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[ES] De acuerdo con las regulaciones europeas y muchos estudios científicos, es necesario monitorear y analizar las condiciones microclimáticas en museos o edificios, para preservar las obras de arte en ellos. Con el objetivo de ofrecer herramientas para el monitoreo de las condiciones climáticas en este tipo de edificios, en esta tesis doctoral se propone una nueva metodología estadística para clasificar series temporales de parámetros climáticos como la temperatura y humedad relativa. La metodología consiste en aplicar un método de clasificación usando variables que se computan a partir de las series de tiempos. Los dos primeros métodos de clasificación son versiones conocidas de métodos sparse PLS que no se habían aplicado a datos correlacionados en el tiempo. El tercer método es una nueva propuesta que usa dos algoritmos conocidos. Los métodos de clasificación se basan en diferentes versiones de un método sparse de análisis discriminante de mínimos cuadra- dos parciales PLS (sPLS-DA, SPLSDA y sPLS) y análisis discriminante lineal (LDA). Las variables que los métodos de clasificación usan como input, corresponden a parámetros estimados a partir de distintos modelos, métodos y funciones del área de las series de tiempo, por ejemplo, modelo ARIMA estacional, modelo ARIMA- TGARCH estacional, método estacional Holt-Winters, función de densidad espectral, función de autocorrelación (ACF), función de autocorrelación parcial (PACF), rango móvil (MR), entre otras funciones. También fueron utilizadas algunas variables que se utilizan en el campo de la astronomía para clasificar estrellas. En los casos que a priori no hubo información de los clusters de las series de tiempos, las dos primeras componentes de un análisis de componentes principales (PCA) fueron utilizadas por el algoritmo k- means para identificar posibles clusters de las series de tiempo. Adicionalmente, los resultados del método sPLS-DA fueron comparados con los del algoritmo random forest. Tres bases de da, [CA] D'acord amb les regulacions europees i molts estudis científics, és necessari monitorar i analitzar les condiciones microclimàtiques en museus i en edificis similars, per a preservar les obres d'art que s'exposen en ells. Amb l'objectiu d'oferir eines per al monitoratge de les condicions climàtiques en aquesta mena d'edificis, en aquesta tesi es proposa una nova metodologia estadística per a classificar series temporals de paràmetres climàtics com la temperatura i humitat relativa.La metodologia consisteix a aplicar un mètode de classificació usant variables que es computen a partir de les sèries de temps. Els dos primers mètodes de classificació són versions conegudes de mètodes sparse PLS que no s'havien aplicat adades correlacionades en el temps. El tercer mètode és una nova proposta que usados algorismes coneguts. Els mètodes de classificació es basen en diferents versions d'un mètode sparse d'anàlisi discriminant de mínims quadrats parcials PLS (sPLS-DA, SPLSDA i sPLS) i anàlisi discriminant lineal (LDA). Les variables queels mètodes de classificació usen com a input, corresponen a paràmetres estimats a partir de diferents models, mètodes i funcions de l'àrea de les sèries de temps, per exemple, model ARIMA estacional, model ARIMA-TGARCH estacional, mètode estacional Holt-Winters, funció de densitat espectral, funció d'autocorrelació (ACF), funció d'autocorrelació parcial (PACF), rang mòbil (MR), entre altres funcions. També van ser utilitzades algunes variables que s'utilitzen en el camp de l'astronomia per a classificar estreles. En els casos que a priori no va haver-hi información dels clústers de les sèries de temps, les dues primeres components d'una anàlisi de components principals (PCA) van ser utilitzades per l'algorisme k-means per a identificar possibles clústers de les sèries de temps. Addicionalment, els resultats del mètode sPLS-DA van ser comparats amb els de l'algorisme random forest.Tres bases de dades de sèries de temps d'humitat relativa, [EN] According to different European Standards and several studies, it is necessary to monitor and analyze the microclimatic conditions in museums and similar buildings, with the goal of preserving artworks. With the aim of offering tools to monitor the climatic conditions, a new statistical methodology for classifying time series of different climatic parameters, such as relative humidity and temperature, is pro- posed in this dissertation.The methodology consists of applying a classification method using variables that are computed from time series. The two first classification methods are ver- sions of known sparse methods which have not been applied to time dependent data. The third method is a new proposal that uses two known algorithms. These classification methods are based on different versions of sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis PLS (sPLS-DA, SPLSDA, and sPLS) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The variables that are computed from time series, correspond to parameter estimates from functions, methods, or models commonly found in the area of time series, e.g., seasonal ARIMA model, seasonal ARIMA-TGARCH model, seasonal Holt-Winters method, spectral density function, autocorrelation function (ACF), partial autocorrelation function (PACF), moving range (MR), among others functions. Also, some variables employed in the field of astronomy (for classifying stars) were proposed.The methodology proposed consists of two parts. Firstly, different variables are computed applying the methods, models or functions mentioned above, to time series. Next, once the variables are calculated, they are used as input for a classification method like sPLS-DA, SPLSDA, or SPLS with LDA (new proposal). When there was no information about the clusters of the different time series, the first two components from principal component analysis (PCA) were used as input for k-means method for identifying possible clusters of time series. In addition, results from rand

