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Abstract Bacterial pneumonia is a significant public health burden, contributing to substantial morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Current therapeutic strategies beyond antibiotics and adjuvant therapies are limited, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Here, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing of 444,146 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells (BALFs) from a large cohort of 74 individuals, including 58 patients with mild (n = 22) and severe (n = 36) diseases as well as 16 healthy donors. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent and histological assays were applied for validation within this cohort. The heterogeneity of immune responses in bacterial pneumonia was observed, with distinct immune cell profiles related to disease severity. Severe bacterial pneumonia was marked by an inflammatory cytokine storm resulting from systemic upregulation of S100A8/A9 and CXCL8, primarily due to specific macrophage and neutrophil subsets. In contrast, mild bacterial pneumonia exhibits an effective humoral immune response characterized by the expansion of T follicular helper and T helper 2 cells, facilitating B cell activation and antibody production. Although both disease groups display T cell exhaustion, mild cases maintained robust cytotoxic CD8+T cell function, potentially reflecting a compensatory mechanism. Dysregulated neutrophil and macrophage responses contributed significantly to the pathogenesis of severe disease. Immature neutrophils promote excessive inflammation and suppress T cell activation, while a specific macrophage subset (Macro_03_M1) displaying features akin to myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) suppress T cells and promote inflammation. Together, these findings highlight potential therapeutic targets for modulating immune responses and improving clinical outcomes in bacterial pneumonia.

Abstract Background and aim Recent Mendelian randomization and meta analysis suggest a controversial causality between C3-epimer of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 (C3-epi-D3) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The clinical evidence regarding the impact of C3-epi-D3 on the progression of T2DM is currently insufficient. This study aims to investigate whether C3-epi-D3 has any effect on metabolic disorders of T2DM patients. Methods A total of 1222 patients with T2DM were prospectively enrolled in this study and followed up every 1 to 2 months for 3 to 6 months. Kidney biomarkers, lipids, electrolytes, and 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) metabolites were measured as required during follow-up, to investigate the association of C3-epi-D3 levels and %C3-epi-D3 with metabolic disorders, including dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder. Results Among these T2DM patients, there were age and seasonal differences in C3-epi-D3 levels (χ 2 = 10.419 and 19.609, P = 0.034 and

ABSTRACT Microbial metabolism of bile acids (BAs) is crucial for maintaining homeostasis in vertebrate hosts and environments. Although certain organisms involved in bile acid metabolism have been identified, a global, comprehensive elucidation of the microbes, metabolic enzymes, and bile acid remains incomplete. To bridge this gap, we employed hidden Markov models to systematically search in a large-scale and high-quality search library comprising 28,813 RefSeq multi-kingdom microbial complete genomes, enabling us to construct a secondary bile acid production gene catalog. This catalog greatly expanded the distribution of secondary bile acid production genes across 11 phyla, encompassing bacteria, archaea, and fungi, and extended to 14 habitats spanning hosts and environmental contexts. Furthermore, we highlighted the associations between secondary bile acids (SBAs) and gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), further elucidating disease-specific alterations in secondary bile acid production genes. Additionally, we proposed the pig as a particularly suitable animal model for investigating secondary bile acid production in humans, given its closely aligned secondary bile acid production gene composition. This gene catalog provides a comprehensive and reliable foundation for future studies on microbial bile acid metabolism, offering new insights into the microbial contributions to health and disease.IMPORTANCEBile acid metabolism is an important function in both host and environmental microorganisms. The existing functional annotations from single source pose limitations on cross-habitat analysis. Our construction of a systematic secondary bile acid production gene catalog encompassing numerous high-quality reference sequences propelled research on bile acid metabolism in the global microbiome, holding significance for the concept of One Health. We further highlighted the potential of the microbiota-secondary bile acid axis as a target for the treatment of hepatic and intestinal diseases, as well as the varying feasibility of using animal models for studying human bile acid metabolism. This gene catalog offers a solid groundwork for investigating microbial bile acid metabolism across different compartments, including humans, animals, plants, and environments, shedding light on the contributions of microorganisms to One Health.

Abstract The adverse pregnancy outcomes, including recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), are strongly correlated with water-soluble vitamins, but how to predict RSA occurrence using them remains unsatisfactory. This study aims to investigate the possibility of predicting RSA based on the baseline levels of water-soluble vitamins tested by ultra-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 918 pregnant women was consecutively enrolled in this cross-sectional study. According to the miscarriage numbers, they were divided into normal first pregnancy (NFP, n = 608), once spontaneous abortion (OSA, n = 167), and continuous spontaneous abortion (CSA, n = 143) groups. The Cox proportional-hazards regression model was employed to establish a risk model for predicting RSA. The RSA occurrence was 6.54% in overall pregnant women, with a prevalence of 12.57% in the OSA group and 27.27% in the CSA group. Significant differences were observed in baseline deficiencies of vitamin B3, B5, B6, and B9 among NFP, OSA, and CSA groups (χ2 = 12.191 ~ 37.561, all P 0.05). Our study presents a highly sensitive model based on mass spectrometry assay of baseline levels in B vitamins to predict the RSA occurrence as possible.

Abstract Background Recently, the C3-epimer of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [C3-epi-25(OH)D] has become a topic of interest among 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] metabolites. Although it can lead to an overestimation of vitamin D storage, its relationship with disease occurrence remains controversial, possibly related to the great extent of tracking of 25(OH)D by C3-epi-25(OH)D over time. This study aimed to investigate the differential performance of C3-epi-25(OH)D3 and its percentage [%C3-epi-25(OH)D3] with respect to 20 common paediatric diseases. Methods This study involved 805 healthy children and adolescents and 2962 patients with common paediatric diseases. We investigated sex, age, and seasonal differences in C3-epi-25(OH)D3 and %C3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels; their variations on 20 common paediatric diseases; and their degree of correlation with 25(OH)D3 levels and various diseases. Results Among the healthy underage participants, C3-epi-25(OH)D3 and %C3-epi-25(OH)D3 changed similarly, with no sex differences. Moreover, their levels were higher in the infant period than in the other periods (t = 5.329–5.833, t = 4.640–5.711, all Padj

Objective Compared to Mimas pigeons, Shiqi pigeons exhibit greater tolerance to coarse feeding because of their abundant gut microbiota. Here, to investigate the potential of utilizing intestinal flora derived from Shiqi pigeons, the intestinal flora and body indices of Mimas squabs were evaluated after fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from donors. Methods A total of 90 one-day-old squabs were randomly divided into the control group (CON), the low-concentration group (LC) and the high-concentration group (HC): gavaged with 200 μL of bacterial solution at concentrations of 0, 0.1, and 0.2 g/15 mL, respectively. Results The results suggested that FMT improved the body weight of Mimas squabs in the HC and LC groups (p

