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To analyze the clinical and genetic characteristics of a 46,XX case of testicular disease with prostate germ cell tumor and explore its pathogenesis.The clinical features and pathological examination of the patient were reviewed, and the genetic basis was analyzed by chromosome karyotyping analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization.The patient had slightly short stature, small testicles and large breast. Serum alpha fetoprotein was significantly increased, along with increased follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and prolactine, and lower level of testosterone. The karyotype was 46,XX. Fluorescence in situ hybridization has identified the presence of SRY gene at the end of short arm of one X chromosome. The pathological diagnosis was primary germ cell tumor of prostate, mainly of yolk sac tumor type.A rare case of 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development combined with germ cell tumor of the prostate was diagnosed, which has enriched the phenotype spectrum of the disease and provided clues for the treatment of the disease.

Bladder cancer (BCa) is the 10th most prevalent malignancy worldwide and remains a crucial cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a large class of endogenous non-coding RNAs, contain unique covalent closed structures and their biogenesis and turnover are regulated by multiple factors. Recently, multiple circRNAs have been found to serve as important factors in several biological processes such as tumorigenesis. An increasing amount of research discovered that circRNAs are dysregulated in multiple cancer tissues compared with matched normal tissues, especially in BCa, indicating that circRNAs can act as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of BCa. In this review, we focus on the biogenesis, properties, turnover, and functions of circRNAs, summarizing their potential functions and clinical implications in BCa.

Background The purpose of this bibliometric analysis was to identify and assess the 100 most-cited articles (T100 articles) on urological surgery. Methods The Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database was used to investigate the T100 articles in the field of urological surgery. Different aspects of the T100 articles, including the countries, journals, authors, and topics, were analyzed. Results The number of citations of T100 articles published between 1989 and 2016 ranged from 334 to 2189. The T100 articles originated from 28 countries, with more than half originating from the USA (n = 80). Professor Bill-Axelson A from Uppsala University Hospital published the largest number of T100 articles as the first author (4) and as a coauthor (1). The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from the USA is the top institution with the most T100 articles in the field of urological surgery. The special journal Journal of Urology published 41 of the T100 articles, which had a total of 19780 citations. Conclusions Our study analyzed the 100 most-cited articles in the field of urological surgery. The USA is the dominant country in terms of the number of T100 articles, scientists and institutions. Surgery related to urological cancer has garnered the most academic attention, especially prostate cancer and renal cancer.

An intelligent and rapid detection approach based on an X-ray orientation instrument is proposed to identify the single-crystal defects through online single and offline batch defection. This method can effectively solve the problems of current detection equipment, such as longer detection time, higher cost, and human involvement. A total of eight factors in two pattern vectors that can express the rocking curve characteristics of the crystal structure are selected as the feature factors for defect detection. An improved algorithm of the fuzzy transitive closure clustering (FTCC) is presented to identify the defect type of one single-crystal online based on the real-time data, satisfying the real-time requirement of online defect detection. An improved algorithm of the fuzzy c-means that can effectively solve the problems of the bad initial clustering centers and abnormal data, combined with the improved algorithm of the FTCC, is employed to identify the defect types of batch single-crystals offline based on many measured data and to meet the rapid requirement of batch single-crystal defect identification. The sapphire is selected as an example of the single crystal to identify the defects both online and offline, and the experiment results indicate that the proposed method is a rapid and effective means of the defect detection that meets industrial manufacturing requirements.

End-to-end self-driving is a method that directly maps raw visual images to vehicle control signals using deep convolutional neural network (CNN). Although prediction of steering angle has achieved good result in single task, the current approach does not effectively simultaneously predict the steering angle and the speed. In this paper, various end-to-end multi-task deep learning networks using deep convolutional neural network combined with long short-term memory recurrent neural network (CNN-LSTM) are designed and compared, which could obtain not only the visual spatial information but also the dynamic temporal information in the driving scenarios, and improve steering angle and speed predictions. Furthermore, two auxiliary tasks based on semantic segmentation and object detection are proposed to improve the understanding of driving scenarios. Experiments are conducted on the public Udacity dataset and a newly collected Guangzhou Automotive Cooperate dataset. The results show that the proposed network architecture could predict steering angles and vehicle speed accurately. In addition, the impact of multi-auxiliary tasks on the network performance is analyzed by visualization method, which shows the salient map of network. Finally, the proposed network architecture has been well verified on the autonomous driving simulation platform Grand Theft Auto V (GTAV) and experimental road with an average takeover rate of two times per 10 km.

