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Aims: Emodepside is an anthelmintic, originally developed for veterinary use. We investigated the safety, pharmacokinetics, relative bioavailability and dose linearity of four oral formulations of emodepside in healthy male subjects. Methods: Three randomised, parallel‐group, controlled, Phase I studies were conducted using various oral formulations, involving 79 subjects in ten cohorts in the single-ascending-dose study, 24 subjects in three ascending-dose cohorts in the multiple-ascending-dose study and 77 subjects in seven different cohorts in the relative bioavailability study. Pharmacokinetics and safety assessments were performed up to 21, 30 and 7 days, respectively. Results: As a liquid service formulation, emodepside was rapidly absorbed under fasting conditions, with dose-proportional increases in plasma concentrations at doses from 1 mg to 40 mg. The half-life during the first 24 hours after dosing was around 11 hours, followed by a terminal elimination half-life > 500 hours. Emodepside was less bioavailable in the fed state. The rate of absorption was slower and Cmax was lower with the amorphous solid dispersion tablets compared to the liquid service formulation. Emodepside was well tolerated overall with no major safety concerns. Conclusion: These Phase I studies with various dosage forms revealed a pharmacokinetic profile suggesting good tissue distribution of emodepside and a long terminal half‐life. A 15 mg dose with the gastrosoluble tablet is predicted to provide exposure that will achieve the target concentration for clinical efficacy. These data enabled us to select a field-adapted tablet formulation that will open the way for further clinical development of emodepside in individuals with onchocerchiasis.

La majorite des insectes ravageurs de cultures appartient a des especes qui vivent en permanence dans la region concernee et sont plus ou moins etroitement liees aux vegetaux cultives. C'est en fonction des densites atteintes localement par leurs populations, evaluees aussi tot que possible par les services locaux de l'agriculture, de la protection des vegetaux, parfois par un systeme d'avertissements agricoles, mais le plus souvent par le seul cultivateur, que sont declenchees ou non les campagnes de lutte. Les Acridiens ravageurs, contre lesquels ont est amene a defendre les recoltes, ont une dynamique plus complexe car

The efficacy of the standardized four-drug regimen (comprising isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) is menaced by the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Intensive efforts have been made to develop new antibiotics or to repurpose old drugs, and several of these are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for their antitubercular activity. Among the new candidate drugs is macozinone (MCZ), the piperazine-containing benzothiazinone PBTZ169, which is currently being evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials. Here, we determined the in vitro and in vivo activity of MCZ in combination with a range of anti-TB drugs in order to design a new regimen against active TB. Two-drug combinations with MCZ were tested against M. tuberculosis using checkerboard and CFU enumeration after drug exposure assays. MCZ was observed to have no interactions with all first- and second-line anti-TB drugs. At the MIC of each drug, MCZ with either bedaquiline (BDQ), clofazimine (CLO), delamanid (DMD), or sutezolid (STZ) reduced the bacterial burden by 2 logs compared to that achieved with the drugs alone, indicating synergism. MCZ also displayed synergism with clomiphene (CLM), a potential inhibitor of the undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UppS) in mycobacteria. For all the other drugs tested in combination with MCZ, no synergistic activity was observed. Neither antagonism nor increased cytotoxicity was found for most combinations, suggesting that MCZ could be added to different TB treatment regimens without any significant adverse effects.

This chapter provides an overview of the different in vitro and in vivo strategies to progress a new compound for visceral leishmaniasis from early screening, through in vivo testing and potential translation, to clinical development, including the value of novel pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modelling and simulation tools to support this transition. The case of miltefosine, the only oral drug currently available for leishmaniasis, is presented to demonstrate how pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modelling and simulation can provide new insights into how to optimize currently available drugs, such as the use of allometric dosing of miltefosine to overcome the lower drug exposure in children and the practical example of the clinically recommended minimal duration of contraception for female patients of child-bearing age.

c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, is activated in response to a number of extracellular stimuli, including inflammatory cytokines, UV irradiation and ischaemia. A large body of evidence supports a role for JNK signalling in stress-induced apoptosis. It has been hypothesized that JNK may contribute to the apoptotic response by regulating the intrinsic cell death pathway involving the mitochondria. Here, we examined the role of the JNK signalling pathway in hippocampal CA1 apoptotic neurones following transient ischaemia in gerbils. We showed early activation of death receptor-dependent apoptosis (caspase-8 activation 2 days after ischaemia) and a biphasic activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 after ischaemia. Activation of the mitochondrial pathway, as measured by cytochrome c release, appeared as a late event (5-7 days after ischaemia). AS601245, a novel JNK inhibitor, antagonized activation of both pathways and significantly protected CA1 neurones from cell death. Our results suggest a key role of JNK in the control of death receptor and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis after transient ischaemia.

