this study suggested that suitable pretreatment and hydrolysis processes are performing a significant role in bioethanol production from low grade and damaged longan fruits.

Recently, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have concerned significant attention attributable to their material preparation process, architectural and environmental compatibility, also low cost and effective photoelectric conversion efficiency. Therefore, this study aimed to use potential plant materials for DSSC. This research presents the extraction of natural pigments from yellow cotton flowers (Cochlospermum regium). In addition, the natural pigments were revealed that outstanding advantages, including a wide absorption range (visible light), easy extraction method, safe, innocuous pigments, inexpensive, complete biodegradation and ecofriendly. Methanol was used as a solvent extraction for the yellow cotton flower. The chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments extractions were estimated by a UV-visible spectrometer. The chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and carotenoid yield were 0.719±0.061 µg/ml, 1.484±0.107 µg/ml and 7.743±0.141 µg/ml, respectively. Thus, this study results suggested that yellow cotton flowers containing reasonable amounts appealable in the DSSC production.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) processes performed biogas production of crushed water hyacinth (WH) combined with swine dung (SD) was investigated in this study. AD carried out for 45 days at mesophilic temperatures ranging from 34 to 36 °C. Alkali (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) hydrolysis of WH was performed prior to batch dry AD at four different mild concentrations. Results revealed that NaOH pretreated samples produced a high yield of biogas than untreated (raw) samples. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was thus used to provide supporting confirmation on the main structural transformations that chanced in WH. The optimum WH concentration in the 1:1 ratio of co-digestion mixture with SD produced the highest methane yield, and the biogas composition of carbon dioxide, CO2 (29.08%), methane, CH4 (68.89%), and 1.09% of hydrogen sulfide, H2S. Upgraded biogas through chemical purification results revealed that CH4 and CO2 were 92.35% and 8.04%, respectively. Enhanced biogas high heating value was 36.83 MJ/m3 and low heating value 33.18 MJ/m3. Furthermore, the digestate has high nutrient concentrations that can potentially use as fertilizer; it contains nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium were 107.506, 18.838 and 39.552 g kg−1, respectively. The digestate from biogas fermenter was confirmed to be an efficient alternative fertilizer with high nutrients and environmentally-friendly comparing to chemical fertilizer.

Coconut pulp residue is the waste generated after the extraction of milk and oil. This material became an interest as feedstock for the production of biofuels and other bioproducts in a biorefinery context. The present study aimed to improve the release of sugar from coconut pulp residue through the optimization of sequential hydrothermal and acid pretreatment. An experimental design was constructed with the central composite design (CCD) response surface method using factors of the hydrothermal residence time of 20, 40, 60 min and post-acid treatment concentration of 1%, 2% and 3% (v/v) in constant temperature and time of 121 °C and 20 min. Total sugar yields of 32.47, 27.51 and 26.72 g/L were observed after hydrothermal pretreatment time of 20, 40 and 60 min, respectively. Furthermore, when the pretreated solid residues were subjected to acid pretreatment, the results revealed an increment of 90% on reducing sugars after reaction with 1%, 2% and 3% H2SO4. Statistically, the optimum condition for the two-stage hydrolysis of coconut pulp residue was 60 min hydrothermal pretreatment followed by 3% H2SO4 acid hydrolysis with maximal reducing sugar release of 120.71 g/L. In addition, the degree of polymerization achieved was 1.2, indicating no further hydrolysis required. The current study demonstrates that two-stage pretreatment improves saccharification and provide sufficient sugars for the fermentation process.