Abstract Background The incidence of rabies exposure is high and increasing in China, leading to an urgent demand of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) clinics for the injured. However, the spatial accessibility and inequality of rabies-exposed patients to rabies PEP clinics is less known in China. Methods Based on rabies exposure data, PEP clinic data, and resident travel origin-destination (OD) matrix data in Guangzhou City, China, we first described the incidence of rabies exposure in Guangzhou from 2020 to 2022. Then, the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method (2SFCA) was used to analyze the spatial accessibility of rabies-exposed patients to rabies PEP clinics in Guangzhou, and the Gini coefficient and Moran’s I statistics were utilized to evaluate the inequality and clustering of accessibility scores. Results From 2020 to 2022, a total of 524,160 cases of rabies exposure were reported in Guangzhou, and the incidence showed a significant increasing trend, with an average annual incidence of 932.0/100,000. Spatial accessibility analysis revealed that the overall spatial accessibility scores for three scenarios (threshold of driving duration [d0] = 30 min, 45 min, and 60 min) were 0.30 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.87), 0.28 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.53) and 0.28 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.44), respectively. Conghua, Huangpu, Zengcheng and Nansha districts had the higher accessibility scores, while Haizhu, Liwan, and Yuexiu districts exhibited lower spatial accessibility scores. The Gini coefficient and Moran’s I statistics showed that there were certain inequality and clustering in the accessibility to rabies PEP clinics in Guangzhou. Conclusions This study clarifies the heterogeneity of spatial accessibility to rabies PEP clinics, and provide valuable insights for resource allocation to achieve the WHO target of zero human dog-mediated rabies deaths by 2030.

Abstract African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). The mortality rate associated with ASF is remarkably high, almost approaching 100%. Since the introduction of ASF into China in 2018, its rapid spread has caused marked economic losses in the country’s swine industry. To date, there are no safe and effective commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs against ASF; thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel prevention and control strategies. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which comprises various herbs that are abundant in various potential functional components, holds great promise for the prevention and control of ASF. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the advancements in TCM and the effects of its compound formulas against ASF, including the antiviral abilities, immunoregulatory activities, and practical application of these formulas for the prevention and control of ASF. We specifically examined the potential and constraints of natural product-derived extracts and TCM formulas in combating ASFV. This review aims to offer insights and ideas for the holistic management and containment of ASF.

Abstracts Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease of unknown etiology that lacks a specific treatment. In IPF, macrophages play a key regulatory role as a major component of the lung immune system, especially during inflammation and fibrosis. However, our understanding of the cellular heterogeneity and molecular characterization of macrophages in IPF, as well as their relevance in the clinical setting, is relatively limited. In this study, we analyzed in-depth single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from lung tissues of IPF patients, identified macrophage subpopulations in IPF, and probed their molecular characteristics and biological functions. hdWGCNA identified co-expressed gene modules of a subpopulation of IPF-associated macrophages (IPF-MΦ), and probed the IPF-MΦ by a machine-learning approach. hdWGCNA identified a subpopulation of IPF-associated macrophage subpopulations and probed the IPF-MΦ signature gene (IRMG) for its prognostic value, and a prediction model was developed on this basis. In addition, IPF-MΦ was obtained after recluster analysis of macrophages in IPF lung tissues. Coexpressed gene modules of IPF-MΦ were identified by hdWGCNA. Then, a machine learning approach was utilized to reveal the characteristic genes of IPF-MΦ, and a prediction model was built on this basis. In addition, we discovered a type of macrophage unique to IPF lung tissue named ATP5-MΦ. Its characteristic gene encodes a subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex, which is closely related to oxidative phosphorylation and proton transmembrane transport, suggesting that ATP5-MΦ may have higher ATP synthesis capacity in IPF lung tissue. This study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of IPF and provides a basis for evaluating disease prognosis and predictive medicine in IPF patients. Graphical Abstract

With the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, the power converter, as a key component, plays a crucial role. Traditional fault detection methods often face challenges in real-time performance and computational efficiency, making it difficult to meet the demands of electric vehicle power converters for efficient and accurate fault diagnosis. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel fault detection model—SpikingShuffleNet. This paper first designs an efficient SpikingShuffle Unit that integrates grouped convolutions and channel shuffle techniques, effectively reducing the model’s computational complexity by optimizing feature extraction and channel interaction. Next, by appropriately stacking SpikingShuffle Units and refining the network architecture, a complete lightweight diagnostic network is constructed for real-time fault detection in electric vehicle power converters. Finally, the Mixed Local Channel Attention mechanism is introduced to address the potential limitations in feature representation caused by grouped convolutions, further enhancing fault detection accuracy and robustness by balancing local detail preservation and global feature integration. Experimental results show that SpikingShuffleNet exhibits excellent accuracy and robustness in the fault detection task for power converters, fulfilling the real-time fault diagnosis requirements for low-power embedded devices.

BackgroundRenal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is one of the pivotal event of acute kidney injury (AKI), and they are unavoidable in the process of kidney transplantation, which eventually leads to the loss of renal allograft. Ferroptosis is a newly identified programmed cell death. Recent studies have suggested that ferroptosis may participate in the pathophysiological process of renal IRI. Therefore, we aimed to determine biomarkers associated with ferroptosis during renal IRI and their impact on renal allografts.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and established an IRI-AKI animal model to illustrate the critical role of ferroptosis-related hub genes (FRHGs) in IRI-AKI and their potential impact on kidney transplantation.ResultsIn this study, we identified 60 ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) in renal IRI based on the GSE148420 dataset and FerrDb database. And then we performed functional annotation analysis using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by online tool String. EZH2, CDKN1A, PPARA, EGR1, ATF3, and CD44 were identited as six ferroptosis-related hubgenes (FRHGs) using four methods, including MMC, Degree, DMNC, and EPC. FRHGs expression level were verified by the validation sets GSE58438 and GSE126805. Protein expression level of FRHGs verified by Proteomics and Western blot. Cibersort was utilized to analyze immune cell infiltration during renal IRI as well as the correlation between FRHGs and immune cells. The GSE21374 dataset was used for renal allografts survival analysis. Finally, We induced the IRI-AKI animal model and illustrated the importance of FRGHs CD44 in ferroptosis and the accumulation of macrophages.ConclusionWe identified 6 FRHGs. We found that FRHGs not only exhibited significant correlation with immune cells but also directly influenced the survival of transplanted kidneys in the human population. Among six FRHGs, only CD44 was overexpressed at both the gene and protein levels. Anti-CD44 exerts a protective effect by inhibiting ferroptosis and the accumulation of M1 macrophages during renal IRI. This study provided new insights into the pathogenesis of renal IRI and provided new evidence for its treatment.

Accurate identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is a critical step in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Existing object detection methods struggle with the challenges posed by the varied morphology and size of M. tuberculosis in sputum smear images, which makes precise targeting difficult. To solve these problems, an improved YOLOv8s model is proposed. Specifically, an additional detection head is added to focus on small target information. Second, a multi-scale feature fusion module is introduced to adapt the model to different sizes of M. tuberculosis. In addition, a convolutional layer is added to the Coordinate Attention (CA) module to extract more advanced semantic features. Finally, a self-attention mechanism is added after the CA module to enhance the model's ability to accurately understand and localize the varied morphology of M. tuberculosis. Our model performed well with an average precision of 85.7 % when tested on a publicly available dataset. This clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed model in M. tuberculosis detection.