Renal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are infrequent vascular morphological anomalies. About 20% of AVMs are congenital renal AVMs (CRAVMs). A 53-year-old female patient presented with a 5-day history of gross hematuria and right flank pain. The patient underwent the selective renal arteriography and embolization under local anesthesia. Renal computed tomography angiography (CTA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) results showed bleeding of the right renal arteriovenous malformation, both nidus and aneurysm, which indicated that the patient had both cirsoid and cavernosal types of CRAVM. Endovascular management was chosen to treat the patient. The patient was cured and discharged, then followed-up for 3 months. These results show that early identification using radiologic tests is important for diagnosis and treatment of CRAVM.

Purpose: To assess the present landscape and future research directions, a bibliometric analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of the 100 most-cited articles (T100 articles) on CRPC research. Methods: A list of the T100 articles investigating CRPC was generated by searching the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database. Different characteristics of the T100 articles, including the countries/territories, journals, authors, and research areas, were analyzed. Results: The number of citations of T100 articles published between 1992 and 2017 ranged from 282 to 3594, with an average of 654.9 citations. According to the topic of the article, “Mechanisms related to tumor progression or metastasis” ranked first with 41 T100 articles, while immunotherapy ranked fourth with 7 T100 articles. The T100 articles originated from 31 countries, with more than half originating from the USA (n = 89). Professor Scher HI published the most T100 articles as the first author (4) and as the corresponding author (5), while Pro De Bono JS from the Institute of Cancer Research published 3 articles as the first author and 8 articles as the corresponding author. The journal Cancer Research published 20 T100 articles with a total of 8946 citations. The number of T100 articles (r = 0.485, P = 0.01) and the total number of citations (r = 0.626, P < 0.001) were all positively correlated with the IF of the journal. Conclusions: This analysis offers a historical perspective on the progress and attempts to reveal future trends in CRPC research using bibliometric analysis. This study’s results suggest that immunotherapy and the study of androgen receptors as well as their signaling axes will possibly be hot topics and trends in CRPC research.

Bladder cancer (BCa) is the 10th most prevalent malignancy worldwide and remains a crucial cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a large class of endogenous non-coding RNAs, contain unique covalent closed structures and their biogenesis and turnover are regulated by multiple factors. Recently, multiple circRNAs have been found to serve as important factors in several biological processes such as tumorigenesis. An increasing amount of research discovered that circRNAs are dysregulated in multiple cancer tissues compared with matched normal tissues, especially in BCa, indicating that circRNAs can act as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of BCa. In this review, we focus on the biogenesis, properties, turnover, and functions of circRNAs, summarizing their potential functions and clinical implications in BCa.

Background In recent years, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (MCRPC) and studies related to MCRPC have drawn global attention. The main objective of this bibliometric study was to provide an overview of MCRPC, explore clusters and trends in research and investigate the future direction of MCRPC research. Methods A total of 4,089 publications published between 1979 and 2018 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database. Different aspects of MCRPC research, including the countries/territories, institutions, journals, authors, research areas, funding agencies and author keywords, were analyzed. Results The number of annual MCRPC publications increased rapidly after 2010. American researchers played a vital role in this increase, as they published the most publications. The most productive institution was Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. De Bono, JS (the United Kingdom [UK]) and Scher, HI (the United States of America [USA]) were the two most productive authors. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded the largest number of published papers. Analyses of keywords suggested that therapies (abiraterone, enzalutamide, etc.) would attracted global attention after US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Conclusions Developed countries, especially the USA,were the leading nations for MCRPC research because of their abundant funding and frequent international collaborations. Therapy was one of the most vital aspects of MCRPC research. Therapies targeting DNA repair or the androgen receptor (AR) signing pathway and new therapies especially prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-based radioligand therapy (RLT) would be the next focus of MCRPC research.

