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This paper focuses on the reconstruction of the Ottoman fleet following the naval defeat at Lepanto (1571). It examines the event from the perspective of management studies. Drawing on extensive archival research, we reconstruct the Ottoman Empire's decision-making processes, looking at the main organisational conditions that made this remarkable feat possible. This allows us to make a preliminary comparison with the management of the Venice Arsenal in the same period, as an example of an early form of modern management. To what extent this extraordinary effort was-at the same time-a consequence and a driver of a different pattern of organising economic activities on two sides of Mediterranean Sea? Differences between the two contexts are discussed, while addressing the importance of shipbuilding in the development of early forms of management and the invention of the factory system in preindustrial, state run manufacturing, with particular reference to shipyards.

This study examines the isothermal and non-isothermal reduction behaviors of iron ore compacts in a pure hydrogen atmosphere and compares the results obtained during the reduction process by CO. The different phases accompanying the reduction reactions were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and its morphology was microscopically examined. In isothermal experiments, temperature plays a significant role in the reduction process. At any given temperature, the reduction rate during the initial stages is higher than that during the final stages. The reduction rate in H₂ atmosphere was faster than in CO gas. The comparison of activation energy values suggested that reduction with H₂ is more efficient than with CO. At the same temperature, the time required to achieve a certain degree of reduction was lower when using H₂ gas than CO atmosphere. In non-isothermal tests, the heating rate has a significant effect on the reduction rate and reduction extent. At the same heating rate, the degree of reduction was higher in H₂ atmosphere than in CO gas. Based on experimental data, the parameters of reaction kinetics were deduced by application of model-free and model-fitting methods. The reduction in H₂ atmosphere was controlled by nucleation model (Avrami-Erofeev model), while the CO reduction reaction was controlled by gas diffusion.

Aerial spatially enhanced broadband array spectrograph system (SEBASS) long-wave infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral image data were used to map the distribution of rock-forming minerals indicative of sedimentary and meta-sedimentary lithologies around Boundary Canyon, Death Valley, California, USA. Collection of data over the Boundary Canyon detachment fault (BCDF) facilitated measurement of numerous lithologies representing a contact between the relatively unmetamorphosed Grapevine Mountains allochthon and the metamorphosed core complex of the Funeral Mountains autochthon. These included quartz-rich sandstone, quartzite, conglomerate, and alluvium; muscovite-rich schist, siltstone, and slate; and carbonate-rich dolomite, limestone, and marble, ranging in age from late Precambrian to Quaternary. Hyperspectral data were reduced in dimensionality and processed to statistically identify and map unique emissivity spectra endmembers. Some minerals (e.g., quartz and muscovite) dominate multiple lithologies, resulting in a limited ability to differentiate them. Abrupt variations in image data emissivity amongst pelitic schists corresponded to amphibolite; these rocks represent gradation from greenschist- to amphibolite-metamorphic facies lithologies. Although the full potential of LWIR hyperspectral image data may not be fully utilized within this study area due to lack of measurable spectral distinction between rocks of similar bulk mineralogy, the high spectral resolution of the image data was useful in characterizing silicate- and carbonate-based sedimentary and meta-sedimentary rocks in proximity to fault contacts, as well as for interpreting some mineral mixtures.

Cet article vise a comprendre l’action des politiques de population sur la pratique contraceptive et la fecondite selon le niveau d’instruction et le milieu de residence au Burkina Faso. Il utilise les donnees issues des Enquetes demographiques et de sante de 1998 et 2010 du Burkina Faso ainsi que la methode de la decomposition des sources du changement. Il y ressort que les politiques de planification familiale ont eu d’importants effets sur la connaissance et la pratique contraceptive. Cependant, l’impact de la pratique contraceptive moderne sur la baisse de la fecondite reste assez limite, montrant ainsi l’importance des autres politiques de developpement dans la baisse de la fecondite. Nous recommandons une poursuite des politiques de planification familiale mais l’Etat doit aussi mettre l’accent sur l’acces des filles et des femmes a l’education et l’amelioration des conditions de vie des populations.