The precise determination of surgical margins is essential for the management of multifocal cutaneous cancers, including extramammary Paget’s disease. This study introduces a novel strategy for precise margin identification in such tumors, employing multichannel autofluorescence lifetime decay (MALD), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), and machine learning, including confidence learning algorithms. Using FLIM, 51 unstained frozen sections were analyzed, of which 13 (25%) sections, containing 5003 FLIM patches, were used for training the residual network model (ResNet–FLIM). The remaining 38 (75%) sections, including 16 918 patches, were retained for external validation. Application of confidence learning with deep learning reduced the reliance on extensive pathologist annotation. Refined labels obtained by ResNet–FLIM were then incorporated into a support vector machine (SVM) model, which utilized fiber-optic-based MALD data. Both models exhibited substantial agreement with the pathological assessments. Of the 35 MALD-measured tissue segments, six (17%) segments were selected as the training dataset, including 900 decay profiles. The remaining 29 segments (83%), including 2406 decay profiles, were reserved for external validation. The ResNet–FLIM model achieved 100% sensitivity and specificity. The SVM–MALD model demonstrated 94% sensitivity and 83% specificity. Notably, fiber-optic-MALD allows assessing 12 sites per patient and delivering predictions within 10 min. Variations in the necessary safe margin length were observed among patients, highlighting the necessity for patient-specific approaches to determine surgical margins. This innovative approach holds potential for wide clinical application, providing a rapid and accurate margin evaluation method that significantly reduces a pathologist’s workload and improves patient outcomes through personalized medicine.

ABSTRACT: Goose creates important economic value depending on their enrich nutrients of meat. Our previous study investigates potential candidate genes associated with variations in meat quality between Xianghai Flying (XHF) Goose and Zi Goose through genomic and transcriptome integrated analysis. Screening of 5 differential expression candidate genes related to muscle development identified by the FST, XP-EHH and RNA-seq in breast muscle from various geese. Among them, C1QTNF1 (C1q and TNF related protein 1), a gene of unknown function in goose, which observed mutations in coding sequence regions in sequencing data. Its function was explored after overexpression and knockdown which designed depending on the genetic sequence of the goose, respectively. Results showed that over-expression of C1QTNF1 significantly enhances cell proliferation and viability. In addition, the expression levels of the fusion marker gene Myomaker and the differentiation marker gene MyoD are significantly upregulated in cells. Knock-down C1QTNF1 leads to down regulated Myomaker and MyoD which involved muscle formation. But, the expression level of muscle atrophy marker MuRF is not significantly changed among different transfection groups. Since protein structures and interactions are closely related to their functions, we further analyzed the C1QTNF1 for physicochemical properties, structural predictions, protein interactions and homology. It can be reasonably inferred that C1QTNF1 has a similar effect to collagen, which may affect muscle development. In summary, we first speculate that C1QTNF1 may play an important regulatory role in muscle growth and development and thereby contributes to the further understanding of the genetic mechanisms that underlie meat quality traits of goose.

Abstract The global energy crisis highlights the need to transition from fossil fuels to sustainable, renewable sources of energy. Green hydrogen produced via renewable energy‐driven water electrolysis is an emerging alternative due to its zero emissions and high energy density. To address the high energy consumption of water electrolysis, innovative hybrid electrolyzers integrating nucleophile oxidation reactions (NOR) are under activity investigation, reducing energy demands and enabling valuable product synthesis and waste treatment, thereby enhancing the efficiency and economic viability of hydrogen production via electrocatalytic technologies. Recent advancements in layered hydroxide materials (LHMs) have markedly improved the efficiency of alkaline electrochemical conversion processes and are gaining prominence in NORs due to their expansive surface areas and tailorable characteristics through diverse engineering strategies. Further, their layered architecture is readily conducive to in‐situ characterization, using techniques like XAS, XRD, Raman, and IR spectroscopy, providing insights into their anodic NOR mechanisms. This review summarizes the latest developments in LHMs as electrocatalysts for NOR, discusses current design strategies of LHMs, and emphasizes the significance of operando characterization techniques in elucidating the reaction mechanisms of different LHMs. Finally, the future challenges and potential advancements in their scale‐up application in electrocatalytic NOR are put forward.

Introduction Traumatic rib fractures present a considerable risk to patient well-being, contributing to morbidity and mortality in trauma patients. To address the risks associated with rib fractures, evidence-based interventions have been implemented, including effective pain management, pulmonary hygiene, and early walking. Vancouver General Hospital, a level 1 trauma center in British Columbia, Canada, developed a comprehensive multidisciplinary chest trauma clinical practice guideline (CTCPG) to optimize the management of patients with rib fractures. This prospective cohort study aimed to assess the impact of the CTCPG on pain management interventions and patient outcomes.Methods The study involved patients admitted between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2021 (post-CTCPG cohort) and a historical control group admitted between November 1, 2018 and December 31, 2019 (pre-CTCPG cohort). Patient data were collected from patient charts and the British Columbia Trauma Registry, including demographics, injury characteristics, pain management interventions, and relevant outcomes.Results Implementation of the CTCPG resulted in an increased use of multimodal pain therapy (99.4% vs 96.1%; p=0.03) and a significant reduction in the incidence of delirium in the post-CTCPG cohort (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.80, p=0.0099). There were no significant differences in hospital length of stay, ICU (intensive care unit) days, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation requirement, ventilator days, pneumonia incidence, or mortality between the two cohorts.Discussion Adoption of a CTCPG improved chest trauma management by enhancing pain management and reducing the incidence of delirium. Further research, including multicenter studies, is warranted to validate these findings and explore additional potential benefits of the CTCPG in the management of chest trauma patients.Level of evidence IIb.

Objective: It is a common clinical phenomenon that blood infiltrates into the injured tendon caused by sports injuries, accidental injuries, and surgery. However, the role of blood infiltration into the injured tendon has not been investigated. Methods: A blood-induced rat model was established and the impact of blood infiltration on inflammation and HO of the injured tendon was assessed. Cell adhesion, viability, apoptosis, and gene expression were measured to evaluate the effect of blood treatment on tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs). Then RNA-seq was used to assess transcriptomic changes in tendons in a blood infiltration environment. At last, the small molecule drug PI3K inhibitor LY294002 was used for in vivo and in vitro HO treatment. Results: Blood caused acute inflammation in the short term and more severe HO in the long term. Then we found that blood treatment increased cell apoptosis and decreased cell adhesion and tenonic gene expression of TSPCs. Furthermore, blood treatment promoted osteochondrogenic differentiation of TSPCs. Next, we used RNA-seq to find that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was activated in blood-treated tendon tissues. By inhibiting PI3K with a small molecule drug LY294002, the expression of osteochondrogenic genes was markedly downregulated while the expression of tenonic genes was significantly upregulated. At last, we also found that LY294002 treatment significantly reduced the tendon HO in the rat blood-induced model. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the upregulated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is implicated in the aggravation of tendon HO. Therefore, inhibitors targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway would be a promising approach to treat blood-induced tendon HO.