Medifoxamine, an antidepressant agent which has an original chemical structure, has been shown through in vitro studies, utilising radioligand binding in tissue homogenates, to bind with moderately high affinity to 5-HT1c and 5-HT2 receptor subtypes and to 5-HT uptake sites (IC50 950, 980, and 1,500 nM, respectively). It has been shown to bind in vivo to rat brain 5-HT2 receptors after acute treatment with high dose (50 mg/kg, i.e., 133.9 μmol/kg). After 14 days continuous treatment with low dose (20 mg/kg, 53.6 μmol/kg), a decrease in the capacity of [3H]-5-HT uptake and a dose-dependent down-regulation of 5-HT2 receptors in rat cerebral cortex were observed. These results indicate that medifoxamine, which has been shown previously to act through dopaminergic systems, interacts also with central serotonergic neurotransmission and particularly with the 5-HT2 receptors, which could contribute to its antidepressant effect.

The aim of the present work was to determine if noradrenergic neurons of the anterior and the posterior subregions of the locus coeruleus exhibit a difference in reactivity in response to sodium nitroprusside-induced arterial hypotension, and if the pharmacological induction of tyrosine hydroxylase by RU24722 modifies the reactivity of locus coeruleus neurons to this hypotensive stimulus. Previous findings have demonstrated that administration of RU24722 increases the concentration of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat locus coeruleus by two different mechanisms in the anterior and in the posterior locus coeruleus subregions. The goal of the present study was to measure in vivo the changes in catecholaminergic metabolism in the locus coeruleus after treatment with RU24722 using differential normal pulse voltammetry (DNPV). In vehicle-treated rats, arterial hypotension increased catecholaminergic metabolism with the same pattern in the two locus coeruleus subregions. However, the changes in the magnitude of the catechol oxidation current throughout the recording period were significantly smaller in the posterior subregion (P < 0.001). In the RU24722-pretreated rats, there was a 39% increase in tyrosine hydroxylase and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the locus coeruleus. The functional reactivity to hypotension measured by DNPV was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in both the anterior and posterior locus coeruleus subregions with RU24722 treatment. Therefore, this study suggests that the response of locus coeruleus cells to a hypotensive stimulus depends upon the intracellular tyrosine hydroxylase concentration both in the basal condition and during pharmacological induction of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression.

The objective was to observe changes in rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) catecholamine metabolism using in vivo voltammetry following induced hypotension with halothane or nitroprusside (SNP). Rats anesthetized (halothane, metocurine) and ventilated were stereotaxically implanted with carbon microelectrodes in the RVLM. The catechol oxidation current (CA.OC, % baseline) was used as an index of RVLM catecholaminergic metabolism. Groups of rats (n = 5) were given (A) halothane 0.75% for 60 min; (B) halothane 2.75% plus phenylephrine infusion to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) for 30 min, then halothane 0.75% for 30 min; (C) halothane (2.5-3.0%) for 30 min (MAP 60 +/- 5 mmHg) then halothane 0.75% for 30 min; (D) halothane 0.75% and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) for 30 min (MAP 60 +/- 5 mmHg), then halothane 0.75% for 30 min. Halothane 0.75% produced no significant change in CA.OC or MAP (A), while halothane 2.5-3.0% produced a significant decrease in MAP and a symmetrical significant increase in CA.OC (ANOVA, P less than 0.5). This increase peaked at 30 min (180 +/- 28%) and reached 110 +/- 9% baseline at 60 min. The halothane and phenylephrine combination produced no significant change in CA.OC or MAP during the 30 min exposure (B). SNP (D) produced a significant increase in CA.OC (peak 48 min, 224 +/- 35%) which remained elevated at 60 min (198 +/- 32%). Thus, the induced hypotension produced activation of RVLM catecholaminergic neurons. SNP induced a prolonged significant increase in RVLM catecholamine metabolism which may relate to rebound hypertension following use of this drug.

