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By two or more modes of transportation to connect with each other and complete the transport process, multimodal transport could significantly improve transport efficiency, reduce costs, while promote energy conservation and emission reduction, compared with the traditional single mode of transport. Therefore, the multimodal transport development reflects the level of national or regional economic development to some extent. In this study, multimodal transport potential index was built to evaluate the possibility of multimodal transport. Remote sensing images from satellites were used to extract roads, railway stations and airports. A method was proposed to derive the road-rail transport potential index and road-air transport potential index, and then for the analysis of multimodal transport potential in 36 cities. Results show that there is a big gap among 36 cities on the development potential of road-rail and road-air transport. Compared with the road-rail transport potential index, the distribution of road-air transport potential index is more consistent among and within the seven regions. Index values of megacity and super cities are much higher than type I and II big cities. Moreover, in the 36 cities, there is a positive correlation between the multimodal transport potential index and GDP. The research results could be used to quantitatively evaluate the development of transport infrastructure, consequently provide more solid and reliable basic information for the planning, design and scheme adjustment of multimodal transport, thus comprehensively improve the efficiency and quality of multimodal transport, serve the territorial spatial planning.

This study aims to explore the important role of data-like cube structures in modern remote sensing data processing and data analysis through ArcPy and Python multiprocessing techniques. A multi-scale spatial data cube is innovatively developed to improve the efficiency of remote sensing data management and optimize data analysis. The core of this study is to define and implement grid cells of different sizes that form the basis of data cube, and to quantify the efficient coverage of specific areas using Python multiprocessing techniques. Experiments were conducted in Hainan Province, and efficient data coverage of the whole Hainan Province was realized using the grid data method, which significantly reduced the amount of remote sensing data and processing time required. This shows that the method has successfully improving data coverage capacity and utilization efficiency. The results of this study not only demonstrate the effective application of data-like cubes in remote sensing data processing and analysis, but also provide new perspectives and methods for future complex spatial data analysis and large-scale remote sensing data processing.

Scholars have done a lot of research on urban settlement, but it is difficult to give consideration to the temporal and spatial attributes of settlement at the same time in its display and analysis. Most of them focused on the analysis of regional settlement, single point settlement curve and settlement rate map at a certain time, but few combined time and space for collaborative analysis. Therefore, in this paper, 32 scenes Sentinel-1B SAR data are used to obtain settlement data of Beijing via PS-InSAR method. Secondly, combined with the temporal and spatial attributes of settlement results, the subsidence law revealed by using spatio-temporal cube slicing and attribute filtering. Finally, subsidence development trend and the detection of abnormal subsidence are explored by emerging hot spots (ESH) analysis. The experimental results show that the settlement funnel center in Beijing is mainly concentrated near the junction of Chaoyang district and Tongzhou district. The settlement range tends to expand. There are several local continuous subsidence areas in the settlement oscillating area. Spatio-temporal analysis makes the development trend of urban settlement more intuitive. Emerging hotspot analysis combined with Getis-Ord Gi* statistics and Mann-Kendall trend test could more effectively analyze the settlement trend of the study area and detect new potential settlement centers, so that to provide auxiliary decision-making for urban safety early warning and city development.

Particle dark matter could belong to a multiplet that includes an electrically charged state. WIMP dark matter (χ0) accompanied by a negatively charged excited state (χ−) with a small mass difference (e.g. < 20 MeV) can form a bound-state with a nucleus such as xenon. This bound-state formation is rare and the released energy is O(1−10) MeV depending on the nucleus, making large liquid scintillator detectors suitable for detection. We searched for bound-state formation events with xenon in two experimental phases of the KamLAND-Zen experiment, a xenon-doped liquid scintillator detector. No statistically significant events were observed. For a benchmark parameter set of WIMP mass mχ0=1 TeV and mass difference Δm=17 MeV, we set the most stringent upper limits on the recombination cross section times velocity 〈σv〉 and the decay-width of χ− to 9.2×10−30 cm3/s and 8.7×10−14 GeV, respectively at 90% confidence level.