[EN] The monitoring and control of thermo-hygrometric indoor conditions is necessary for an adequate preservation of cultural heritage. The European standard EN 15757:2010 specifies a procedure for determining if seasonal patterns of relative humidity (RH) and temperature are adequate for the long-term preservation of hygroscopic materials on display at museums, archives, libraries or heritage buildings. This procedure is based on the characterization of the seasonal patterns and the calculation of certain control limits, so that it is possible to assess whether certain changes in the microclimate can be harmful for the preventive conservation of artworks, which would lead to the implementation of corrective actions. In order to discuss the application of this standard, 27 autonomous data-loggers were located in different points at the Archaeological Museum of l¿Almoina (Valencia). The HVAC system (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) at the museum tries to reach certain homogeneous environment, which becomes a challenge because parts of the ruins are covered by a skylight that produces a greenhouse effect in summer, resulting in severe thermo-hygrometric gradients. Based on the analysis of temperatures recorded during 16 months, the air conditions in this museum are discussed according to the standard EN 15757:2010, and some corrective measures are proposed to improve the conservation conditions. Although this standard is basically intended for data recorded from a single sensor, an alternative approach proposed in this work is to find zones inside the museum with a homogeneous microclimate and to discuss next the average values collected in each area. A methodology is presented to optimize the application of this standard in places with a complex microclimate like this case, when multiple sensors are located at different positions.

[EN] The famous Renaissance frescoes in Valencia¿s Cathedral (Spain) have been kept under confined temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions for about 300 years, until the removal of the baroque vault covering them, carried out in 2006. In the interest of longer-term preservation and in order to maintain these frescoes in good condition, a unique monitoring system was implemented to record both air temperature and RH. Sensors were installed in different points at the vault of the apse, during the restoration process. The present study proposes a statistical methodology for analyzing a subset of RH data recorded in 2008 and 2010, from the sensors. This methodology is based on fitting different functions and models to the time series, in order to classify the sensors. The methodology proposed, computes classification variables and applies a discriminant technique to them. The classification variables correspond to estimates of parameters of the models and features such as mean and maximum, among others. These features are computed using values of the functions such as spectral density, sample autocorrelation (sample ACF), sample partial autocorrelation (sample PACF), and moving range (MR). The classification variables computed were structured as a matrix. Next, Sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (sPLS-DA) was applied in order to discriminate sensors according to their position in the vault. It was found that the classification of sensors derived from Seasonal ARIMA-TGARCH showed the best performance (i.e., lowest classification error rate). Based on these results, the methodology applied here can be useful for characterizing the differences in RH, measured at different positions in a historical building.

[EN] Introduction: Smells can be described by assigning the words that come to mind when sniffing an odorous material. A great number of terms can be applied, but not all of them are independent, and it is possible to establish groups of words often applied together when describing a smell. Such classification of olfactory descriptors is of scientific interest in order to better understand the dimensionality and structure of human olfactory perception space. For this purpose, compilations of olfactory profiles contain valuable information that may lead to certain consensus in odor classification. Methods: One of the most comprehensive odor databases is the Dravnieks¿ Atlas, which contains quantitative olfactory profiles for 160 samples. For each one, a large panel rated the applicability of 146 odor character descriptors on a numeric scale. Results: By applying principal component analysis to this Atlas, 105 descriptors were reorganized in 24 classes, and 33 attributes were considered as odors intermediate of two or three categories. The similarities between classes were studied by means of a further multivariate analysis based on latent variables, which provides valuable information about the most salient dimensions of odor space. Conclusions: Consistent with other reported statistical analyses of olfactory databases, the perceptual space of odor character is multidimensional with about 20¿30 dimensions, and it is better described as a continuum spectrum rather than as a segmented space. Implications: Attempts to classify all possible odor descriptors in a restricted number of classes appear to be inappropriate. Instead, 24 categories of related terms are proposed here, regarding the rest as intermediate smells, assuming that olfactory classes are not independent and follow certain hierarchy according to particular underlying dimensions.

[EN] An earlier study carried out in 2010 at the archaeological site of L'Almoina (Valencia, Spain) found marked daily fluctuations of temperature, especially in summer. Such pronounced gradient is due to the design of the museum, which includes a skylight as a ceiling, covering part of the remains in the museum. In this study, it was found that the thermal conditions are not homogeneous and vary at different points of the museum and along the year. According to the European Standard EN10829, it is necessary to define a plan for long-term monitoring, elaboration and study of the microclimatic data, in order to preserve the artifacts. With the aforementioned goal of extending the study and offering a tool to monitor the microclimate, a new statistical methodology is proposed. For this propose, during one year (October 2019-October 2020), a set of 27 data-loggers was installed, aimed at recording the temperature inside the museum. By applying principal component analysis and k-means, three different microclimates were established. In order to characterize the differences among the three zones, two statistical techniques were put forward. Firstly, Sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (sPLS-DA) was applied to a set of 671 variables extracted from the time series. The second approach consisted of using a random forest algorithm, based on the same functions and variables employed by the first methodology. Both approaches allowed the identification of the main variables that best explain the differences between zones. According to the results, it is possible to establish a representative subset of sensors recommended for the long-term monitoring of temperatures at the museum. The statistical approach proposed here is very effective for discriminant time series analysis and for explaining the differences in microclimate when a net of sensors is installed in historical buildings or museums.