Abstract Background The case mix index (CMI) may reflect the severity of disease and the difficulty of care objectively, and is expected to be an ideal indicator for assessing the nursing workload. The purpose of this study was to explore the quantitative relationship between daily nursing worktime (DNW) and CMI to provide a method for the rational allocation of nursing human resources. Methods Two hundred and seventy-one inpatients and 36 nurses of the department of hepatobiliary surgery were prospectively included consecutively from August to September 2022. The DNW of each patient were accurately measured, and the CMI data of each patient were extracted. Among 10 curve estimations, the optimal quantitative model was selected for constructing the nursing human resource allocation model. Finally, the applicability of the allocation model was preliminarily assessed by analyzing the relationship between the relative gap in nursing human resources and patient satisfaction, as well as the incidence of adverse events in 17 clinical departments. Results The median (P25, P75) CMI of the 271 inpatients was 2.62 (0.92, 4.07), which varied by disease type (F = 3028.456, P

In June 2023, the 2022 global mpox (monkeypox) outbreak began to affect Guangdong Province, one of the first regions in mainland China to report mpox cases. By July 10, 2023, 93 mpox cases had been reported in Guangdong Province. This study describes the epidemiological characteristics of these patients by collecting and analyzing data on demographics, sexual behavior, medical history, travel history, clinical symptoms, and diagnostic pathways and processes. The 93 mpox cases were all men aged 20-48 years, 95.70 % were men who have sex with men (MSM), and 48.39 % were HIV-positive. A few cases were married (to women) or living with children. The rash was present in almost all cases (98.91 %), with the most common sites being the genital and perianal areas (70.33 %). Intimate sexual contact was suspected to be the main route of infection, with a median incubation period of 8.5 days (IQR 5.0–11.8). The number of cases increased rapidly, and most patients had no history of international travel, suggesting sustained community transmission within the MSM population in Guangdong Province. In addition, 93.55 % of cases were detected by medical institutions, and more than half of these patients had two or more hospital visits before being diagnosed as an mpox case, indicating that clinicians need further training to increase their sensitivity to mpox. Targeted interventions should prioritize MSM while remaining vigilant for transmission to other populations, such as women and children.

Abstract National surveys in developed countries have examined the presence of C3-epimer of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [C3-epi-25(OH)D3]. However, controversy remains regarding its association with disease occurrence due to its high correlation with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. This study aims to investigate whether %C3-epi-25(OH)D3 can serve as an indicator for this relationship with various diseases. A total of 3086 healthy participants and 4120 patients were included in this study. We investigated the association between C3-epi-25(OH)D3 and %C3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels with gender, age, and season; compared the performance of C3-epi-25(OH)D3 and %C3-epi-25(OH)D3 across different disease conditions; and explored the correlation between %C3-epi-25(OH)D3 and various diseases. Results indicated that C3-epi-25(OH)D3 varied significantly by gender, age, and season (z/χ2 = 3.765, 10.163, and 150.975, all P

Abstract The stellar optoelectronic properties of metal halide perovskites provide enormous promise for next-generation optical devices with excellent conversion efficiencies and lower manufacturing costs. However, there is a long-standing ambiguity as to whether the perovskite surface/interface (e.g. structure, charge transfer or source of off-target recombination) or bulk properties are the more determining factor in device performance. Here we fabricate an array of CsPbI3 crystal and hybrid glass composites by sintering and globally visualise the property-performance landscape. Our findings reveal that the interface is the primary determinant of the crystal phases, optoelectronic quality, and stability of CsPbI3. In particular, the presence of a diffusion “alloying” layer is discovered to be critical for passivating surface traps, and beneficially altering the energy landscape of crystal phases. However, high-temperature sintering results in the promotion of a non-stoichiometric perovskite and excess traps at the interface, despite the short-range structure of halide is retained within the alloying layer. By shedding light on functional hetero-interfaces, our research offers the key factors for engineering high-performance perovskite devices.

ABSTRACTBacterial pathogens use protein secretion systems to transport virulence factors and regulate gene expression. Among pathogenic mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum, the ESAT-6 system 1 (ESX-1) secretion is crucial for host interaction. Secretion of protein substrates by the ESX-1 secretion system disrupts phagosomes, allowing mycobacteria cytoplasmic access during macrophage infections. Deletion or mutation of the ESX-1 system attenuates mycobacterial pathogens. Pathogenic mycobacteria respond to the presence or absence of the ESX-1 system in the cytoplasmic membrane by altering transcription. Under laboratory conditions, the EspM repressor and WhiB6 activator control transcription of specific ESX-1-responsive genes, including the ESX-1 substrate genes. However, deleting the espM or whiB6 gene does not phenocopy the deletion of the ESX-1 substrate genes during macrophage infection by M. marinum. In this study, we identified EspN, a critical transcription factor whose activity is masked by the EspM repressor under laboratory conditions. In the absence of EspM, EspN activates transcription of whiB6 and ESX-1 genes during both laboratory growth and macrophage infection. EspN is also independently required for M. marinum growth within and cytolysis of macrophages, similar to the ESX-1 genes, and for disease burden in a zebrafish larval model of infection. These findings suggest that EspN and EspM coordinate to counterbalance the regulation of the ESX-1 system and support mycobacterial pathogenesis.IMPORTANCEPathogenic mycobacteria, which are responsible for tuberculosis and other long-term diseases, use the ESX-1 system to transport proteins that control the host response to infection and promote bacterial survival. In this study, we identify an undescribed transcription factor that controls the expression of ESX-1 genes and is required for both macrophage and animal infection. However, this transcription factor is not the primary regulator of ESX-1 genes under standard laboratory conditions. These findings identify a critical transcription factor that likely controls expression of a major virulence pathway during infection, but whose effect is not detectable with standard laboratory strains and growth conditions.

Abstract Background The relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adverse adulthood experiences (AAEs) and their association with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) have not been extensively studied. Considering social support, we evaluated the complex relations of ACEs and AAEs with incident CVD. Methods This prospective cohort study used data from the 2014 life course survey and the 2015 and 2018 surveys of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, a national survey of Chinese adults aged ≥ 45 years from 28 provinces across China. The study population included 5836 individuals (mean [SD] age, 59.59 [8.22] years, 49.7% were males). Information on ACEs, AAEs, young adulthood social support, health behavior factors, health status factors, and demographics was measured. Cox regression models, the difference method to estimate the mediation proportion, and the additive and multiplicative interactions were performed. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also conducted. Results During follow-up, 789 incident cases of CVD occurred. The fully adjusted model, including demographics, health behaviors, health status factors (e.g., depressive symptoms), and social support as control variables, demonstrated that the overall number of ACEs (Hazard ratio [HR]: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.14) and AAEs (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.22) were associated with an increased risk of incident CVD. A dose–response relationship existed between the number of ACEs or AAEs and incident CVD risk. The overall AAEs were found to mediate 17.7% (95% CI: 8.2 to 34.2%) of the association between ACEs and incident CVD. Moreover, a significant additive interaction between ACEs and AAEs was detected (RERI [95% CI]: 0.32 [0.09 to 0.56]). Compared with adults without exposure to both ACE and AAE, those with exposure to both at least one ACE and one AAE indicator had the highest risk of incident CVD (HR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.72 to 2.23). Conclusions Exposure to ACEs or AAEs was independently associated with an increased risk of incident CVD among Chinese middle-aged and older adults in a dose–response manner, and the overall AAEs partially mediated the association between ACEs and incident CVD. Preventive measures aimed at addressing either ACEs or AAEs alone may not significantly reduce the risk of CVD later in life. The necessity of a comprehensive life-course health strategy targeting the prevention of adversity merits increased attention.

