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Background and Objectives: Craniosynostosis can lead to progressive cranial and skull base deformities and can be associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP), ophthalmological manifestations, behavioral changes, and developmental delay. Most published data on the incidence of elevated ICP include older children undergoing open surgical correction. Endoscopic-assisted release of fused sutures with postoperative helmet therapy is an established method for managing craniosynostosis presenting at an early age; however, the immediate effect of this approach on ICP in a young cohort has not been previously reported., Methods: Prospective data on 52 children undergoing endoscopic-assisted release of stenosed cranial sutures were included. Individuals were excluded if they underwent open correction or had previous cranial surgery. Individuals underwent a standardized endoscopic approach for each suture type. ICP was measured using an intraparenchymal sensor both before creation of the neosuture and after complete release of the stenosed suture. An ICP reading of >10 mm Hg was considered elevated., Results: The mean age was 5.3 months, range 1 to 32 months, and 94% was younger than 12 months. The mean opening pressure was 12.7 mm Hg, and the mean closing pressure was 2.9 mm Hg. Opening ICP ≥10 mm Hg was present in 58%, ≥15 mm Hg was present in 31%, and ≥20 mm Hg was present in 23%. No patient had an ICP above 10 mm Hg at closing. The mean percentage change in ICP among all craniosynostosis cases was a 64% decrease. Optic disk swelling was identified in 28 children preoperatively and improved in 22 children at follow-up., Conclusion: Elevated ICP may occur in infants with craniosynostosis at higher rates than previously reported. Endoscopic-assisted craniectomy has an immediate effect on lowering ICP and improving postoperative ophthalmological findings., (Copyright © Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2024. All rights reserved.)

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most cause of motor dysfunction in children. Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) plays a major role in long term spasticity control. However, limited data exists on the effect of SDR on postoperative spasticity treatment requirements and supraspinal effects, and the stimulation responses of dorsal nerve roots in those with CP., Methods: The current study included the outcome for 35 individuals undergoing SDR for motor functional outcome, spasticity, baclofen dose changes, botulinum toxin injection frequency, and spasticity related orthopedic procedures. We also report on the stimulation responses in 112 individuals who underwent SDR at our institution., Results: There was a significant difference in gross motor function measures (GMFM)-66 scores at last follow up that remained present when considering only ambulatory children but not with non-ambulatory children. Ashworth scores were significantly decreased for both upper and lower extremities after SDR at all follow up points. There was a significant decrease in Baclofen dose and botulinum toxin injections requirements after SDR, but no significant difference in the need for orthopedic intervention. A total of 5502 dorsal nerve roots were tested showing a decrease in stimulation intensity and increase in grade on the right side and for descending lumbosacral levels., Conclusions: SDR improves gross motor scores during short term follow up but has additional benefits in decreasing baclofen dosing and botulinum toxin injections requirements after surgery. They stimulation responses of sectioned dorsal nerve roots adds to the limited available data and our understanding of the pathological changes that occur in CP., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: In pediatric patients, middle cranial fossa (MCF) arachnoid cysts are often discovered incidentally on imaging in asymptomatic patients during workup for other indications. This study aims to describe current management gestalt and threshold for surgical intervention by surveying an international cohort of neurosurgeons., Methods: A web-based survey was circulated via email list of attendants of the 2019 Canadian Pediatric Neurosurgery Study Group (CPNSG) and International Society of Pediatric Neurosurgery (ISPN) mailing list. The survey consisted of 8 clinical scenarios involving patients with MCF arachnoid cysts. Demographic variables of respondents and their decisions regarding management for each scenario were analyzed using R computing software., Results: A total of 107 respondents were included. Cysts in asymptomatic patients (92%), younger age at diagnosis (81%), and presence of a mild learning delay were predominantly managed non-surgically (80.7 ± 9.4%). Patients with cyst enlargement, headaches, new seizures, or hemorrhage were divided between non-surgical (55.8 ± 3.3%) and surgical (44.2 ± 2.9%) management. Patients with contralateral hemiparesis were treated predominantly surgically (67%). For both Galassi I and II, papilledema was favored as the primary indication for surgical intervention in 54% of patients. Those inclined to surgery (n = 17) were more likely to practice and train outside North America compared to those not pro-surgical (adjusted P = 0.092)., Conclusion: Incidental MCF arachnoid cysts in asymptomatic patients and younger age of diagnosis are predominantly managed non-surgically. Mild learning delay was not considered an indication to intervene. In contrast, radiological progression, hemorrhagic evolution, or non-focal neurological deficits lead to uncertainty in management, while focal neurological deficits and papilledema with MCF cysts were favored to be intervened surgically. Among the provider level factors, only location of training and practice trended towards a pro-surgery approach., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Chiari 1 malformation (CM1) includes a spectrum of clinical manifestations. These signs and symptoms result from compression at the cervicomedullary junction and alteration in cerebrospinal fluid dynamics thus affecting several structures above, at, and below the cervicomedullary junction. Differences in presentation exist among different age groups and high clinical suspicion should be present in younger children. Additionally, CM1 can be associated with other diagnoses and can have unusual acute presentations that should be recognized to ensure excellent outcomes.., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Dural sealants are commonly used in posterior fossa decompression with duraplasty (PFDD) for Chiari malformation type I (CMI). Prior evidence suggests that combining certain sealants with some graft material is associated with an increased rate of complications. In 2018, the authors noted an increased rate of symptomatic pseudomeningocele and aseptic meningitis after PFDD in CMI patients. The authors utilized retrospective and prospective analyses to test the hypothesis that complication rates increase with the use or combination of certain sealants and grafts., Methods: The analysis was split into 2 periods. The authors retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent PFDD for CMI at their center between August 12, 2011, and December 31, 2018. The authors then eliminated use of DuraSeal on the basis of the retrospective analysis and prospectively examined complication rates from January 1, 2019, to August 4, 2021. The authors defined a complication as symptomatic pseudomeningocele, bacterial or aseptic meningitis, cerebrospinal fluid leak, subdural hygroma, hydrocephalus, surgical site infection, or wound dehiscence., Results: From 2011 to 2018, complications occurred in 24.5% of 110 patients. Sealant choice was correlated with complication rates: no sealant (0%), Tisseel (6%), and DuraSeal (15.3%) (p < 0.001). No difference in complication rate was noted on the basis of choice of graft material (p = 0.844). After eliminating DuraSeal, the authors followed 40 patients who underwent PFDD after 2018. The complication rate decreased to 12.5%. All complications after 2018 were associated with Tisseel., Conclusions: At the authors' single center, use of sealants in PFDD surgery for CMI, especially DuraSeal, was correlated with a higher complication rate. Eliminating DuraSeal led to a significant decrease in the rate of symptomatic pseudomeningocele and aseptic meningitis.