[EN] Adequate thermic conditions are required for the preventive conservation of artworks, but such optimum conditions cannot always be achieved in historical buildings such as ancient churches. In those cases, it is of interest to assess the potential risk of punctual changes in indoor environments that can be harmful to artworks. These conditions can be assessed by means of a microclimate monitoring system comprised of a set of energy¿efficient wireless sensors connected to the cloud using IoT techniques. This approach was followed at the baroque church of Saint Thomas and Saint Philip Neri in Valencia (Spain). A set of 26 wireless nodes was installed, which recorded values of temperature and relative humidity every hour for a period of 7 months. Small differences of temperature were obtained among sensors, so that an efficient methodology based on principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for the characterization of similarities and dissimilarities between sensors. Daily ranges of temperatures were studied as well as mean trajectories, differences between days of the week, and changes in the correlation structure of daily median values over time. Results provide a framework for an efficient characterization of temperatures in heritage buildings based on a network of wireless sensors. Such a framework is useful to assess the potential risk of temperature fluctuations on the preventive conservation of historical buildings and artworks.

[EN] The baroque church of Saint Thomas and Saint Philip Neri (Valencia, Spain), which was built between 1727 and 1736, contains valuable paintings by renowned Spanish artists. Due to the considerable height of the central nave, the church can experience vertical temperature gradients. In order to investigate this issue, temperatures were recorded between August 2017 and February 2018 from a wireless monitoring system composed of 21 sensor nodes, which were located at different heights in the church from 2 to 13 m from the floor level. For characterizing the temperature at high, medium and low altitude heights, a novel methodology is proposed based on sparse Partial Least Squares regression (sPLS), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and the Holt-Winters method, among others, which were applied to a time series of temperature. This approach is helpful to discriminate temperature profiles according to sensor height. Once the vertical thermal gradients for each month were characterized, it was found that temperature reached the maximum correlation with sensor height in the period between August 10th and September 9th. Furthermore, the most important features from the time series that explain this correlation are the mean temperature and the mean of moving range. In the period mentioned, the vertical thermal gradient was estimated to be about 0.043 ºC/m, which implies a difference of 0.47 ºC on average between sensor nodes at 2 m from the floor with respect to the upper ones located at 13 m from the floor level. The gradient was estimated as the slope from a linear regression model using height and hourly mean temperature as the predictor and response, respectively. This gradient is consistent with similar reported studies. The fact that such gradient was only found in one month suggests that the mechanisms of dust deposition on walls involved in vertical thermal gradients are not important in this case regarding the preventive conservation of artworks. Furthermore, th

[EN] In order to guide consumers in their purchase of a new fragrance, one approach is to visualize the spectrum of men's or women's fragrances on a two-dimensional plot. One of such sensory maps available is the Hexagon of Fragrance Families. It displays 91 women's perfumes inside a polygon, so that each side accounts for a different olfactory class. In order to discuss this chart, odor profiles were obtained for these fragrances and additional feminine ones (140 in total, launched from 1912 to 1990). An olfactory dataset was arranged by coding numerically the descriptions obtained from Fragrantica and Osmoz websites, as well as from a perfume guide. By applying principal component analysis, a sensory map was obtained that properly reflected the similarities between odor descriptors. Such representation was equivalent to the map of feminine fragrances called Givaudan Analogies, comprised of five major categories. Based on the results, a modified version of the Hexagon based on 14 categories was proposed. The first principal component explained preference for daytime versus nighttime wear, and regression models were fitted in order to estimate such preferences according to the odor profiles. The second component basically discriminated floral versus chypre (mossy-woody) fragrances. Results provide a fundamental basis to develop standard sensory maps of women's fragrances.

[EN] Given the enormous number of perfumes available on the market, it is of interest to guide consumers in their purchase of a new fragrance. One approach is to project the multidimensional perceptual space of scents on a two-dimensional sensory map based on meaningful dimensions. One of the pioneering studies on this issue mapped 94 commercial perfumes according to two axes. Such an odor map is discussed here in detail by applying Principal Component Analysis to the numeric odor description of 176 fragrances. Quantitative odor profiles were obtained from Fragrantica's website and three fragrances guides published by Haarmann & Reimer, Michael Edwards, and the French Society of Perfumers. A sensory map was obtained that reflected the similarities and dissimilarities between those odor descriptors most commonly used in perfumery. This representation was consistent with other related plots that have been previously reported. One dimension discriminated between fragrances targeted at men versus women. An orthogonal factor distinguished perfumes for daytime versus nighttime wear. These ratings, as well as seasonal preferences, could be estimated based on the main odor character attributes applied to describe the scent. The results provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive classification of commercial perfumes compiled by Edwards according to his famous "Fragrance Wheel".

[ES] El Apocalipsis, que ha ejercido una notable influencia en el arte románico, podría haber inspirado el diseño del Santo Cáliz venerado en la catedral de Valencia, con 24 perlas engastadas en la base. Estas joyas parecen aludir a los 24 ancianos sentados alrededor del trono divino (Ap 4,4), los cuales simbolizan las doce tribus de Israel más las doce tribus del Cordero, es decir, los apóstoles. En la descripción de la nueva Jerusalén se menciona que ¿las doce puertas eran doce perlas¿ (Ap 21,21), las cuales han sido interpretadas por los exégetas clásicos como los apóstoles. Por otra parte, Ap 2,17 menciona ¿una piedrecita blanca¿ que podría aludir a una perla según Primasio (s. VI). Ésta podría considerarse como tésera o símbolo de las puertas de perla en la Jerusalén celeste. En definitiva, diversos indicios sugieren que la orfebrería del Santo Cáliz de Valencia fue cuidadosamente diseñada con fines catequéticos y no puramente estéticos., [EN] The Apocalypse, which has exerted a notable influence on Romanesque art, might have inspired the design of the Holy Chalice venerated at the Cathedral of Valencia, with 24 pearls mounted at the base. These jewels seem to allude to the 24 elders sitting around the divine throne (Rev 4:4), symbolizing the twelve tribes of Israel plus the twelve tribes of the Lamb, i.e., the apostles. In the description of the new Jerusalem it is mentioned that ¿the twelve gates were twelve pearls¿ (Rev 21:21), which have been interpreted by classical exegetes as the apostles. On the other hand, Rev 2:17 mentions ¿a white pebble¿ that could refer to a pearl according to Primasius (6th c.). It might be considered as token or symbol of the pearly gates at the heavenly Jerusalem. In short, several indications suggest that the metalwork decorating the Holy Chalice of Valencia was carefully designed for catechetical and not purely aesthetic purposes.