Abstract The high cost of feed and nitrogen pollution caused by high-protein diets have become major challenges restricting sustainable development in China's animal husbandry sector. Properly reducing protein levels and improving protein utilization in feed are effective approaches to solving this problem. To determine the optimal dose of methionine hydroxyl analogue chelated zinc (MHA-Zn) in broiler diets with a 1.5% reduction in crude protein (CP), a total of 216 1-day-old broilers were randomly assigned into 4 groups (each group consisted of 3 replications with 18 broilers per replicate), and growth and development indexes were assessed after 42 days. The broilers in control group were fed a basic diet, whereas those in the three test groups were fed diets with a 1.5% reduction in CP. The results showed no significant difference in the edible parts of broilers between low-protein (LP) diet group (90 mg/kg MHA-Zn) and normal diet group (p > 0.05), and adding 90 mg/kg MHA-Zn to LP diet significantly improved ileum morphology and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrient (p

(1) Background: The main factors and their interrelationships contributing to cardiac repolarization alternans (CRA) remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the calcium (Ca2+)-related mechanisms underlying myocardial ischemia (MI)-induced CRA. (2) Materials and Methods: CRA was induced using S1 stimuli for pacing in an in silico ventricular model with MI. The standard deviations of nine Ca2+-related subcellular parameters among heartbeats from 100 respective nodes with and without alternans were chosen as features, including the maximum systole and end-diastole and corresponding differences in the Ca2+ concentration in the intracellular region([Ca2+]i) and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum ([Ca2+]jsr), as well as the maximum opening of the L-type Ca2+ current (ICaL) voltage-dependent activation gate (d-gate), maximum closing of the inactivation gate (ff-gate), and the gated channel opening time (GCOT). Feature selection was applied to determine the importance of these features. (3) Results: The major parameters affecting CRA were the differences in [Ca2+]i at end-diastole, followed by the extent of d-gate activation and GCOT among beats. (4) Conclusions: MI-induced CRA is primarily characterized by functional changes in Ca2+ re-uptake, leading to alternans of [Ca2+]i and subsequent alternans of ICaL-dependent properties. The combination of computational simulation and machine learning shows promise in researching the underlying mechanisms of cardiac electrophysiology.

Abstract Aims By the end of 2022, an estimated 108.4 million individuals worldwide experienced forced displacement. Identifying modifiable factors associated with the mental illness of refugees is crucial for promoting successful integration and developing effective health policies. This study aims to examine the associations between the changes in the diversity of social participation and psychological distress among refugees throughout the resettlement process, specifically focusing on gender differences. Methods Utilizing data from three waves of a longitudinal, nationally representative cohort study conducted in Australia, this study involved 2399 refugees interviewed during Wave 1, 1894 individuals interviewed during Wave 3 and 1881 respondents during Wave 5. At each wave, we assessed psychological distress and 10 types of social participation across 3 distinct dimensions, including social activities, employment and education. The primary analysis employed mixed linear models and time-varying Cox models. Gender-stratified analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed. Results Refugees engaging in one type or two or more types of social participation, compared with those not engaging in any, consistently had lower psychological distress scores (β = −0.62 [95% confidence interval (CI), −1.07 to −0.17] for one type of social participation; β = −0.57 [95% CI, −1.04 to −0.10] for two or more types of social participation) and a reduced risk of experiencing psychological distress (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.81 [95% CI, 0.65–0.99] for one type of social participation; HR = 0.77 [95% CI, 0.61–0.97] for two or more types of social participation) during the resettlement period. When stratifying the results by gender, these associations in the adjusted models only remained significant in male refugees. Moreover, three specific types of social participation, namely sporting activities, leisure activities and current employment status, were most prominently associated with a reduced risk of psychological distress. Conclusions The findings of this cohort study suggest that social participation was consistently associated with reduced risks of psychological distress among male refugees during resettlement. These findings highlight the significance of promoting meaningful social participation and interaction may be an effective strategy to improve the mental health of refugees and facilitate their successful integration into society, especially among male refugees.

The global dynamics in a variety of biological processes can be revealed by mapping transcriptional m6A sites, in particular full-transcriptome m6A. And individual m6A sites have contributed to biological function, which can be evaluated by stoichiometric information obtained from the single nucleotide resolution. Currently, the identification of m6A sites is mainly carried out by experiment and prediction methods, based on high-throughput sequencing and machine learning model respectively. This review summarizes the recent topics and progress made in bioinformatics methods of deciphering the m6A methylation, including the experimental detection of m6A methylation sites, techniques of data analysis, the way of predicting m6A methylation sites, m6A methylation databases, and detection of m6A modification in circRNA. At the end, the essay makes a brief discussion for the development perspective in this area.

ObjectivePediatric spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) caused by backbend practice is increasing. This study proposed an underlying ‘combined injury mechanism’ related to the spinal cord and femoral nerve overstretching.MethodsPediatric patients diagnosed with backbend-associated SCIWORA at the China Rehabilitation Research Center during 2017–2021 were recruited. Clinical and imaging data were collected, and each patient's clinical course and prognosis were determined. Healthy dancers were recruited to simulate the backbend, obtain images, and estimate the spinal cord and femoral nerve stretch ratio. A model for the ‘combined injury mechanism’ was established using 4-week-old SD rats.ResultsForty-two SCIWORA female patients with an average age of 6 (SD 1) years and an average hospitalization time of 91 (SD 43) days were assessed. The primary initial symptom was pain in the back and/or lower extremities (33, 79%). The average time from injury onset to severe paralysis was 2.0 (SD 0.6) hours. Most patients had complete paraplegia (32, 76%), and neurological levels were distributed mainly in thoracic segments (38, 91%). Patients with elicited tendon reflexes on admission tended to have an incomplete spinal cord injury (p = 0.001) and improved motor recovery (p = 0.018). After one year, the most common complications were scoliosis (31, 74%) and abnormal hips (14, 33%). Injury of the caudal spinal cord torn by nerve roots was confirmed by surgical exploration in a case. The thoracic spinal cord and femoral nerves were overstretched by 148.8 ± 3.6% and111.7 ± 4.0%, respectively, in a full backbend posture. The ‘combined injury mechanism’ was partially replicated in the animal model.ConclusionSpinal overstretch and transient dislocation are considered the primary mechanisms by which SCIWORA occurs in children. Overstretching the femoral nerve aggravates spinal cord injuries caused by backbend practice.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by high blood sugar levels; it affects more than 500 million individuals worldwide. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is results from insufficient insulin secretion by islets; its treatment requires lifelong use of insulin injections, which leads to a large economic burden on patients. Islet transplantation may be a promising effective treatment for T1DM. Clinically, this process currently involves directly infusing islet cells into the hepatic portal vein; however, transplantation at this site often elicits immediate blood-mediated inflammatory and acute immune responses. Subcutaneous islet transplantation is an attractive alternative to islet transplantation because it is simpler, demonstrates lower surgical complication risks, and enables graft monitoring and removal. In this article, we review the current methods of subcutaneous device-free islet transplantation. Recent subcutaneous islet transplantation techniques with high success rate have involved the use of bioengineering technology and biomaterial cotransplantation—including cell and cell growth factor co-transplantation and hydrogel– or simulated extracellular matrix–wrapped subcutaneous co-transplantation. In general, current subcutaneous device-free islet transplantation modalities can simplify the surgical process and improve the posttransplantation graft survival rate, thus aiding effective T1DM management.