Background: An estimated 3700 individuals are seen annually in US emergency departments for nail gun-related injuries. Approximately 45 cases have been reported in the literature concerning nail gun injuries penetrating the cranium. These cases pose a challenge for the neurosurgeon because of the uniqueness of each case, the dynamics of high pressure nail gun injuries, and the surgical planning to remove the foreign body without further vascular injury or uncontrolled intracranial hemorrhage., Case Presentation: Here we present four cases of penetrating nail gun injuries with variable presentations. Case 1 is of a 33-year-old white man who sustained 10 nail gunshot injuries to his head. Case 2 is of a 51-year-old white man who sustained bi-temporal nail gun injuries to his head. Cases 3 and 4 are of two white men aged 22 years and 49 years with a single nail gun injury to the head. In the context of these individual cases and a review of similar cases in the literature we present surgical approaches and considerations in the management of nail gun injuries to the cranium. Case 1 presented with cranial nerve deficits, Case 2 required intubation for low Glasgow Coma Scale, while Cases 3 and 4 were neurologically intact on presentation. Three patients underwent angiography for assessment of vascular injury and all patients underwent surgical removal of foreign objects using a vice-grip. No neurological deficits were found in these patients on follow-up., Conclusions: Nail gun injuries can present with variable clinical status; mortality and morbidity is low for surgically managed isolated nail gun-related injuries to the head. The current case series describes the surgical use of a vice-grip for a good grip of the nail head and controlled extraction, and these patients appear to have a good postoperative prognosis with minimal neurological deficits postoperatively and on follow-up.

Background and Aim: Screening for tuberculosis (TB) is a key strategy for controlling infection. This study aimed to detect latent TB among dialysis patients., Methods: This is a prospective study conducted in King Saud University, Riyadh involving hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients aged ≥18 years. Patients were screened for latent TB infection (LTBI) using both TBskin test (TST) and QuantiFERONTB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-GIT). All participants were followed-up clinically and radiologically every 3 months for 2 years., Results: A total of 243 (181 HD and 62 PD) patients were included and 112(46.1%) were males. 45.3% showed positive QFT in HD patients with sensitivity of 91.7%, specificity of 71.4%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 19.5%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 91.1%. TST results in HD showed that positive TST was 17.4%, sensitivity was 63.2%, specificity was 95.5%, PPV was 51.5%, and NPV was 91.1%. Five (8.1%) showed positive QFT in PD patients with sensitivity of 7.7%, specificity of 91.8%, PPV of 6.6%, and NPV of 92.3%. TST results in PD showed that positive TST was 9.8%, sensitivity was 35.7%, specificity was 97.9%, PPV was 55.8%, and NPV was 93.3%. Previous TB infection was significantly correlated with QFT only in HD patients, but significantly associated with TST in both HD and PD patients. Also in HD, QFT was significantly associated with TST (P = 0.043)., Conclusions: Due to high variability of QFT-GIT sensitivity, we recommend its use for its NPV and to use either TST or QFT in screening latent TB.

Introduction: Colon cancer in pregnancy is uncommon. Only a small number of case reports have been published in the literature on the use of chemotherapeutic drugs during pregnancy. Reports of such cases assist clinicians in further investigating the use of chemotherapy in pregnancy., Case Presentation: FOLFOX-6 was administered to a pregnant, 33-year-old Saudi woman with metastatic colon cancer from 22 to 30 weeks of gestation. Her cancer was diagnosed during her pregnancy. She tolerated the chemotherapy well and delivered a full-term baby girl with no obvious harm, and normal development was documented at her 2-year follow-up examination., Conclusion: Colon cancer during pregnancy is not easily detected and is difficult to manage. A detailed history and high clinical suspicion are needed in patients who present with symptoms and signs suggestive of malignancy. A multidisciplinary approach with patient involvement is needed to decrease morbidity and mortality caused by both treatment and the cancer in the mother and to limit side effects for the fetus. Further data and long-term follow-up are needed to better understand the potential long-term side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on offspring.

The supplementary motor area (SMA) is involved in planning limb movements. An important component of such planning is the prediction of the sensory consequences of action. The authors used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to probe the contribution of SMA to motor planning during a predictive load-bearing task. Single TMS pulses were delivered over the SMA after a cue instructing the participant to release a platform supporting his or her right hand, which in turn held a 2 kg mass. Participants were less able to bear the load successfully when TMS was delivered 400-500 ms prior to the response. This result suggests that the SMA contributes to the prediction of the sensory consequences of movement well before movement onset.