Se parte de una matriz con variables sociodemográficas, políticas, educativas, geográficas e indicadores de desarrollo. Todas estas variables pertenecen a cinco bloques temáticos diferentes. Los datos están disponibles para los 1122 municipios de Colombia, correspondientes al año 2015. Se pretende caracterizar las diferencias entre los municipios y analizar el desarrollo de los mismos mediante modelos de estructuras latentes a partir de todos los indicadores disponibles. Para ello, se emplearán modelos de clasificación basados en análisis de componentes principales y se comparará su correspondencia con la ubicación física de los municipios. En segundo lugar, se aplicarán modelos de regresión para comprender mejor la relación entre los distintos bloques de datos de los que se dispone. El estudio de las variables latentes resultantes de los modelos multivariantes aportará un mejor conocimiento de las diferencias generales entre los municipios en Colombia y permitirá obtener un mejor conocimiento de las causas del distinto grado de desarrollo entre regiones.

[ES] En este trabajo se pretende seleccionar de un grupo de levaduras autóctonas de la bodega Chozas Carrascal, para las variedades Cabernet Sauvignon, Garnacha y Merlot. Para ello se realizaron microvinificaciones con las levaduras para cada variedad, una vez obtenidos los vinos, se realizaron analíticas para obtener los parámetros convencionales, y se realizaron sendas catas para obtener los parámetros organolépticos descriptivos para cada cepa. Junto con los datos extraídos de (Heras 2016) y (Balerdi 2016) se realizaron varios análisis estadísticos y se estudiaron las correlaciones más importantes entre las diferentes variables. Finalmente se realizó un completo análisis estadístico, junto con un análisis de los componentes principales para poder seleccionar las cepas en función de los mejores parámetros. En primer lugar, se seleccionaron las levaduras 32 F para la variedad de Cabernet Sauvignon; 38 E para la variedad Garnacha y 2 F para la variedad Merlot en función de los mejores parámetros organolépticos. Finalmente, tras el estudio de todas las variables, se seleccionaron la levadura 32 F para la variedad Cabernet Sauvignon, la levadura 22 H para la variedad Garnacha y la levadura 4 A para la variedad Merlot., [EN] In this research work we intend to select from a group of indigenous yeasts from the Chozas Carrascal winery, for the Cabernet Sauvignon, Garnacha and Merlot varieties. For this, microvinifications were made with the yeasts for each variety, once the wines were obtained, analytical tests were carried out to obtain the conventional parameters, and tastings were carried out to obtain the descriptive organoleptic parameters for each strain. Along with the data extracted from (Heras 2016) and (Balerdi 2016) several statistical analysis were carried out and the most important correlations between the different variables were studied. Finally, a complete statistical analysis was carried out, along with an analysis of the main components to be able to select the strains according to the best parameters. First, yeasts 32 F were selected for the Cabernet Sauvignon variety; 38 E for the Garnacha variety and 2 F for the Merlot variety according to the best organoleptic parameters. Finally, after the study of all the variables, the yeast 32 F for the Cabernet Sauvignon variety, the yeast 22 H for the Garnacha variety and the yeast 4 A for the Merlot variety were selected.

[EN] revelation 15:2 mentions ¿a kind of sea of glass mingled with fire¿. The expression ¿a kind of sea¿ suggests a figurative sense, perhaps in reference to the Sea of Bronze of the ancient Temple (1 Kings 7:24-25), a huge hemispherical water tank called sea in the Old Testament. When the Apocalypse was written, it was customary for Christian communities from Jewish tradition to celebrate the Eucharist with the Jewish blessing cup reserved for Easter, inherited from previous generations. These cups were often made of semiprecious stone and were shaped like a bowl, which might justify their analogy with the sea. Moreover, some were translucent and veined if carved in agate, onyx or sardonyx, as is the case of the Holy Chalice venerated at Valencia Cathedral or some chalices at St Mark¿s Basilica Museum in Venice. The sacred author might refer to a Eucharistic cup carved in stone in Rev 15:2, in relation to another ¿sea of glass¿ mentioned in Rev 4:6 that could allude to the baptismal font, and, as an antagonism to the ¿great winepress of God¿s wrath¿ (14:19)., [ES] En Ap 15,2 se menciona "una especie de mar vítreo entreverado de fuego". La expresión "una especie de mar" sugiere un sentido figurado, quizás en alusión al Mar de bronce del antiguo Templo (1 R 7,23-25), enorme depósito de agua en forma semiesférica denominado en el Antiguo Testamento como mar. Cuando se escribió el Apocalipsis era habitual que las comunidades cristianas de tradición hebrea celebrasen la eucaristía con la copa de bendición judía reservada para Pascua, heredada de generaciones precedentes. Estas copas frecuentemente eran de piedra semipreciosa y tenían forma de cuenco, lo cual podría justificar su analogía con el mar. Además, en caso de estar talladas en ágata, ónice o sardónice, algunas eran traslúcidas y veteadas, como es el caso del Santo Cáliz venerado en la Catedral de Valencia o algunos cálices del museo de la Basílica de San Marcos en Venecia. El autor sagrado podría referirse en Ap 15,2 a una copa eucarística tallada en piedra, en relación con otro "mar vítreo" citado en Ap 4,6 que podría aludir a la pila bautismal, y como antagonismo a la "gran cuba de la ira de Dios" (14,19).