In questo capitolo gli autori si concentrano sulla valutazione delle politiche culturali come intervento diretto , applicando il quadro concettuale proposto nel capitolo 15 al caso di Bologna. L'analisi esamina l’evoluzione delle politiche culturali nel decennio successivo a Bologna Capitale della Cultura 2000 riflettendo sulla loro coerenza interna (almeno in termini retorici) e sulla ricostruzione dell'effettiva allocazione delle risorse per la realizzazione dei progetti culturali, permettendo un primo confronto tra retorica degli obiettivi ed azioni perseguite. Gli autori indagano la continuità di lungo periodo delle politiche culturali, e il ruolo di coordinamento (di breve o di lungo) giocato dall’evento “Capitale Europea della Cultura”.

Il capitolo propone alcune riflessioni finali su questioni disciplinari e di approccio emerse nei capitoli precedenti, in logica di research agenda per il futuro. IN particolare gli autori discutono la relazione tra studi di management e patrimonio culturale, le ragioni della ricerca di management, e le condizioni per una proficua integrazione tra i due filoni disciplinari.

Questo capitolo analizza il funzionamento del sistema di finanziamento statale italiano allo spettacolo dal vivo attraverso il Fondo Unico per lo Spettacolo (FUS), ricollegando le finalità e i criteri contenuti nella normativa che regola le decisioni di finanziamento ai fenomeni osservati (le decisioni di allocazione delle risorse) . Sulla base dello schema analitico esposto nell’introduzione di sezione, un primo livello di analisi riguarda la coerenza degli obiettivi di policy all’interno della normativa che definisce le finalità e i criteri di determinazione del finanziamento (paragrafo 1). Il secondo paragrafo si focalizza sul processo di amministrazione della norma, e dunque sulle procedure e prassi messe in essere nelle fasi di istruttoria, costruzione del parere della commissione e delibera del finanziamento. Il terzo paragrafo presenta invece una riflessione di sintesi sulla rispondenza tra le effettive decisioni di finanziamento (i fenomeni) e le finalità di politica culturale contenute nella normativa.

The paper investigates the risk of losing connection between policies and practices in the Cultural field. Our focus concentrates mainly on the evaluation of the long term impacts related to growing international programs such as the European Capitals of Culture, and on how these initiatives are connected to the cultural strategies of a city. General (and abstract) approaches to cultural policies are likely to get the attention of experts, politicians and officers in Cultural departments in local government agencies in the name of city branding, cultural districts, creativity and the like. To what extent the diffusion of a similar rhetoric is translated into actual institutional, organizational and resources aspects related to the implementation of elegant policy designs is open to debate. The same bias is usually found in cultural policy studies, with few exceptions paying attention to the reconstruction of actual cultural policies as opposed to the ritualism of "grand strategies" making. Drawing from management studies, the paper adopts a different approach to the evaluation of cultural policies and their sustainability on the long run, investigating at the micro level the relationship between different phases of the process: planning, resources allocation, actions and results. The analysis of ten years of cultural policies in Bologna - in 2000 one of the European Capitals of Culture - will serve as specific focus to test and develop the analytical approach.

This paper is a result of a three-year field research project carried out in Luoyang (Henan Province, China) by two authors in cooperation with Chinese officials. The paper analyzes, from the managerial point of view, the case study of the Guan Lin Temple, a well-established site with historical and religious values which attracts many visitors from all over the country. The analysis, based on a previously developed framework, discusses curatorial and visitors effectiveness and resources efficiency in both human and financial resources. Despite good visitor numbers and economic performance a case of financial mismanagement emerges, with serious problems in terms of governance.

The chapter investigates the public funding system for performing arts in Italy, by analyzing the links between its declared aims, the procedures through which it operates, and final decisions concerning the allocation of resources. Following the analytical framework presented in Chapter 15 of the same volume, as a first step the authors look at the internal consistency between the aims of the funding policy and the formal procedures put in place to evaluate and select grant beneficiaries (Section 2). The third paragraph focuses on the process of administering the law, which reveals both the organizational routines and the informal procedures that play a role in the decision-making process leading to the allocation of resources. Next, in the fourth paragraph the authors discuss the consistency (or lack of consistency) between the aims of the policy and actual funding decisions. Lastly, the authors provide more general remarks on the rationale of the assessment processes.