The traditional procedure for the management of bilateral ureteral stones is staged ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URS). However, in recent years particularly, some urologists advocate same-session bilateral URS on the ground of success rates and minimal morbidity. This systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of same-session bilateral ureteroscopy for the treatment of ureteral calculi.We conducted a bibliographic search using MEDLINE (1980 to August 2015) and EMBASE (1980 to August 2015). Review articles and abstract data were excluded and only studies in English reporting on outcomes of bilateral URS were included in this meta-analysis. Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of each included studies and extracted data. STATA 12.0 was used for meta-analysis.In 11 studies, 431 patients were reportedly treated with bilateral URS. Most of the stone sizes were not larger than 20 mm. The mean stone-free rate is 96% for the distal ureter, 85% for the middle ureter, and 72% for the proximal ureter. The mean operative time ranged from 45 to 100 minutes with an average hospital stay from 2 to 4 days. The overall complications rates were 17%, with the incidence of postoperative fever 4%, postoperative pain 20%, and gross hematuria 4%. Other complications, including urosepsis, urinary tract infection, small mucosal laceration, stone migration, and ureteral perforation, accounted for 6% of overall complications.This meta-analysis found that bilateral same-session ureteroscopy could achieve a high overall stone-free rate. There might be a relatively higher complication incidence, but most of the complications are minor. For selected cases, bilateral URS could be safe and effective.

Background: In recent years, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (MCRPC) and studies related to MCRPC have drawn global attention. The main objective of this bibliometric study was to provide an overview of MCRPC, explore clusters and trends in research and investigate the future direction of MCRPC research. Methods: A total of 4089 publications published between 1979 and 2018 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database. Different aspects of MCRPC research, including the countries/territories, institutions, journals, authors, research areas, funding agencies and author keywords, were analyzed. Results: The number of annual MCRPC publications increased rapidly after 2010. American researchers played a vital role in this increase, as they published the most publications. The most productive institution was Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. De Bono, JS (the United Kingdom [UK]) and Scher, HI (the United States of America [USA]) were the two most productive authors. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded the largest number of published papers. Analyses of keywords suggested that therapies (abiraterone, enzalutamide, etc.) would attract global attention after US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Conclusions: Developed countries, especially the USA, were the leading nations for MCRPC research because of their abundant funding and frequent international collaborations. Therapy was one of the most vital aspects of MCRPC research. Therapies targeting DNA repair or the androgen receptor (AR) signing pathway and new therapies especially prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-based radioligand therapy (RLT) would be the next focus of MCRPC research.

We presented the clinical data of one patient with renal cell carcinoma associated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in this case report. We reported a 56-year-old man who presented with petechiae and ecchymoses. Laboratory studies showed the platelet count of 2 × 109/L and an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed tumors in the right renal. There were purpura on the legs and cough without abdominal pain and melena at this time. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was diagnosed according to the clinical symptoms and laboratory test. The patient received radical nephrectomy for renal carcinoma, and his idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was cured after the surgery. Pathological biopsy confirmed it was renal clear cell carcinoma. The patient has been followed up for more than 3 months after surgery, and the ecchymoses had not been recurred and the patient’s thrombocytopenia was recovered. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with kidney cancer is rare. The patient in this case report was treated with radical nephrectomy, and the effectiveness of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was satisfactory.

We report on a 31-year-old male patient with non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, low grade of the renal pelvis disguised as xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. The only symptom of the patient was lower back pain. The initial renal-enhanced computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography showed that the right kidney had a benign lesion and this inflammatory lesion might be xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. A percutaneous renal biopsy was performed and histopathologic examination revealed a xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Initially, we diagnosed it as xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and treated it with antibiotics. One and a half years later, the patient suffered from back pain again. The lesion increased significantly and a right renal pelvic lesion with retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy was considered a malignant lesion on computed tomography scan. Therefore, radical resection of right renal pelvis carcinoma was performed under retroperitoneal laparoscopy. Intraoperative frozen section was reported as right renal urothelial carcinoma with no metastasis in renal hilar lymph node. Postoperative histopathologic examination revealed non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, low grade of renal pelvis.