[ES] La copa del Santo Cáliz que se venera en Valencia está tallada en piedra de ágata, alternándose bandas bastante traslúcidas, de escasa tonalidad, con otras que podrían describirse como de color sardio (es decir, rojo-amarronado). El sardio es la primera piedra del pectoral sacerdotal (Ex 28,16-21) asociada a Rubén, el primogénito de Jacob. Es muy simbólico que esta copa, supuestamente empleada por Jesús en la Última Cena según la tradición, se asemeje en cierto modo al sardio, pues Jesús es el unigénito de Dios. Por otra parte, esta copa evoca una llama de fuego cuando se ilumina desde dentro, lo cual es también muy figurativo en relación con la Eucaristía., [EN] The cup of the Holy Chalice venerated in Valencia is carved in agate stone, alternating quite translucent bands of low tone, with others that could be described as sardius color (i.e. red-brownish). Sardius is the first stone of the priestly breastplate (Ex 28,16-21) associated with Reuben, the first-born son of Jacob. It is very symbolic that this cup, supposed to have been used by Jesus at the Last Supper according to tradition, resembles in some way a sardius stone because Jesus is the only begotten son of God. On the other hand, this cup evokes a flame when illuminated from the inside, which is also very figurative in relation to the Eucharist.

[EN] Internet of Things (IoT) technologies can facilitate the preventive conservation of cultural heritage (CH) by enabling the management of data collected from electronic sensors. This work presents an IoT architecture for this purpose. Firstly, we discuss the requirements from the artwork standpoint, data acquisition, cloud processing and data visualization to the end user. The results presented in this work focuses on the most critical aspect of the architecture, which are the sensor nodes. We designed a solution based on LoRa and Sigfox technologies to produce the minimum impact in the artwork, achieving a lifespan of more than 10 years. The solution will be capable of scaling the processing and storage resources, deployed either in a public or on-premise cloud, embedding complex predictive models. This combination of technologies can cope with different types of cultural heritage environments.

[ES] Con el objeto de estudiar las diferencias entre siete cepas de levaduras no-Saccharomyces en la calidad final del vino, se ha realizado un ensayo experimental consistente en la realización de 21 micro vinificaciones, tres correspondientes a cada una de las siete cepas, con uva de la variedad Merlot procedente de un terreno en el término municipal de Requena. Se ha determinado la concentración de taninos, antocianos, polifenoles, acidez total y volátil, grado alcohólico así como otras propiedades físico-químicas como pH e índice de color. También se ha determinado por cromatografía de gases la concentración de 20 compuestos volátiles. Por otra parte, un panel de catadores formado por 7 expertos ha caracterizado las diferencias organolépticas entre los vinos fermentados por las 7 cepas con las que han realizado las micro vinificaciones. Se ha estudiado la presencia de datos anómalos, así como la repetibilidad y reproducibilidad de la concentración de volátiles y los parámetros físico-químicos. Posteriormente, se ha estudiado la correlación entre todos los parámetros obtenidos, por medio de la matriz de correlación y un análisis de componentes principales. Se han discutido las variables de mayor correlación, la mayoría de las cuales tienen sentido desde un punto de vista enológico, aunque no todas, debido quizás al reducido número de muestras evaluadas. Asimismo, se ha obtenido una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre algunas valoraciones organolépticas con otros parámetros medidos, a pesar del reducido número de muestras evaluadas. Sería necesario un mayor número de ensayos para profundizar en la capacidad del panel para discriminar entre los vinos obtenidos con las distintas levaduras. En conclusión, el análisis sensorial realizado a partir de una ficha de cata nos puede aportar datos coherentes referentes a las características físico-químicas del vino y su patrón de compuestos volátiles, incluso cuando el número de muestras evaluadas es relativament, [EN] In order to study the differences between seven strains of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in the final quality of the wine, an experimental test was carried out, consisting of 21 micro vinifications, three corresponding to each of the seven strains, with grapes of the Merlot variety coming from a piece of land in the municipality of Requena. The concentration of tannins, anthocyanins, polyphenols, total and volatile acidity, alcoholic strength and other physical and chemical properties such as pH and color index have been determined. The concentration of 20 volatile compounds has also been determined by gas chromatography. On the other hand, a panel of tasters formed by 7 experts has characterized the organoleptic differences between the wines fermented by the 7 strains with which they have made the micro vinifications. The presence of abnormal data, as well as the repeatability and reproducibility of the volatile concentration and the physicochemical parameters have been studied. Subsequently, we have studied the correlation between all parameters obtained, by means of the correlation matrix and a principal components analysis. The pairs of variables with highest correlation have been discussed, most of which are meaningful from an oenological point of view, although not all, due perhaps to the small number of samples evaluated. Likewise, a statistically significant correlation between some organoleptic values and other measured parameters was obtained, despite the small number of samples evaluated. A greater number of trials would be necessary to deepen the panel's ability to discriminate between the wines obtained from the different yeasts. In conclusion, the sensory analysis carried out from a tasting chart can provide us with coherent data concerning the physicochemical characteristics and volatile profile of the wine, even when the number of samples evaluated is relatively small., [CA] Amb l'objecte d'estudiar les diferències entre set ceps de rents no-Saccharomyces en la qualitat final del vi, s'ha realitzat un assaig experimental consistent en la realització de 21 micro vinificacions, tres corresponents a cada una dels set ceps, amb raïm de la varietat Merlot procedent d'un terreny en el terme municipal de Requena. S'ha determinat la concentració de tanins, antocians, polifenols, acidesa total i volàtil, grau alcohòlic així com altres propietats fisicoquímiques com pH i índex de color. També s'ha determinat per cromatografia de gasos la concentració de 20 compostos volàtils. D'altra banda, un panell de tastadors format per 7 experts ha caracteritzat les diferències organolèptiques entre els vins fermentats per les 7 ceps amb què han realitzat les micro vinificacions. S'ha estudiat la presència de dades anòmales, així com la repetibilidad i reproducibilidad de la concentració de volàtils i els paràmetres fisicoquímics. Posteriorment, s'ha estudiat la correlació entre tots els paràmetres obtinguts, per mitjà de la matriu de correlació i una anàlisi de components principals. S'han discutit les variables de major correlació, la majoria de les quals tenen sentit des d'un punt de vista enològic, encara que no totes, degut potser al reduït nombre de mostres avaluades. Així mateix, s'ha obtingut una correlació estadísticament significativa entre algunes valoracions organolèptiques amb altres paràmetres mesurats, a pesar del reduït nombre de mostres avaluades. Seria necessari un nombre més gran d'assajos per a aprofundir en la capacitat del panell per a discriminar entre la variabilitat responsable pels distints rents. En conclusió, l'anàlisi sensorial realitzat a partir d'una fitxa de tast ens pot aportar dades coherents referents a les propietats fisicoquímiques del vi, inclús quan el nombre de mostres avaluades és relativament reduït.