Catecholamine metabolism was studied in vivo in the Cl adrenergic area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata in rats, using differential normal pulse voltammetry coupled with an activated carbon fiber microelectrode. Pharmacological evidence indicates that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, the major dopamine metabolite, is responsible for the electrochemical signal appearance in the C1 group, and that it reflects the Catecholamine synthesis rate, as previously reported in the locus coeruleus. Indeed, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid was estimated to be formed from 77% of the intracellular dopamine, since its synthesis was increased by only 23%, after blockade of the dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity. Neuronal activation by retrograde electrical stimulation increased the electrochemical signal, as well as hemorrhage and hypotension, suggesting that the level of extracellular 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid is a good biochemical index of the C1 adrenergic cellular activity in baseline conditions and during cellular activation.

c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, is activated in response to a number of extracellular stimuli, including inflammatory cytokines, UV irradiation and ischaemia. A large body of evidence supports a role for JNK signalling in stress-induced apoptosis. It has been hypothesized that JNK may contribute to the apoptotic response by regulating the intrinsic cell death pathway involving the mitochondria. Here, we examined the role of the JNK signalling pathway in hippocampal CA1 apoptotic neurones following transient ischaemia in gerbils. We showed early activation of death receptor-dependent apoptosis (caspase-8 activation 2 days after ischaemia) and a biphasic activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 after ischaemia. Activation of the mitochondrial pathway, as measured by cytochrome c release, appeared as a late event (5-7 days after ischaemia). AS601245, a novel JNK inhibitor, antagonized activation of both pathways and significantly protected CA1 neurones from cell death. Our results suggest a key role of JNK in the control of death receptor and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis after transient ischaemia.

A gregarisation site of Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunb.) was studied during five annual surveys (1988-1993). The study site is on a high altitude pasture (2 300 m) in the Anti-Atlas mountains where flocks graze during the summer season. On the 2 850 ha Poa bulbosa’s pasture the number of sheeps and goats was estimated at 7 200 heads (one head per 0.4 ha). Acrididae (18 species) and their predators (14 insects and birds species) are settled around a mow meadow and irrigated cultures (55 ha). The breeding site of the Moroccan Locust is on the 2 hectares of sheep-fold. The mean density of locusts egg pods was 77/m2, of which 37 % was destroyed by Coleoptera larvae (Meloideae) and Diptera larvae. Falco naumanni Fleicher and Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax docilis Gm. are important locust predators on the site. Choughs were observed probing repeatedly in the soil to unearth egg pods and eat them. It is known that sheep create the conditions suitable for the Maroccan Locust to gregarise. We demonstrate that the strict time table of pastoral events also influences the acridid population dynamics : young hoppers hatch in May into an environment free from sheep disturbance and sheltered from predators until the hay is cut. Transhumance on the 28th July, in the middle of the laying season, modifies space and food available to the Acrididae., Un foyer de grégarisation de Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunb.) a été étudié au cours de cinq missions annuelles (1988-1993). Le site d’étude est un pâturage d’altitude dans l’Anti-Atlas (2 300 m) où les troupeaux estivent. Sur les 2 850 ha de pâturages à Poa bulbosa le nombre de moutons et de chèvres a été estimé à 7 200 têtes (une tête pour 0,4 ha). Les Acridiens (18 espèces) et leurs prédateurs (14 espèces d’insectes et oiseaux) sont cantonnés autour d’une prairie de fauche et des cultures irriguées (55 ha). Le site de ponte du Criquet marocain est sur un parc à moutons de 2 hectares. La densité moyenne d’oothèques est de 77/m2, dont 37 % sont détruites par des larves de Coléoptères (Méloïdes) et des larves de Diptères. Falco naumanni Fleicher et Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax docilis Gm. sont des prédateurs de criquets, importants sur le site. Les Craves à bec rouge ont été observés déterrant les oothèques pour les manger. Il est connu que les moutons créent les conditions favorables à la grégarisation du Criquet marocain. Nous montrons que le strict calendrier des activités pastorales influence aussi la dynamique des populations acridiennes : les éclosions ont lieu en mai dans un milieu non perturbé par les moutons et à l’abri des prédateurs jusqu’à la fenaison. La transhumance le 28 juillet, en pleine saison de ponte, modifie l’espace et les ressources trophiques disponibles., Louveaux Alain,Mouhim Ahmed,Roux Georges,Gillon Yves,Barral Henri. Influence du pastoralisme sur les populations acridiennes dans le massif du Siroua (Maroc). In: Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 51, n°2, 1996. pp. 139-151.