With the development of artificial intelligence, reinforcement-learning-based intelligent control algorithms, which generally learn control strategies through trial and error, have received more attention in the automation equipment and manufacturing fields. Although they can intelligently adjust their control strategy without the need for human effort, the most relevant algorithms for servo motors only consider the overall performance, while ignoring the risks in special cases. Therefore, overcurrent problems are often triggered in the training process of the reinforcement learning agent. This can damage the motors’ service life and even burn it out directly. To solve this problem, in this study we propose a risk-sensitive intelligent control algorithm based on value distribution, which uses the quantile function to model the probability distribution of cumulative discount returns and employs the condition value at risk to measure the loss caused by overcurrent. The agent can accordingly learn a control strategy that is more sensitive to environmental restrictions and avoid the overcurrent problem. The performance is verified on three different servo motors with six control tasks, and the experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve fewer overcurrent occurrences than others in most cases.

The complex etiopathology of retained placenta (RP) and hazards associated with it has made it crucial for researchers and clinical veterinarians to study pathogenesis, early-warning diagnosis, and treatment. This study aimed to screen the potential prognostic markers of RP in dairy cows using plasma metabolomics coupled with clinical laboratory indicators. Blood samples were collected from 260 dairy cows at 21, 14, 7, and 0 days before parturition and 7, 14, and 21 days after parturition. Consequently, 10 healthy cows and 10 cows with RP with similar parity, body condition score, and age were included in the study. The changes in clinical laboratory indicators of the enrolled cows from 21 before parturition to 21 days after parturition were assessed. After initial overview of the multivariate statistical data using PCA analysis, the data were subjected to orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis. Compared with cows with RP at 7 days before parturition, the levels of endothelin and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α were increased in healthy cows, while the level of estradiol and progesterone decreased. Adenine dinucleotide phosphate, hypoxanthine, guanine dinucleotide phosphate, inosine monophosphate, and L-arginine were revealed as potential prognostic markers of cows with RP at 7 days before parturition involved in the regulation of taste transduction, purine and glutathione metabolism, and autophagy. The best period for the early-warning diagnosis of RP in dairy cows is 7 days before parturition, and purine metabolism and autophagy may play a vital role in the occurrence and development of RP in dairy cows.

Although ultra-small nanoclusters (USNCs, < 2 nm) have immense application capabilities in biomedicine, the investigation on body-wide organ responses towards USNCs is scant. Here, applying a novel strategy of single-cell mass cytometry combined with Nano Genome Atlas of multi-tissues, we systematically evaluate the interactions between the host and calcium phosphate (CaP) USNCs at the organism level. Combining single-cell mass cytometry, and magnetic luminex assay results, we identify dynamic immune responses to CaP USNCs at the single cell resolution. The innate immune is initially activated and followed by adaptive immune activation, as evidenced by dynamic immune cells proportions. Furthermore, using Nano Genome Atlas of multi-tissues, we uncover CaP USNCs induce stronger activation of the immune responses in the cartilage and subchondral bone among the five local tissues while promote metabolic activities in the liver and kidney. Moreover, based on the immunological response profiles, histological evaluation of major organs and local tissue, and a body-wide transcriptomics, we demonstrate that CaP USNCs are not more hazardous than the Food and Drug Administration-approved CaP nanoparticles after 14 days of injection. Our findings provide valuable information on the future clinical applications of USNCs and introduce an innovative strategy to decipher the whole body response to implants.

Abstract Adult tendons heal via fibrovascular scarring with inferior biomechanical properties. Mohawk (Mkx) emerged as a pivotal actor in tenolineage commitment. However, its precise function in tendinopathy remains poorly understood. This study investigates the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying Mkx’ role in fibrovascular healing. Human samples were collected to test fibrovascular markers. We then performed RNAseq on Mkx−/− mice compared to their wild type littermates to decipher Mkx regulome. We therefore sought to reproduce TSPCs transition to myofibroblasts in-vitro by over-expressing MyoD and followed by phenotypic and experimental cells’ characterization using microscopy, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry sorting, presto-blue cell viability assay and immunofluorescence. Two different in vivo models were used to assess the effect of the MyoD-expressing myofibroblasts: transplantation in the dorsal area of immunodeficient mice and in an adult Achilles tendon injury model. To prevent angiofibrosis, we tested the molecule Xav939 and proceeded with histological stainings, q-RT PCR transcriptional quantification of angifibrotic markers, mechanical tests, and immunofluorescence. Tendinopathy samples showed fibrovascular healing with decreased tenolineage phenotype. Transcriptomic analysis of Mkx−/− tendons revealed myofibroblast-associated biological processes. Over-expression of MyoD in WT tendon stem progenitor cells (TSPCs) gave rise to myofibroblasts reprogramming in-vitro and fibrovascular scarring in-vivo. MKX directly binds to MyoD promoter and underlies global regulative processes related to angiogenesis and Wnt signaling pathway. Blocking Wnt signaling with the small molecule Xav393 resulted in higher histological and biomechanical properties. Taken together, our data provide the first in vivo and in-vitro evidence of tendon stem progenitor cells to myofibroblasts transition and show improved tendon healing via angiofibrosis modulation, thus opening potential therapeutic avenues to treat tendinopathy patients.

Monitoring changes to growth-survival strategies is beneficial during plant growth and development to understand the dynamics of community succession. We measured key leaf traits and calculated competition, stress-tolerance, and ruderals ecological strategy scores for trees and seedlings in different successional stages in tropical lowland rain forests. We analyzed functional trait patterns and CSR strategies with plant growth and development through the different succession stages. We found that trees used strategies that were shifted from S/CS and CS strategies to CS/CSR strategies along the succession. However, seedlings maintained the use of the S/CSR strategy. Seedlings showed lower leaf dry matter content, higher specific leaf area, and their leaf area was relatively conservative. We also observed that the functional traits of seedlings and large trees showed basically consistent changes through each succession stage. Using the standard deviation of C-, S-, and R-scores, we found that the ecological strategy width of trees is smaller, while seedlings have a wider range of ecological strategies. Together, this information can be used to define plant succession changes with functional plant trait changes using different CSR ecological strategies in tropical rainforests that are a threated due to human activities. The research results provide scientific basis for understanding the strategic change of plant growth and predicting the direction of forest function succession, and also provide theoretical support for the management of tropical lowland rainforest in China.