Proyecto confidencial (Riunet)

[ES] El presente TFM pretende modelizar la correlación entre diversos indicadores obtenidos de todos los países del mundo. Se estudiará la dinámica mundial tanto en las similitudes entre los países como en la relación entre las variables. Además, se emplearán modelos de clasificación. Para esto, se cuenta con una base de datos pública de Naciones Unidas y el Banco Mundial, con 120 variables para todos los 234 países del mundo, en el período 2000 2014. Esta base de datos tiene una gran cantidad de valores faltantes, por lo que se ha realizado un preprocesamiento consistente en eliminar países y variables que no cumplan con un porcentaje mínimo de datos. El resultante es una matriz final de 139 países con 49 variables para los 14 años considerados, la cual presenta un 19,56% de valores faltantes. Dichos valores han sido imputados por medio de cinco métodos: modelo de imputación de k vecinos más cercanos, Imputación Múltiple, Trimmed Scores Regression, Imputación por Algoritmo Iteractivo e Imputación por árboles de regresión. A partir de los resultados, se ha elegido el mejor modelo, el cual se ha validado con el 5% aleatorio de datos conocidos con la técnica de bondad de ajuste de menor RMSE. Una vez se dispone de la matriz completa (imputada), en el trabajo se analizan tanto las similitudes y diferencias en el agrupamiento de los países, así como la dinámica mundial de las variables al observar sus relaciones en ámbitos geográficos, sociales, ambientales, de calidad de vida, etc. A partir de las 49 variables se han obtenido tres factores mediante un Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA). Posteriormente se ha realizado una propuesta de clasificación de países en función de su desarrollo, mediante cinco técnicas estadísticas de aprendizaje supervisado: Regresión Logística, Árboles de Clasificación, Máquinas de Soporte Vectorial, Redes Neuronales y PLS Discriminante, considerando al Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) como variable dependiente y a las 49 variables (in