Background Progressive cerebral infarction is one of the leading causes of high disability and lethality for stroke patients. However, the association between progression of BP changes and cerebral infarction is not currently well understood. Methods We analyzed the dynamic changes in the BP of patients with acute ischemic stroke and explored the correlation between BP change and cerebral infarction progression. Results 30.9% (30/97) of the patients investigated developed to progressive cerebral infarction 17-141 h after admission. The percentage of patients with a long history of hypertension was significantly higher in the progressive group than in the non-progressive group. The mean systolic BP of the patients 16 h to 5 d after admission was also much higher in the progressive group. A greater abnormality of circadian blood pressure was also observed among patients in the progressive group. Conclusions Hypertension history of more than 5 years is an important risk factor for progressive cerebral infarction. Both the elevation of systolic blood pressure 16 h to 5 d after admission and abnormal circadian blood pressure are associated with the disease progression.

The brassica leaf beetle Phaedon brassicae Baly, one of the pests of cruciferous vegetables in China and Japan, is a multivoltine species that over-winters and over-summers mainly as diapausing adults. In this paper, the internal reproductive system is described and illustrated for this species. Its morphology associated with diapause is also described. The accessory glands, lateral ejaculatory duct, common ejaculatory duct and ejaculatory sac are poorly developed in diapausing male, in contrast, these are obvious and swollen in the reproductive male. In the diapausing female, no obvious previtellogenic oocytes can be found in the ovariole. The ovarioles contain numerous previtellogenic oocytes, and the basal oocytes have visible yolk uptake in the reproductive female. In addition, the fat bodies are numerous and dark yellow in color for diapausing adults, but few and light yellow in color for reproductive adults.

The terrestrial firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (E. Oliv., 1883) (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) was discovered in mainland China in 2002. The larvae of P. pectoralis inhabit moist grasslands and deserted farmlands rich in terrestrial vegetation. We recorded P. pectoralis mainly feeding on two species of land snails, Bradybaena similaris (Ferussac) and Bradybaena ravida ravida (Benson) (Stylommatophora: Bradybaeniidae). A predator of adult fireflies was also recorded for the first time: the spider, Tetragnatha praedonia (L. Koch) (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). The prepupal stage of P. pectoralis lasted 5.3 (female) and 6.2 (male) days. The pupal stage lasted 8.4 (female) and 13.4 (male) days at 25°C. The imaginal period lasted from September to October. The photic emission of P. pectoralis was 526.5 ~ 593.9 nm, with the peak emitted wavelength (λmax) at 548.6 nm. A female can mate with a male immediately after emergence and with several different males. The total number of eggs laid by mated females was corre...

Male adults of the firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis discharge fluids from along elytral and pronotal margins and around the antennal sockets, but females when tactually stimulated only discharge fluids from pronotal margins and antennal sockets. Both genders, when disturbed, may also occasionally discharge fluid from the anus. With regard to its content of haemocytes and proteins, the discharged fluid conforms to haemolymph. A series of circular, but irregularly spaced depressions in the insect's cuticle along the pronotal and elytral margins seems to be related to the ‘reflex-bleeding’ response. Each depression features a centrally-placed columnar structure, which is connected to its surroundings by a thin membrane that easily ruptures and, once broken, initiates reflex-bleeding. The whitish and viscous blood oozing out is very effective in repelling ants. Reflex-bleeding in the adults of Pyrocoelia pectoralis seems associated with thanatosis and luminescence and, thus, supports other defense react...

Third to sixth instar larvae of the aquatic firefly Luciola substriata swim with their ventral side up, including when they were searching for prey. When larvae were engaged in swimming, the thoracic legs sculled backwards continuously, while the abdomen could curve upward and downwards. The pygopodium located in the end of abdomen enable larvae to grasp and adhere on floating objects that also help start or cease swimming. When larvae in back-swimming changed direction, the larval abdomen curved clockwise or counterclockwise quickly and then unbent. The legs movement of larvae consists of eight different stroke patterns. The larvae averaged 1.6 strokes per sec and 0.6 wiggle of abdomen per sec. Larvae swim slowly with the speed of 0.9 m/h.

This paper presents results of numerical simulations for impact effects in panel-like structures using solid and shell element modeling techniques. Three examples from experiments in literature have been numerically analyzed. The nonlinear transient dynamic analysis code, LS-DYNA is used in the simulations to model projectiles and panel-like targets. It is found that models established for panel-like targets using solid shell elements cannot only save significant computational effort, but also produce good results as long as the panel-like targets satisfy certain conditions. A criterion that governs the validity of modeling panel-like targets with shell elements is proposed in the paper.