Preceding a core-collapse supernova (CCSN), various processes produce an increasing amount of neutrinos of all flavors characterized by mounting energies from the interior of massive stars. Among them, the electron antineutrinos are potentially detectable by terrestrial neutrino experiments such as KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande (SK) via inverse beta decay interactions. Once these pre-supernova (pre-SN) neutrinos are observed, an early warning of the upcoming CCSN can be provided. In light of this, KamLAND and SK, both located in the Kamioka mine in Japan, have been monitoring pre-SN neutrinos since 2015 and 2021, respectively. Recently, we performed a joint study between KamLAND and SK on pre-SN neutrino detection. A pre-SN alert system combining the KamLAND detector and the SK detector was developed and put into operation, which can provide a supernova alert to the astrophysics community. Fully leveraging the complementary properties of these two detectors, the combined alert is expected to resolve a pre-SN neutrino signal from a 15 M _⊙ star within 510 pc of the Earth at a significance level corresponding to a false alarm rate of no more than 1 per century. For a Betelgeuse-like model with optimistic parameters, it can provide early warnings up to 12 hr in advance.

Atmospheric water vapor plays a key role in Earth's radiation balance and hydrological cycle, and the precipitable-water-vapor (PWV) product under clear-sky conditions has been routinely provided by the advanced Medium Resolution Spectral Imager (MERSI-II) on board Fengyun-3D since 2018. The global evaluation of the PWV product derived from MERSI-II is performed herein by comparing it with PWV from the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) based on a total of 462 sites (57 219 matchups) during 2018–2021. The monthly averaged PWV from MERSI-II presents a decreasing distribution of PWV from the tropics to the polar regions. In general, a sound consistency exists between PWV values of MERSI-II and IGRA; their correlation coefficient is 0.951, and their root mean squared error (RMSE) is 0.36 cm. The histogram of mean bias (MB) shows that the MB is concentrated around zero and mostly located within the range from −1.00 cm to 0.50 cm. For most sites, PWV is underestimated with the MB between −0.41 and 0.05 cm. However, there is also an overestimated PWV, which is mostly distributed in the area surrounding the Black Sea and the middle of South America. There is a slight underestimation of MERSI-II PWV for all seasons with the MB value below −0.18 cm, with the bias being the largest magnitude in summer. This is probably due to the presence of thin clouds, which weaken the radiation signal observed by the satellite. We also find that there is a larger bias in the Southern Hemisphere, with a large value and significant variation in PWV. The binned error analysis revealed that the MB and RMSE increased with the increasing value of PWV, but there is an overestimation for PWV smaller than 1.0 cm. In addition, there is a higher MB and RMSE with a larger spatial distance between the footprint of the satellite and the IGRA station, and the RMSE ranged from 0.33 to 0.47 cm. There is a notable dependency on solar zenith angle of the deviations between MERSI-II and IGRA PWV products.

Despite the great success of machine learning, its application in climate dynamics has not been well developed. One concern might be how well the trained neural networks could learn a dynamical system and what will be the potential application of this kind of learning. In this paper, three machine-learning methods are used: reservoir computer (RC), backpropagation-based (BP) artificial neural network, and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. It shows that the coupling relations or dynamics among variables in linear or nonlinear systems can be inferred by RC and LSTM, which can be further applied to reconstruct one time series from the other. Specifically, we analyzed the climatic toy models to address two questions: (i) what factors significantly influence machine-learning reconstruction and (ii) how do we select suitable explanatory variables for machine-learning reconstruction. The results reveal that both linear and nonlinear coupling relations between variables do influence the reconstruction quality of machine learning. If there is a strong linear coupling between two variables, then the reconstruction can be bidirectional, and both of these two variables can be an explanatory variable for reconstructing the other. When the linear coupling among variables is absent but with the significant nonlinear coupling, the machine-learning reconstruction between two variables is direction dependent, and it may be only unidirectional. Then the convergent cross mapping (CCM) causality index is proposed to determine which variable can be taken as the reconstructed one and which as the explanatory variable. In a real-world example, the Pearson correlation between the average tropical surface air temperature (TSAT) and the average Northern Hemisphere SAT (NHSAT) is weak (0.08), but the CCM index of NHSAT cross mapped with TSAT is large (0.70). And this indicates that TSAT can be well reconstructed from NHSAT through machine learning. All results shown in this study could provide insights into machine-learning approaches for paleoclimate reconstruction, parameterization scheme, and prediction in related climate research.Highlights: i The coupling dynamics learned by machine learning can be used to reconstruct time series. ii Reconstruction quality is direction dependent and variable dependent for nonlinear systems. iii The CCM index is a potential indicator to choose reconstructed and explanatory variables. iv The tropical average SAT can be well reconstructed from the average Northern Hemisphere SAT.