The practical applications of chaotic systems are gaining more dimensions every day. In this paper, a new 3D chaotic system is presented with three nonlinear terms and unique strong chaotic behavior. For the initial evaluation of the behavior of the innovative chaotic system, analyses related to equilibrium points, sensitivity, stability, Lyapunov exponent, and bifurcation have been carried out, and its strong attractor manner has been well shown. The practical realization of the designed system is shown by its circuit implementation through the use of electronic elements and Kirchhoff’s laws. To show the performance of the innovative system in practical applications, first a synchronization technique inspired by non-linear and active approaches has been designed, and then by using the innovative chaotic system in the masking technique, a new information encryption method has been derived. The results obtained from the masking based on the innovative chaotic system and the designed synchronization technique show the high functionality of the derivative encryption method.

To optimize the utilization of fermented maize stover (FMS) feed during the fattening phase of Xianghai flying geese (XFG), a total of 300 XFG at 125 days of age were randomly assigned to four dietary treatment groups with three replicates of 25 in each set. Group A was fed the basal fattening diet, while the B, C, and D groups were fed the basic fattening diet and diets supplemented with 5%, 10% or 15% FMS, respectively. The findings indicate that the production performance indicators (especially the dressed, eviscerated and breast muscle yield) of Group D closely resembled Group A more than Groups B and C. Intestinal morphometry found that the jejunal villus height and the villus height/crypt depth were significantly increased in Group D compared to Group A. Next, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the extracted DNA revealed that beneficial microbiota (Coprococcus and Victivallis) showed increased abundance in Group D. Cecal flora function analysis further revealed that some amino acid and glycerol biosynthesis were found to be associated with growth performance in geese. These findings suggest that incorporating 15% FMS as a substitute for a portion of the feed during the fattening phase of XFG can effectively sustain their production performance, optimize the gut microbial community and morphometrical traits, provide new insight into using non-conventional feed resources to reduce feed cost and improve economic benefits in the breeding industry.

Abstract Tendon heterotopic ossification (HO) is characterized by bone formation inside tendon tissue, which severely debilitates people in their daily life. Current therapies fail to promote functional tissue repair largely due to our limited understanding of HO pathogenesis. Here, we investigate the pathological mechanism and propose a potential treatment method for HO. Immunofluorescence assays showed that the Mohawk (MKX) expression level was decreased in human tendon HO tissue, coinciding with spontaneous HO and the upregulated expression of osteochondrogenic and angiogenic genes in the tendons of Mkx −/− mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses of wild-type and Mkx −/− tendons identified three cell types and revealed the excessive activation of osteochondrogenic genes during the tenogenesis of Mkx −/− tendon cells. Single-cell analysis revealed that the gene expression program of angiogenesis, which is strongly associated with bone formation, was activated in all cell types during HO. Moreover, inhibition of angiogenesis by the small-molecule inhibitor BIBF1120 attenuated bone formation and angiogenesis in the Achilles tendons of both Mkx mutant mice and a rat traumatic model of HO. These findings provide new insights into the cellular mechanisms of tendon HO and highlight the inhibition of angiogenesis with BIBF1120 as a potential treatment strategy for HO.

We aimed to determine the environmental driving factors underpinning successional changes in a tropical lowland rain forest in Hainan. Using hectare scale plots, we evaluated woody plant community composition and collected a variety of environmental variables. We found that the ecological strategy spectrum of communities in the four succession stages differentiated along the C-S axis, but no major communities were found in the R strategy group. The spectrum of ecological strategy of different communities is significantly different with succession, among which C strategy group is on the rise, S strategy group is on the decline, and the intermediate (INT) group strategy is on the rise after the first decline. For the C strategy group, population density and canopy openness explain most of the differences. The S strategy group are explained by slope and population density, while the first two explanatory factors of intermediate strategy group differences are slope and soil total potassium content. The change of plant ecological strategy is the result of comprehensive action of biotic factors, topographic factors and soil factors, among which biotic factors play a leading role.

Objective: The case-based learning with situated cognition theory (CBL-SCT) approach focuses on teaching over learning, making it suited to student nurse education. However, it is rare in student nurse training in pediatric surgery, and some subjective evaluations of the learning effect are still affected by the assessor. This study investigated the effect of the CBL-SCT approach on improving the nursing quality/safety and comprehensive performance of student nurses, and explored a method for analyzing the reliability of subjective evaluations. Methods: Thirty-six student nurses were divided into a control group and an experimental group and received seven days of orientation via conventional and CBL-SCT training, respectively. The learning effect was evaluated via examining their implementation of nursing quality criteria within the following month and their comprehensive clinical performance after six months. Among the evaluation indicators, professional skills, job competency, and professional quality were evaluated by assessors, whose scores were tested for consistency using Cronbach's alpha. Results: Among the 11 nursing quality criteria, the correct implementation of patient identification and communication (t = 2.257, P = 0.031), medication-checking (t = 5.444, P

Abstract Single‐atoms (SAs) supported on various substrates have emerged as a new form of electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The exfoliated MXenes possess rich defects/vacancies and surface oxygen groups, can be favorably utilized to anchor SAs. Here, we take advantage of the exfoliated Ti3C2Tx to anchor Ru‐SAs on Ti3C2Tx through a wet‐chemistry impregnation process. The obtained RuSA@Ti3C2Tx possesses excellent HER activity, especially under high current densities. Remarkably, RuSA@Ti3C2Tx can readily attain high current densities of 1 and 1.5 A cm−2 at low over potentials of 425.7 and 464.6 mV, respectively, demonstrating its potential for practical applications. The A1g vibration frequency shift of the Raman spectrum is innovatively used to probe the surface OH coverage on Ti3C2Tx, providing critical information for mechanistic studies. The experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the superior HER electrocatalytic activity of RuSA@Ti3C2Tx results from the Ru‐SAs enhanced H2O adsorption and dissociation, and promoted H2 formation.

ObjectiveThis study evaluated the diagnostic value of different combinations of five commonly used tumour markers and screened the best combination of tumour markers.MethodsRegression analysis was used to evaluate 185 patients with suspected breast cancer admitted to Mianyang Central Hospital from January 2020 to December 2021. The differences of five tumour markers between a breast cancer group and a benign lesion group were analysed. The sensitivity and specificity of five tumour markers were compared.ResultsOf 185 patients with suspected breast cancer, 108 patients had breast cancer and 77 patients had benign breast tumours. The detection results of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha fetoprotein (AFP), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) and carbohydrate antigen 153 (CA153) in patients with breast cancer were significantly higher than those in patients with benign breast tumours. In the analysis of the single-detection results of tumour markers, CEA had the highest sensitivity (23.94%), CA153 had the highest specificity (96.43%), AFP had the highest accuracy (47.66%) and CA153 had the highest area under the curve (AUC) value (0.727). With the increase of parallel indicators, the sensitivity, accuracy and AUC value increased in turn, and the increase was obvious in the front. The increase began to slow down after the three parallel indicators. Among the different combinations of three parallel detections of breast cancer tumour markers, the highest sensitivity was AFP + CEA + CA153 (83.46%), the highest accuracy was AFP + CEA + CA153 and AFP + CA153 + CA125 (80.25%), and the highest AUC was CEA + CA125 + CA199 (0.922).ConclusionAFP, CA153 and CA199 are recommended for clinical diagnosis of breast cancer. In routine physical examination and early breast cancer screening, the optimal combination of AFP + CEA + CA153 three parallel tests is recommended.