Tesis por compendio, [EN] This PhD dissertation deals with the multivariate statistical analysis of microclimatic data for preventive conservation of cultural heritage in several locations: Ariadne's house (Pompeii, Italy), l'Almoina Archaeological Museum (Valencia, Spain) and mudejar church of Santa Maria in Ateca (Zaragoza, Spain). The main objective of this thesis is to propose a methodology for statistical analysis of microclimatic data which can be extended to curators and restorers. The usefulness of the proposed methodology is shown, as it has been successfully applied to the studied cultural heritage sites. Furthermore, corrective actions have been proposed and taken in accordance with the results obtained from the analysis of data recorded at Ariadne's house and the Archaeological Museum of l'Almoina. The effectiveness of such corrective measures has been evaluated through a second monitoring campaign. In the case of Ariadne's house, two monitoring campaigns were conducted. During the first, in 2008, the analysis of the recorded data showed that the transparent polycarbonate roof installed in the 1970s was causing a greenhouse effect harmful to the conservation of the frescoes. The sensors also helped identifying differences between orientations and heights. Following our recommendations, in 2010 the roofs were changed by some opaque fibrocement and thermo-hygrometric data recorded in a second monitoring campaign allowed us evaluating the adequacy of the corrective actions in configuring a more stable microclimate. The Archaeological Museum of l'Almoina is exposed to passers-by through a skylight that covers part of the ruins. A first monitoring campaign in 2010 allowed the thermo-hygrometric characterization of the inner microclimate and the identification of the significant influence of the skylight on the temperature and relative humidity values, causing sharp rises and falls during the daylight hours. In 2013 two corrective measures were implemented and evaluated subsequent, [ES] Esta tesis doctoral trata sobre el análisis estadístico multivariante de datos microclimaticos para la conservación preventiva en patrimonio cultural: la casa de Ariadna (Pompeya, Italia), el Museo arqueológico de l'Almoina (Valencia, España) y la iglesia mudéjar de Santa María en Ateca (Ateca, España) . El objetivo principal de esta tesis es proponer una metodología de análisis estadístico de datos microclimáticos extensible a conservadores y restauradores. Se demuestra la utilidad de la metodología propuesta, ya que ha sido posible caracterizar los sitios del patrimonio cultural estudiados. Además, se han propuesto y adoptado acciones correctivas de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos del análisis de los datos registrados en la casa de Ariadna y el Museo arqueológico de l'Almoina. La efectividad de dichas medidas correctoras ha sido evaluada a través de una segunda campaña de monitorización. En el caso de la casa de Ariadna, dos campañas de monitorización se llevaron a cabo. Durante la primera, en 2008, el análisis de los datos recogidos demostró que los tejados de policarbonato transparente instalados en los años 70 estaban provocando un efecto invernadero muy perjudicial para la conservación de los frescos. Los sensores permitieron además identificar diferencias entre orientaciones y alturas. Bajo las recomendaciones realizadas, en 2010 los tejados fueron cambiados por unos opacos de fibrocemento, y los datos termo-higrométricos recogidos en una segunda campaña de monitorización permitieron evaluar la adecuación de la medida correctiva en la configuración de un microclima más estable. El Museo arqueológico de l'Almoina se encuentra expuesto a los viandantes a través de una claraboya que cubre parte de las ruinas. Una primera campaña de monitorización en 2010 permitió caracterizar termo-higrométricamente el museo e identificar la influencia significativa de la claraboya sobre la temperatura y la humedad relativa, causando fuertes aumentos y caídas durante l, [CA] Aquesta Tesi doctoral tracta sobre l'anàlisi estadístic multivariant de dades microclimatics per a la conservació preventiva en patrimoni cultural: la casa d'Ariadna (Pompeia, Itàlia), el Museu arqueològic de l'Almoina (València, Espanya) i l'església mudèjar de Santa Maria en Ateca (Saragossa, Espanya). L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi _es proposar una metodologia d'anàlisi estadístic de dades microclimatics extensible a conservadors i restauradors. Es demostra la utilitat de la metodologia proposada, ja que ha sigut possible caracteritzar els llocs del patrimoni cultural estudiats. A més, s'han proposat i adoptat accions correctives d'acord amb els resultats obtinguts de l'anàlisi de les dades registrades en la casa d'Ariadna i el Museu arqueològic de l'Almoina. L'efectivitat d'aquestes mesures correctores ha sigut avaluada a través d'una segona campanya de monitoratge. En el cas de la casa d'Ariadna, dues campanyes de monitoratge es van dur a terme. Durant la primera, en 2008, l'anàlisi de les dades enregistrades va demostrar que les teulades de policarbonat transparent instal·lades en els anys 70 estaven provocant un efecte hivernacle molt perjudicial per a la conservació dels frescs. Els sensors van permetre a més identificar diferències entre orientacions i altures. Sota les recomanacions realitzades, en 2010 les teulades van ser canviades per unes opaques de fibrociment, i les dades termo-higromètriques arreplegades en una segona campanya de monitoratge van permetre avaluar l'adequació de la mesura correctiva en la configuració d'un microclima més estable. El Museu arqueològic de l'Almoina es troba exposat als vianants a través d'una claraboia que cobreix part de les ruïnes. Una primera campanya de monitoratge en 2010 va permetre caracteritzar termo-higrometricament el museu i identificar la influència significativa de la claraboia sobre la temperatura i la humitat relativa, causant forts augments i caigudes durant les hores diürnes, així__ com una ap

[ES] El espacio perceptual olfativo es altamente multidimensional, con aproximadamente unas 20-30 dimensiones. Por ello, la caracterización del mismo resulta bastante complicada. El análisis estadístico multivariante de perfiles olfativos permite profundizar en esta cuestión. En relación a este tema, una de las bases de datos más interesante es el Atlas de Dravnieks, publicado en 1985. Se utilizaron 160 muestras olfativas diferentes, las cuales fueron descritas numéricamente por un panel de expertos en base a 146 descriptores. Dado el elevado número de descriptores, el análisis multivariante de esta matriz con 160 observaciones por 146 variables aporta información valiosa para discutir la dimensionalidad de la percepción olfativa. Esta base de datos, a pesar de su antigüedad, ha sido analizada por pocos estudios. Uno de ellos, bastante reciente (Castro et al., 2013, Categorical Dimensions of Human Odor Descriptor Space Revealed by Non-Negative Matrix Factorization), ha aplicado la técnica Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF). Otros estudios han clasificado los mismos descriptores aplicando otras técnicas, como el método MDS (Jeltema y Southwick,1986; Evaluation and applications of odor profiling). Hasta la fecha, todavía no se ha publicado una clasificación de los 146 descriptores de Dravnieks en base a un PCA realizado sobre esta base de datos. Tampoco ningún estudio ha propuesto un mapa sensorial en dos o tres dimensiones de las familias olfativas más características. Se pretende realizar un análisis de componentes principales (PCA) con estos datos, empleando un pretratamiento adecuado, con los siguientes objetivos: - Estudiar el número de dimensiones latentes del espacio perceptual olfativo. - Obtener una clasificación de los 146 descriptores en base a los resultados del PCA, y discutir los resultados en función de otros estudios similares realizados con la misma base de datos o de otros estudios que han empleados los mismos 146 descriptores. - Estudiar si las