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging is currently the mainstay of functional neuroimaging and has allowed researchers to identify intrinsic connectivity networks (aka functional networks) at different spatial scales. However, little is known about the temporal profiles of these networks and whether it is best to model them as continuous phenomena in both space and time or, rather, as a set of temporally discrete events. Both categories have been supported by series of studies with promising findings. However, a critical question is whether focusing only on time points presumed to contain isolated neural events and disregarding the rest of the data is missing important information, potentially leading to misleading conclusions. In this work, we argue that brain networks identified within the spontaneous blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal are not limited to temporally sparse burst moments and that these event present time points (EPTs) contain valuable but incomplete information about the underlying functional patterns.We focus on the default mode and show evidence that is consistent with its continuous presence in the BOLD signal, including during the event absent time points (EATs), i.e., time points that exhibit minimum activity and are the least likely to contain an event. Moreover, our findings suggest that EPTs may not contain all the available information about their corresponding networks. We observe distinct default mode connectivity patterns obtained from all time points (AllTPs), EPTs, and EATs. We show evidence of robust relationships with schizophrenia symptoms that are both common and unique to each of the sets of time points (AllTPs, EPTs, EATs), likely related to transient patterns of connectivity. Together, these findings indicate the importance of leveraging the full temporal data in functional studies, including those using event-detection approaches.

SUMMARY: This study evaluated the effects of whole-grain rice (WGR) on pellet quality, geese performance, and economic benefits. A total of 360 one-day-old healthy male Jiangnan White goslings with similar body weight (BW) were randomly divided into 2 groups with 6 replicates per group and 30 geese per replicate. Pelleted diets were prepared with WGR for the experimental group and crushed rice (CR) for the control group to create the 2 treatments. Dietary rice (unhusked) inclusions were 20% for 1 to 21 d and 40% for 22 to 70 d. The pellets from d 1 to 21 were crumbled. Prepelleted WGR significantly decreased pellet length, hardness and pellet durability index. WGR pellets had significantly higher fine ratio (≤2.8 mm) and starch gelatinization than CR pellets. The different treatments did not affect BW on 21, 42, and 70 d of age or average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain, and feed to gain ratio (F/G) from 1 to 70 d. However, compared with the CR diet, the WGR diet increased ADFI and F/G from 1 to 21 d. At 70 d of age, similar slaughter performance, relative viscera weight, and meat quality of geese were observed, except for a significant increase in the spleen ratio in the WGR treatment compared with the CR treatment. From the observation, pelleting with WGR reduced the cost of feed manufacture by decreasing the electricity use of grinding and had no negative effect on feed cost per/kg weight gain of geese. Even with the decreased pellet quality, we recommend replacing CR in geese diets with WGR from 22 to 70 d of age in view of the geese performance, economic benefits, and electricity savings.

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to explore the regulatory role of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) signaling pathway in crop milk synthesis in breeding pigeons (Columba livia). Three groups of breeding pigeons in the lactation period (n = 30 pairs/group) were respectively injected with rapamycin (RAPA, a specific inhibitor of the target of rapamycin complex) at doses of 0 (vehicle, control), 0.6, or 1.2 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day via the wing vein for 7 days. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) and BW of the breeding pigeons and the BW of young squabs were respectively recorded throughout the experimental period. The breeding pigeons were sacrificed to collect their crop tissues, crop milk, and serum on the eighth day of the experiment. The results showed that neither 0.6 nor 1.2 mg/kg BW RAPA injection affected BW loss or ADFI in breeding pigeons (P > 0.05), while crop thickness and crop relative weight were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the 1.2 mg/kg BW rapamycin-injected group. Simultaneously, RAPA (especially at 1.2 mg/kg BW) decreased the crude protein, αs1-casein, αs2-casein, β-casein, and amino acid contents (Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Cys, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Lys, His, Arg, and Pro) of crop milk (P < 0.05) and the concentrations of albumin, total protein, and uric acid in the serum of breeding pigeons (P < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of TORC1 pathway-related proteins (TORC1, S6K1, S6, 4EBP1, and eIF4E) was downregulated in the crop tissues of breeding pigeons by 0.6 or 1.2 mg/kg BW/day RAPA injection (P < 0.05). Accordingly, the average daily gain (ADG) of young squabs declined, and the mortality rate increased significantly (P < 0.05). Together, the results showed that RAPA reduced protein and amino acid levels in the crop milk of breeding pigeons and retarded young squab growth, suggesting a crucial role of TORC1 in crop milk synthesis in breeding pigeons.