Background and Objective. Tuberculosis (TB) is a major threat to human health, especially in developing countries. Its susceptibility and progression depend on interactions between mycobacterium tuberculosis, host immune system, and genetic and environmental factors. Up to now, many studies have presented the association between TB susceptibility and host genetic polymorphisms, but never regarding CD59 gene, which is an essential complement regulator. This study investigated the relationship between multiple CD59 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and susceptibility to TB among Chinese patients. Methods. A case–control study was conducted to investigate the SNPs at CD59 rs1047581, rs7046, rs2231460, rs184251026, rs41275164, rs831633, rs704700, rs41275166, and rs10768024 by sequence-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) in 900 tuberculosis patients and 1,534 controls. Results. The minor allele frequencies at rs2231460, rs184251026, rs41275164, and rs41275166 were extremely low both in the Cases (0.00%–0.61%) and in the Controls (0.07%–0.43%), comparatively at rs1047581, rs7046, rs831633, rs704700, and rs10768024 were notably higher both in the Cases (8.23%–48.39%) and in the Controls (8.57%–47.16%). Among the nine SNPs, only homozygous CC genotype at rs10768024 showed a significant protective effect against TB than homozygous TT genotype (OR(95% CI) = 0.59(0.38, 0.91), χ2 = 5.779, P=0.016), and homozygous TT and heterozygous CT genotypes showed a significant risk of TB infection in the recessive model (OR(95% CI) = 1.68(1.10, 2.56), χ2 = 5.769, P=0.016). Further analysis verified that rs10768024 CC genotype independently related to TB susceptibility (OR(95% CI) = 0.60(0.39, 0.91), Wald χ2 = 5.664, P=0.017) in multivariate logistic regression analysis, and its genetic mutation was independent of the other SNPs (r2 = 0.00–0.20) in haplotype analysis. Conclusions. The first investigation of the CD59 gene and susceptibility to TB suggests a significant risk with homozygous TT and heterozygous CT genotypes at rs10768024 loci. The homozygous CC mutation at rs10768024 loci showed a significant protection against TB susceptibility.

Servo motors play an important role in automation equipment and have been used in several manufacturing fields. However, the commonly used control methods need their parameters to be set manually, which is rather difficult, and this means that these methods generally cannot adapt to changes in operation conditions. Therefore, in this study, we propose an intelligent control method for a servo motor based on reinforcement learning and that can train an agent to produce a duty cycle according to the servo error between the current state and the target speed or torque. The proposed method can adjust its control strategy online to reduce the servo error caused by a change in operation conditions. We verify its performance on three different servo motors and control tasks. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve smaller servo errors than others in most cases.

The shortage of high-quality coarse feed resources is the main factor that restricts the development of animal husbandry in many developing countries. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of replacing corn silage with daylily silage on the growth performance, slaughter performance, blood biochemical indicators, meat quality, and muscle amino acid composition of Tan sheep. A total of 72 healthy Tan sheep were randomly assigned to four groups. In each group, 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% of corn silage were replaced with daylily silage (denoted as CON, HC20, HC40, and HC60, respectively). Tan sheep fed with daylily silage showed no significant adverse effects on their growth performance, meat quality, and muscle amino acid composition (p > 0.05). Some increase was observed in the carcass fat content value (GR-value, p < 0.05), thickness of backfat (p < 0.05), and the blood urea level (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that the utilization of daylily silage instead of whole-plant corn silage has no adverse effects on the growth performance and meat quality of Tan sheep, thus indicating that it can partially replace whole-plant corn feed as a feed resource for Tan sheep.

This article proposes a two-layer collaborative stochastic optimization model of a hybrid combined heat and power system to determine the optimal capacities and operational strategies of components for minimizing the total cost, which includes investment, operation, and CO2 emission costs. Hybrid optimization algorithms, in genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization, are employed to solve the two-layer optimization, respectively. Typical scenarios with probability distributions are generated in Monte Carlo simulations and a clustering approach, which demonstrate the influences of the uncertainties of renewable energies and electrical and thermal loads. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization model. When considering the CO2 emission cost, the renewable energy penetration resulting from the larger capacities of renewable power technologies reaches 30%, which is 11.5% higher than the optimal case without considering the emission cost. This optimal integration increases the fossil energy utilization efficiency by 2.5% and the revenue from excess electricity sales by 2.7 times. The levelized capital cost, however, increases by 33.0%, and the utility grid integration and the net interaction also increase by 1.1% and 21.5%, respectively.

Abstract Background Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis) is an important opportunistic pathogenic Candida species that can cause nosocomial infection. In this study, we analyzed the distribution and drug susceptibility of C. tropicalis and the relationship between ERG11 and UPC2 expression and resistance to azole antifungal agents. Methods C. tropicalis was cultured and identified by Sabouraud Agar Medium, CHROM Agar Candida and ATB tests (Bio-Mérieux, France). Total RNA was extracted from the collected strains, and the ERG11 and UPC2 mRNA expression levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Results In total, 2872 clinical isolates of Candida, including 319 strains of C. tropicalis, were analyzed herein; they were mainly obtained from the Departments of Respiratory Medicine and ICU. The strains were predominantly isolated from airway secretion samples, and the detection trend in four years was mainly related to the type of department and specimens. The resistance rates of C. tropicalis to fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole had been increasing year by year. The mRNA expression levels of ERG11 and UPC2 in the fluconazole-resistant group were significantly higher than they were in the susceptible group. In addition, there was a significant positive linear correlation between these two genes in the fluconazole-resistant group. Conclusions Overexpression of the ERG11 and UPC2 genes in C. tropicalis could increase resistance to azole antifungal drugs. The routine testing for ERG11 and UPC2 in high-risk patients in key departments would provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of azole antifungal drugs.

Effectively learning and extracting the feature representations of 3D point clouds is an important yet challenging task. Most of existing works achieve reasonable performance in 3D vision tasks by modeling the relationships among points appropriately. However, the feature representations are only learned with a specific transform through these methods, which are easy to overlap and thus limit the representation ability of the model. To address these issues, we propose a novel Multi-Transform Learning framework for point clouds (PointMTL), which can extract diverse features from multiple mapping transform to obtain richer representations. Specifically, we build a module named Multi-Transform Encoder (MTE), which encodes and aggregates local features from multiple non-linear transforms. To further explore global context representations, a module named Global Spatial Fusion (GSF) is proposed to capture global information and selectively fuse with local representations. Moreover, to guarantee the richness and diversity of learned representations, we further propose a Spatial Independence Criterion (SIC) strategy to enlarge the differences between the transforms and reduce information redundancies. In contrast to previous works, our approach fully exploits representations from multiple transforms, thus having strong expressiveness and good robustness for point clouds related tasks. The experiments on three typical tasks (i.e., semantic segmentation on S3DIS and ScanNet, part segmentation on ShapeNet and shape classification on ModelNet40) demonstrates the effectiveness of our method.