Macroalgae are considered to be one of the rich lignocellulosic biomass materials. Aquatic biomass has gained more attention to biofuels generation in recent years due to its renewable, abundant, and environmentally friendly aspects. Macroalgae are photosynthetic organisms that are found in both marine and freshwater environments. These are considered as a third-generation feedstock for the production of biofuels since they have the ability to synthesize a high amount of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. This research study aimed to evaluate the potential of bioethanol production from macroalgae (Rhizoclonium sp.) biomass. The fermentation process was applied in the research by two-way separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). Algae biomass undergoes a pretreatment process to release necessary sugars for yeast digestion. The fermentation process was carried at 30 to 35 °C in the incubator. Finally, the percentage of ethanol was estimated by the ebulliometer. Fermentation was enhanced by immobilization of yeast, which showed the highest concentration of ethanol (65.43 ± 18.13 g/l) after 96 h of fermentation and can be reused for several times for fermentation. Moreover, these study results confirmed that freshwater macroalgae biomass is a suitable and susceptible raw material for bioethanol production.

The cost of fish feed is a significant constraint to freshwater fish farming in Asia. In the aquaculture value chain, feed is a responsible factor and accounts for nearly 75% of the total cost of fish production in many countries. Therefore, this study attempts to focus the feasibility of using pig manure fermentation to formulate feed pellets to culture the tilapia fish in the cement pond, along with the cultured using ready-made feed containing the residue from the manure fermentation at different ratios. Accordingly, the experimental studies were approached by two types of experiments, namely, experiment 1 (focused on the nutrients in pig manure collected from an anaerobic system farm), and experiment 2 (studied the appropriate level of pig manure to be used as a raw material for fish feeding). The five months’ fermentation of pig manure contains 17.09% protein, which is the highest amount of nutrition source. Digestate manure was estimated; other primary macronutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, were 2.73, 0.55 and 1.22 %, respectively. Also, a considerable amount of essential micronutrients, for example, copper, manganese and zinc, were found in the digestate. Nile tilapia were grown at the cement ponds for 120 days. The maximum verified dry matter and protein digestibility in tilapia were attained for diets containing 10 % percent pig manure at 89.28 ± 4.09 and 56.64 ± 1.43 (p> 0.05), respectively. In this study experimental results indicated that fish meal consisting of 15% manure was found to be the most acceptable substitute source of protein for tilapia production. This implies that the cost of fish meal production using fermented pig manure can be significantly lowered, gain higher profit and provide significant economic benefits to farmers.

This research aimed to improve the technique to maintain the oxygen content of two freshwater Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) culture systems (recirculating aquaculture system; RAS; and biofloc system; Floc). The dissolved oxygen content was increased by using a blower with flexible rubber hose aerators. For the first study, the effectiveness of oxygenation was investigated. As a result, the aerator and flexible rubber hose are appropriate for increasing oxygen levels in the fish pond. An air pump with a flexible aeration tube (400 W), one set of ejector aerators (250 W), and two sets of ejector aerators (250 × 2 W) were used to test the efficiency of oxygenation. In addition, the performance of the RAS and Floc systems, off-flavor (geosmin and MIB) in taints, and economic returns were assessed. This study found that after monitoring two 60-tonne concrete ponds with one set of blowers (RAS1) and two sets of blowers (RAS2) connected by a flexible rubber tube; feeding frequency (2 and 6 times/day). However, daily dissolved oxygen fluctuated in the RAS, and this value went to its lowest after post-feeding. Dissolved oxygen was higher than the two-meal pack per day when the feeding was expanded to six meals. This aeration device could provide dissolved oxygen enough for 900 kg fish/400 W. Seabass raised in the freshwater RAS system had higher yields and growth rates than those raised in the biofloc pond systems. In addition, low off-flavors trained was observed. Therefore, this research could improve aeration management by aeration devices and increase feeding frequency while developing freshwater-adapted Asian seabass production.

Remote communities in developing countries are facing ever-increasing water scarcities, due to cumulative demand induced by the climate change and global warming impacts. For the socio-economic and health well-being of the local communities, sufficient, efficient, and affordable water supply is fundamental from local-based adsorbents. Matamba Fruit shell was obtained and pyrolyzed to obtain well-transformed biochar, which exhibited enough capacity to remove Iodine from aqueous solution. The maximum capacity of adsorption of the Matamba Fruit shell was 2.122 mmol L