The oblique contact-impact characteristic of the composite structural bar composed of Babbitt alloy and low-carbon steel (ZChSbSb11-6 ∕ AISI 1020) with a solid flat surface (AISI 1045) was studied theoretically and experimentally. The dynamic equation of the composite structural bar with vibration response during the contact-impact was established using the momentum theorem and assumed mode method, and the instantaneous contact forces during different impact phases were analyzed based on modified Jackson–Green model. Four sets of experiments (i.e. different proportion of Babbitt, ξ={1/8,1/2,3/4,7/8}) for the initial angle, θ=45∘, and different initial velocities were performed; and, the rebound linear and angular velocity of the contact point of composite structural bar after impact was calculated and compared with experimental results. Besides, the coefficient of restitution, the relation of contact force and contact deflection, and the permanent deformation were also compared for the composite structural bars with different proportions in combination, ξ. Three critical angles are found to determine whether the composite bar slides or not, but are prominently different for the composite bars with different ξ. In comparing with the experimental results, the numerical solutions of rebound linear and angular velocity had yield encourage results and, all relative errors were small, indicating that the simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results. Also, the oblique contact-impact behavior involving the coefficient of restitution, the relation of contact force and contact deflection, and the permanent deformation was explained in detail. It can be concluded that as the proportion of Babbitt ξ increases, the composite structural bar presents a characteristic of ease of deflection. And the contact-impact behavior of structural entity is closely related to the inherent properties of the elasto-plastic material, especially for the weak material of composite structures. The more easily the impacting object is deformed, the small the contact force during the contact-impact, which also indicates the yield strength of weak material is a very significant parameter in the event of collision. Such work could give conducive insights to contact-impact problems of the key parts or structures composed of composite materials in mechanical system.

The understanding of the magnetisation evolution upon femtosecond optical pumping remains elusive. The authors perform resonant X-ray magnetic scattering measurements and multiscale simulations that reveal rapid magnetic order recovery in ferrimagnets via nonlinear magnon processes.

Particulate amines play an important role for the particle acidity and hygroscopicity and also contribute to secondary organic aerosol mass. We investigated the sources and mixing states of particulate amines using a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) during summer and winter 2014 at a rural site in the Pearl River Delta, China. Amine-containing particles accounted for 11.1 and 9.4 % of the total detected individual particles in summer and winter, respectively. Although the increase in amine-containing particle counts mostly occurred at night, no obvious correlations between amine-containing particles and ambient relative humidity (RH) were found during the sampling period. Among the three markers we considered, the most abundant amine marker was 74(C2H5)2NH2+, which was detected in 90 and 86 % of amine-containing particles in summer and winter, followed by amine marker ions of 59(CH3)3N+, and 86(C2H5)2NCH2+ which were detected in less than 10 % of amine-containing particles during sampling period. The amine-containing particles were characterized by high fractions of carbonaceous marker ions, carbon–nitrogen fragments, sulfate, and nitrate in both summer and winter. More than 90 % of amine-containing particles were found to be internally mixed with sulfate throughout the sampling period, while the percentage of amine particles containing nitrate increased from 43 % in summer to 69 % in winter. Robust correlations between the peak intensities of amines, sulfate, and nitrate were observed, suggesting the possible formation of aminium sulfate and nitrate salts. Interestingly, only 8 % of amine particles contained ammonium in summer, while the percentage increased dramatically to 54 % in winter, indicating a relatively ammonium-poor state in summer and an ammonium-rich state in winter. The total ammonium-containing particles were investigated and showed a much lower abundance in ambient particles in summer (3.6 %) than that in winter (32.6 %), which suggests the ammonium-poor state of amine-containing particles in summer may be related to the lower abundance of ammonia/ammonium in gas and particle phases. In addition, higher abundance of amines in ammonium-containing particles than that of ammonium in amine-containing particles suggests a possible contribution of ammonium–amine exchange reactions to the low abundance of ammonium in amine-containing particles at high ambient RH (72 ± 13 %) in summer. The particle acidity of amine-containing particles is estimated via the relative acidity ratio (Ra), which is defined as the ratio of the sum of the sulfate and nitrate peak areas divided by the ammonium peak area. The Ra was 326 ± 326 in summer and 31 ± 13 in winter, indicating that the amine-containing particles were more acidic in summer than in winter. However, after including amines along with the ammonium in the acidity calculation, the new Ra′ values showed no seasonal change in summer (11 ± 4) and winter (10 ± 2), which suggests that amines could be a buffer for the particle acidity of ammonium-poor particles.