In vivo electrochemical recordings of the metabolism of catecholamines were obtained in the caudal ventrolateral medulla in anesthetized rats submitted to various experimental changes in systemic arterial pressure. Hypertension induced with phenylephrine and reversal of hypovolemia decreased the catechol metabolic activity. In contrast, controlled or hypovolemic hypotension, induced respectively with sodium nitroprusside or blood withdrawal (30% of blood volume), reversibly elicited the opposite pattern. This was suppressed by deafferentation. The changes in 3atechol metabolic activity in response to hypovolemia were accompanied by similar trends of variations of plasma vasopressin levels. By contrast with the increased catechol metabolic activity secondary to hypotension induced by either prazosin, sodium nitroprusside or hypovolemia, clonidine elicited a decrease in catechol metabolic activity. These data show a dynamic and specific involvement of the metabolism of catecholamines themselves promoted by changes in systemic arterial pressure. This pattern of functioning of catechol metabolism in the caudal ventrolateral medulla appears to be negatively related to systemic arterial pressure changes, a finding which does not fit with the proposed vasodpressor role of the A1-group.

The objective of this study was to investigate under controlled conditions the effects of fentanyl on the rat locus coeruleus catechol oxidation current. Using differential normal pulse voltammetry combined with electrochemically treated carbon fiber electrodes to measure the catechol oxidation current, catecholamine metabolism can be reliably monitored. Male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 500–600 g had carbon fiber electrodes implanted into the locus coeruleus under halothane – O2 – air anesthesia with controlled ventilation and muscle relaxation. Experiments consisted of four groups of rats given the following treatments: (A) saline (n = 6); (B) fentanyl, 10 μg∙kg−1 i.v. (n = 6); (C) naloxone, 800 μg∙kg−1 i.v. followed 2 min later by fentanyl, 10 μg∙kg−1 (n = 5); (D) clonidine, 200 μg∙kg−1 i.p. (n = 6). There was no significant change in the catechol oxidation current following saline. Fentanyl produced a significant (ANOVA, p 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine and the opioid fentanyl produced a decrease in locus coeruleus catechol oxidation current measured by in vivo voltammetry, which monitors catecholamine turnover.Key words: catecholamine, clonidine, fentanyl, opiates, locus coeruleus, in vivo voltammetry.

In vivo electrochemistry allowed recording of a catechol oxidation current in the ventrolateral medulla, caudal to the obex, in anesthetized rats whose ventilatory, metabolic and hemodynamic parameters were rigorously controlled. Hemorrhage or controlled hypotension induced an increase in the metabolism of catecholamines in the A1 noradrenergic group, which remained activated after full hemodynamic recovery. Clonidine (200 μg·kg−1 i.p.) given 30 min prior to hemorrhage or immediately before controlled hypotension suppressed partially the increased metabolism of catecholamines especially during the recovery period. This suggests that clonidine preserved phasic reactivity upon circulatory disturbances and decreased tonic hyperactivity following circulatory recovery.

Pour determiner la ration minimale d'eau necessaire a la survie de Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. et F.) adulte et les repercussions d'un stress hydrique prolonge sur le fonctionnement ovarien, nous avons separe le facteur eau du facteur aliment en elevant les criquets de l'eclosion a l'âge adulte avec des germinations de ble lyophilise, selon une technique decrite par Louveaux et al. (1980). Il est montre que la quantite d'aliments ingeree augmente avec la quantite d'eau bue (r = 0,91). La relation lineaire determinee permet inversement, connaissant les quantites d'aliments ingeres, d'evaluer a 300 μl la ration quotidienne d'un criquet ayant un acces non limite a l'eau de boisson. Les femelles qui n'ont recu que 50 μl d'eau par jour (j.) sont mortes avant le 9eme jour de traitement. La survie est assuree a partir de 100 μl/j. L'avancement de la vitellogenese est egalement en relation avec la quantite d'eau absorbee quotidiennement. Aucun developpement ovarien ne se produit jusqu'a 100 μl/j. Une vitellogenese ralentie commence a partir de 150 μl/j. et elle devient normale a 300 μl/j. avec des pontes comparables a celles des temoins nourris de ble frais.