In this chapter the authors focus on the evaluation of cultural policies as direct intervention, by applying the framework described in the introduction to the section to the Bologna case study. The analysis investigates the evolution of ten years of cultural policies in Bologna after its nomination as the European Capital of Culture for the year 2000. The focus is on their internal consistency over the decade, at least in rhetorical terms, and on the actual resources allocated to implement the stated policy aims. This allows to address the potential disconnections between policies and practices.

Heritage as a field of research and collective action has emerged only in the last 40 years, spurred by the 1972 Unesco World Heritage Convention. Conservation was the touchstone discipline of the field, but the highly interdisciplinary nature of heritage has brought in a wide diversity of perspectives that has sometimes posed challenges to mutual understanding. Since the 1990s, heritage studies has emerged as a distinct academic field, and practices and rhetoric drawn from mainstream corporate management and strategic planning have become widespread. Based on fifteen years of field work done by a group of scholars at the Department of Management, University of Bologna, this book is an in-depth investigation of management practices rather than policies, based on a variety of case studies from around the world. The authors take the issue of management in heritage seriously, but also take into account the role of other disciplines within heritage organizations. In particular, they focus on sustainability in terms of financial resources, human resources, knowledge management, and the relationship with the audience and communities of scholars. The book opens with a methodological introduction that discusses what it means to do research on management, and why international comparative research is essential. The body of the text engages issues of heritage and management through five distinct analytical lenses: management and the process of change, institutional settings and business models, change and planning, the Heritage Chain, and the space between policy and practice. Each of these five sections includes a chapter introducing the analytical framework and possible implications, followed by case histories from China, Italy, Malta, Turkey, and Peru. The book ends with a chapter of concluding reflections.

In this chapter the authors outline an analytical framework which acknowledges the potential disconnection between policies and practices in cultural policies. While leaving aside the hyper-complexity of models introduced by policy implementation studies, the framework aims to immediately focus on three different levels of consistency for the analysis of cultural policies at the micro level. First, it focuses on the policy statement phase (a main topic of cultural policies studies), then on the enactment phase (a main topic of policy implementation research), and finally on the evaluation of results (partly considered by public management scholars), with the aim to recouple the three different and separated approaches.

In this chapter we use the concept of the Heritage Chain to present a detailed overview of the heritage sector in Turkey. Turkey is extremely rich in material remains of the past, but faces serious challenges: many sites and monuments are not officially protected or adequately conserved, and only a small selection are put on display for the public, often with little interpretation. By providing a detailed overview of Turkey’s Heritage Chain we present the nature and extent of such problems within a single picture: we provide a clear description of the division of labor within the Turkish heritage system (legal and administrative), we investigate how one element of the chain affects another and, finally, we underline which part of the chain suffers major problems.

Since 2003, under the moderate Islamist government of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP), Turkey has experienced rapid economic growth and the introduction of New Public Management rhetoric as part of an effort to modernize its public administration. These reforms have also reached Turkey’s the cultural heritage sector, where until recently the state central administration not only managed museums and archaeological sites but also ran all related commercial activities. In the last decade, some management responsibilities for museums and sites have been devolved to municipalities, while the number and prominence of museums outside the state sector has increased . This chapter assesses the impact of three major outsourcing contracts signed since 2009 : the Istanbul Archaeology Museum development project, the national contract for museums and ruins gift shops, and the national contract for museums and ruins ticket sales and operations.

Nel capitolo vengono presentate le elaborazioni svolte sui dati di finanziamento dei comparti Attività Musicali, Attività Teatrali e Fondazioni Lirico-Sinfoniche . Le elaborazioni sono finalizzate a comprendere come lo stato ha allocato le risorse del Fondo Unico per lo Spettacolo nel triennio 2003-2005. Dopo una prima panoramica generale sull’andamento del FUS nel triennio (par. 1), la trattazione procede con la presentazione dei fenomeni emersi dalle elaborazioni, distinguendo tra i fenomeni rilevati per tutti i comparti in esame (par. 2 e par. 3), i fenomeni rilevabili esclusivamente per il comparto delle Attività Musicali grazie alla disponibilità di un maggior numero di dati (par. 4), concludendosi infine con una considerazione sul fenomeno della stratificazione del finanziamento tra i diversi livelli amministrativi (stato, regioni, province, comuni), fenomeno quest’ultimo che si è dimostrato impossibile da monitorare sulla base dei dati disponibili (par. 5).