Mare Crisium is one of the most prominent multi-ring basins on the nearside of the Moon. In this study, the regolith thermophysical features of Mare Crisium are studied with the CELMS data from CE-2 satellite. Several important results are as follows. Firstly, the current geological interpretation only by optical data is not enough, and a new geological perspective is provided. Secondly, the analysis of the low TB anomaly combined with the (FeO+TiO2) abundance and Rock abundance suggests a special unknown material in shallow layer of the Moon surface. At last, a new basaltic volcanism is presented for Crisium Basin. The study hints the potential significance of the CELMS data in understanding the geological units over the Moon surface.

Due to the differences of imaging principles, image matching between visible and thermal infrared images still exist new challenges and difficulties. Inspired by the complementary spatial and frequency information of geometric structural features, a robust descriptor is proposed for visible and thermal infrared images matching. We first divide two different spatial regions to the region around point of interest, using the histogram of oriented magnitudes, which corresponds to the 2-D structural shape information to describe the larger region and the edge oriented histogram to describe the spatial distribution for the smaller region. Then the two vectors are normalized and combined to a higher feature vector. Finally, our proposed descriptor is obtained by applying principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimension of the combined high feature vector to make our descriptor more robust. Experimental results showed that our proposed method was provided with significant improvements in correct matching numbers and obvious advantages by complementing information within spatial and frequency structural information.

The formation of oxalic acid and its mixing state in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were studied using a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) in the summer and winter of 2014 in Heshan, a supersite in the rural area of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in China. Oxalic-acid-containing particles accounted for 2.5 and 2.7 % in total detected ambient particles in summer and winter, respectively. Oxalic acid was measured in particles classified as elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), elemental and organic carbon (ECOC), biomass burning (BB), heavy metal (HM), secondary (Sec), sodium-potassium (NaK), and dust. Oxalic acid was found predominantly mixing with sulfate and nitrate during the whole sampling period, likely due to aqueous-phase reactions. In summer, oxalic-acid-containing particle number and ozone concentration followed a very similar trend, which may reflect the significant contribution of photochemical reactions to oxalic acid formation. The HM particles were the most abundant oxalic acid particles in summer and the diurnal variations in peak area of iron and oxalic acid show opposite trends, which suggests a possible loss of oxalic acid through the photolysis of iron oxalato-complexes during the strong photochemical activity period. In wintertime, carbonaceous particles contained a substantial amount of oxalic acid as well as abundant carbon clusters and BB markers. The general existence of nitric acid in oxalic-acid-containing particles indicates an acidic environment during the formation process of oxalic acid. The peak areas of nitrate, sulfate and oxalic had similar temporal change in the carbonaceous type oxalic acid particles, and the organosulfate-containing oxalic acid particles correlated well with total oxalic acid particles during the haze episode, which suggests that the formation of oxalic acid is closely associated with the oxidation of organic precursors in the aqueous phase.

Abstract EuFe2As2-based iron pnictides are quite interesting compounds, due to the two magnetic sublattices in them and the tunability to superconductors by chemical doping or application of external pressure. The effects of hydrostatic pressure on the static magnetism in Eu(Fe0.925Co0.075)2As2 are investigated by complementary electrical resistivity, ac magnetic susceptibility and single-crystal neutron diffraction measurements. A specific pressure-temperature (P-T) phase diagram of Eu(Fe0.925Co0.075)2As2 is established. The structural phase transition, as well as the spin-density-wave order of Fe sublattice, is suppressed gradually with increasing pressure and disappears completely above 2.0 GPa. In contrast, the magnetic order of Eu sublattice persists over the whole investigated pressure range up to 14 GPa, yet displaying a non-monotonic variation with pressure. With the increase of the hydrostatic pressure, the magnetic state of Eu evolves from the canted antiferromagnetic structure in the ground state, via a pure ferromagnetic structure under the intermediate pressure, finally to an “unconfirmed” antiferromagnetic structure under the high pressure. The strong ferromagnetism of Eu coexists with the pressure-induced superconductivity around 2 GPa. Comparisons between the P-T phase diagrams of Eu(Fe0.925Co0.075)2As2 and the parent compound EuFe2As2 were also made.