The complete development and reproduction of Locusta migratoria was shown to occur using freeze-dried wheat seedlings as food; water being provided separately. This method makes the rearing of locusts easier, and allows the control of water and food intake. It also makes it possible to experiment at the same time on the nutritional value of plants of different growth stages, or plants grown in different conditions. RESUME ALIMENTATION DU CRIQUET SUR PLANTES LYOPHILISEES, UNE NOUVELLE METHODE D'ELEVAGE POUR LES INSECTES HERBIVORES Pour experimenter conjointement sur la valeur nutritive de plantes a differents stades d'evolution, il a ete tente de realiser des elevages de Locusta migratoria sur nourriture lyophilisee. La comparaison d'individus eleves depuis l'eclosion sur ble germe lyophilise avec des individus nourris de ble germe frais montre que le dessechement de l'aliment n'affecte guere ni le developpement, ni la reproduction dans la mesure ou l'eau de boisson est fournie en quantite suffisante. Cette methode permet en outre de mesurer la consommation et l'efficacite de conversion de la nourriture ingeree avec bien plus de precision qu'il n'etait possible jusqu'ici avec des aliments frais.

The subcellular distribution of the protein tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) after fractionation of rat brain tissue was studied by a sensitive technique of immunoblot quantification in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal and the dorsal noradrenergic pathways and in the ventrolateral medulla. This repartition indicates that in all catecholaminergic regions of the cell bodies studied, the contribution of the nerve endings to the total TH amount is very low (less than 7%), in contrast to that observed in the terminal fields. The correlative subcellular determination of the TH amount and activity in the same tissue could be a useful approach for studying experimentally induced mechanisms of catecholamine synthesis modulation in different brain catecholaminergic pathways.

From October 1964 to March 1966 the population size and biomass of Arthropods living in the litter and grass layers (ants and termites excluded) have been estimated. The seasonal trends for each major taxonomic group of primary and secondary consumers are shown on figures 1 and 2. Broadly speaking, insect and spider populations are greatly reduced during the dry season and reach their lowest level just after the bush fires ; then they increase during the rains to reach their peak values at a time which varies from one group to another., Gillon Yves,Gillon Dominique. Cycle annuel des effectifs et des biomasses d’arthropodes de la strate herbacée . In: La Terre et La Vie, Revue d'Histoire naturelle, tome 21, n°3, 1967. pp. 262-277.

Gillon Yves,Gillon Dominique. Méthode quantitative d’analyse du peuplement d’un milieu herbacé. In: La Terre et La Vie, Revue d'Histoire naturelle, tome 19, n°4, 1965. pp. 378-391.

Estimations of the numbers and biomass of the Arthropods (Termites excluded) living in the grass layer of the dry thornbush savana of the Ferlo (N. Senegal) have been made at different times of the year : the very end of the long dry season and the beginning of the rains (July), the peak of grass production (September), and the beginning of the next dry season (January). There is a broad correlation between the biomass of grass in a given area and the biomass of Arthropods living in that area. The seasonal fluctuations of biomass are summarized in figure 7. During the rains, the Arthropod biomass is four times larger than during the dry months. The small heaps of dead wood which occur from place to place in the savana serve as refuge areas for many Arthropods during the dry season. The shallow depressions where water accumulates for some time during the rains also play an important role in the maintenance of the Arthropod community: they are selected as laying grounds by many phytophagous species. Spiders, Acridians and Tenebrionid beetles are particulary numerous within the Arthropod community living in the grass layer of this dry thornbush savana., Au cours de trois missions en juillet 1971, septembre 1971 et janvier 1972 nous avons récolté, par la méthode des quadrats essentiellement (10 m2 sous cage et 25 m2), des échantillons du peuplement d’Arthropodes dans le Ferlo septentrional, au Sénégal. Les densités d’effectifs et de biomasse des principaux groupes sont étudiées en fonction de l’époque de capture et des biotopes. En dehors de la savane proprement dite, les tas de bois mort, résultat de la chute d’arbres, et les dépressions, susceptibles de se transformer en mares temporaires, sont apparues particulièrement riches ; les premiers comme milieux refuges, les secondes comme lieux de ponte, surtout pour les Phytophages. Une relation très nette est mise en évidence entre la densité de peuplement d’Arthropodes et la biomasse végétale. Les Araignées, les Acridiens et les Ténébrionides sont particulièrement bien représentés dans cet écosystème. L’ensemble du peuplement échantillonné y est quatre fois plus abondant en saison des pluies qu’en saison sèche. Certains animaux sont pourtant aussi communs, voire même plus fréquents, en saison sèche qu’en saison des pluies., Gillon Yves,Gillon Dominique. Recherches écologiques sur une savane sahélienne du Ferlo septentrional, Sénégal : Données quantitatives sur les Arthropodes. In: La Terre et La Vie, Revue d'Histoire naturelle, tome 27, n°2, 1973. pp. 297-323.