In this paper, a framework for adjusting mobile laser scanning point cloud data to improve the accuracy is proposed by integrating high resolution UAV images and MLS. First, aerial triangulated images with a few high accuracy ground control points are taken as control information. Then, a hierarchical strategy is proposed for robust pairwise registration of feature points between point cloud and images, so as to find the deviation of the point cloud. In the next step, a shape-preserving piecewise cubic interpolating method is employed to fit the time dependent error model of the trajectory. Finally, experiments are given to prove the effectiveness of proposed framework.

Spatial index impacts upon the efficiency of spatial query seriously in distributed spatial database. In this paper, we introduce a parallel spatial range query algorithm, based on VoMR-tree index, which incorporates Voronoi diagrams into MR-tree, benefiting from the nearest neighbors. We first augments MR-tree to store the nearest neighbors and constructs the VoMR-tree index by Voronoi diagram. We then propose a novel range query algorithm based on VoMR-tree index. In processing a range query, we discuss the data partition method so that we can improve the efficiency by parallelization in distributed database. Just then a verification strategy is promoted. We show the superiority of the proposed method by extensive experiments using data sets of various sizes. The experimental results reveal that the proposed method improves the performance of range query processing up to three times in comparison with the widely-used R-tree variants.

Computing the convex hull of a point set is requirement in the GIS applications. This paper studies on the problem of minimum convex hull and presents an improved algorithm for the minimum convex hull of planar scattered point set. It adopts approach that dividing the point set into several sub regions to get an initial convex hull boundary firstly. Then the points on the boundary, which cannot be vertices of the minimum convex hull, are removed one by one. Finally the concave points on the boundary, which cannot be vertices of the minimum convex hull, are withdrew. Experimental analysis shows the efficiency of the algorithm compared with other methods.

Compare to optical sensors, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors can work at all time and under all weather conditions. However, SAR images are less intuitive and more difficult to understand. To complement advantages of optical and SAR sensors, a technique of image translation is put forward. Firstly, the concept named as remote sensing image translation is presented, and a set of technology thinking for multi-source remote sensing image translation is also given. Image understanding, object transformation and representation are considered as three key steps for image translation, and some specific solutions for the three steps are proposed later. Finally, an ENVISAT-ASAR image is translated into a TM image by means of feature extraction of grey scale and texture, SVM classification algorithm, seed-fill algorithm and exemplar-based texture synthesis algorithm. The experiment results demonstrate that the translated SAR images are visually similar to related optical images, while the main spatial structure information of original image is preserved, it could fill the blank regions in the incomplete TM image. All the experiments show that the proposed techniques of image translation are rational and effective.

This paper proposes a new method for the matching of polygon features. Firstly, the main points depicting the shape of the polygon feature are extracted with the method of simplifying the delineation and are represented in the Proximate-tangent Space. Secondly, constructing the analogous estimate function based on the polygon's property that going along the edges of the polygon covers the minimum total area. With the help of the constructed analogous estimate function, the corresponding feature points on the matching features and objective features are found and paired. After pairing all the feature points, the interpolation on the edges and angles realize the quick matching of the polygon features. At last, the polygon features on the two maps with the scale of 1:10000 and 1:2000 respectively are put into the experiment. It turns out that this matching method not only operates with a high speed but also has a strong robustness.

The Kyoto Protocol, established to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, one of the human-induced causes of climate change, imposes obligations on developed countries. In this study: 1) what obligations the articles of the Kyoto Protocol impose on the countries that are party to the protocol, 2) whether the articles of the protocol are impartial, equal, and fair in their obligations to the contracting countries and their binding, 3) how the economic support of developed countries to reduce emissions to developing countries can be evaluated in the context of the principle of equality/justice, 4) it has been discussed whether the non-bindingness of the countries those are not party to the protocol. Considering all protocol items, the discussion was made from a critical but constructive point of view. It can be said that the obligations arising from the Kyoto Protocol bring disadvantages for some countries compared to others.