In this paper, populations of Invertebrates in a dry savanna of Senegal (Fété-Olé : 15°06’ W, 16°13’ N) are compared to those of a wet savanna of Ivory Coast (Lamto : 5°02W, 6°13’ N). Sampling was done with ten square meter bottomless cages. Insects and Arachnids constitue nearly the totality of these Invertebrates. Besides taxonomic groups existing in only one of these two habitats, dry savanna is characterised mainly by dominance of Insects living on the ground level (Tenebrionid and Carabid Beetles especially) and wet savanna by abundance of Cockroaches, Crikets, long horned Grasshoppers and Pentatomid Bugs. Acridids represent a similar proportion in both savanna populations. Adult Insects are generally smaller in Fété-Olé, where the rainy season is short, than in Lamto, where some species need more than six months to reach the adult stage. Several of the groups in which mean annual absolute densities are higher in Lamto present, during the short rainy season of Fété-Olé, peak values at least as high as they are in Lamto. Arthropod biomass in Guinean savanna represent at least eight times those in Sahelian savanna. But compared to primary production, populations of Invertebrates are slightly more numerous in Sahelian savanna. The dry season fauna is characterized, besides its scarcity, by the relative abundance of Acridids and secondary consumers. Insects tied to the rainy season, as are leafhoppers, may temporarily occur in large numbers., La comparaison des peuplements d’invertébrés épigés dans une savane sèche, à Fété-Olé (15°06’ W, 16°13’ N) et une savane humide, à Lamto (5°02’ W, 6° 13’ N) est réalisée à partir des résultats de l’échantillonnage par cages sans fond de 10 m². Insectes et Arachnides constituent la presque totalité de ces Invertébrés. En dehors des groupes présents dans l’un des deux milieux seulement, la savane sèche est caractérisée surtout par la dominance des Insectes vivant à la surface du sol (Ténébrionides et Carabiques notamment) et la savane humide par l’abondance des Blattes, des Grillons, des Sauterelles, des Pentatomides. Les Acridiens constituent globalement dans les deux peuplements comparés une proportion équivalente. Les imagos sont généralement de plus petite taille à Fété-Olé, où la saison favorable est courte, qu’à Lamto, où certains développements nécessitent plus de six mois. Plusieurs groupes dent les densités absolues sont plus élevées à Lamto en moyennes annuelles, présentent des maximums au moins aussi importants à Fété-Olé durant la courte saison des pluies. La biomasse des Arthropodes en savane guinéenne représente près de huit fois celle en savane sahélienne, mais elle serait en revanche à Fété-Olé légèrement supérieure à celle de Lamto comparativement à la production primaire. La faune de saison sèche est caractérisée, outre sa rareté, par l’importance relative des Acridiens et des consommateurs secondaires. Les Insectes liés à la saison des pluies, comme les Jassides, peuvent se trouver temporairement en très grand nombre., Gillon Dominique,Gillon Yves. Comparaison du peuplement d’invertébrés de deux milieux herbacés ouest-africains : Sahel et savane préforestière. In: La Terre et La Vie, Revue d'Histoire naturelle, tome 28, n°3, 1974. pp. 429-474.