[ES] En un estudio de investigación previo se han vinificado muestras de mosto procedentes de cepas distintas, todas ellas de la variedad Bobal de Requena. En el vino resultante se ha determinado la concentración de los principales compuestos volátiles así como otros componentes. A partir de todos estos datos, el objetivo principal del TFG consiste en realizar un análisis multivariante de todas las variables disponibles para el conjunto de muestras, con el objeto de identificar el número de dimensiones de la matriz. Por otra parte, a partir de la composición cuantitativa, se pretende estudiar cuáles son los compuestos volátiles más responsables del perfil olfativo, calculando las unidades olfativas. Se pretende estudiar si es posible relacionar las dimensiones de variabilidad en función de la composición analítica, frente a las dimensiones de variabilidad en el espacio perceptual olfativo. Es decir, se pretende evaluar hasta qué punto la variabilidad del material genético empleado afecta al perfil aromático de los vinos obtenidos., [EN] In a previous study, a set of grape-juice samples were vinified from 18 different vines, all of the same cultivar (Bobal from Requena). The concentration of major volatile compounds was determined in the resulting wine as well as other parameters. From the average values of concentration corresponding to the 18 vines, the primary objective of this work is to study which are the volatile compounds most responsible for the smell, according to the calculation of odor units. Based on the olfactory profile of the different compounds, obtained from the literature, it was possible to characterize the main olfactory differences between the wines obtained, according to the most prominent notes identified here: fruity, fresh, floral and sweet. It was not possible to carry out an experimental validation of the results obtained, which would be the subject of future studies, but the proposed methodology opens an area of research in olfactory sensory analysis. This study shows that the variability in analytical composition does not conveniently reflect the variability in olfactory perceptual space, since the olfactory intensity of aroma chemicals is very different. The methodology used here is of interest when trying to assess how the genetic variability of vines affects the olfactory profile of wines obtained.

Many authors have proposed different schemes of odor classification, which are useful to aid the complex task of describing smells. However, reaching a consensus on a particular classification seems difficult because our psychophysical space of odor description is a continuum and is not clustered into well-defined categories. An alternative approach is to describe the perceptual space of odors as a low-dimensional coordinate system. This idea was first proposed by Crocker and Henderson in 1927, who suggested using numeric profiles based on 4 dimensions: fragrant, acid, burnt, and caprylic. In the present work, the odor profiles of 144 aroma chemicals were compared by means of statistical regression with comparable numeric odor profiles obtained from 2 databases, enabling a plausible interpretation of the 4 dimensions. Based on the results and taking into account comparable 2D sensory maps of odor descriptors from the literature, a 3D sensory map (odor cube) has been drawn up to improve understanding of the similarities and dissimilarities of the odor descriptors most frequently used in fragrance chemistry.

[EN] Volatile compounds are together with sugars and organic acids the main determinants of tomato fruit flavour and are therefore important for consumer acceptance. Consequently, in the last years many studies have been performed using different volatile analytical techniques on a large diversity of tomato fruits, aimed mainly at detecting the compounds affecting flavour or at the identification of QTLs and key genes involved in fruit volatile contents. The comparison of three of the analytical methods most commonly applied (headspace, solid phase microextraction, adsorption on Tenax followed by thermal desorption) revealed not only differences in sensitivity, but also dramatic variations in the volatile profile obtained by each of these techniques. The volatile profile was also largely influenced by the way samples were processed before analysis. Four widely used sample processing methods were compared (whole tomato, sliced fruit and two different types of fruit paste), each one producing a characteristic volatile pattern. Therefore, great care should be taken when comparing results available from the literature obtained by means of different methods, or when using the volatile levels obtained in an experiment to predict their influence on tomato flavor or consumer preference, or to assess the success of breeding programs.

NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Food Quality and Preference Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Food Quality and Preference, [Volume 43, July 2015, Pages 79–87] DOI 10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.02.018, Some comprehensive compilations of odor character descriptions are available in the literature, and they contain valuable information to better understand the underlying dimensions of human odor psychophysics. In the present study, principal component analysis was applied to two olfactory databases of perfumery materials publicly available, which are comprised by those odor descriptors most frequently used in perfumery. The projection of descriptors over the two principal axes (two-component solution) led to related plots, which are also similar to the one obtained in a previous study (Zarzo, 2008). Although the descriptive space of odors is highly multidimensional, our results suggest that it is possible to reach a consensus about how to project perfumery scents on a two-dimensional map, and how to interpret the dimensions of that sensory map. One of them discriminates light vs. heavy odors; the orthogonal axis was correlated with hedonic tones, but it is better interpreted as an underlying latent structure that distinguishes feminine vs. masculine cosmetic scents.

The application of simple empirical equations for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is the only alternative in many cases to robust approaches with high input requirements, especially at the local scale. In particular, temperature-based approaches present a high potential applicability, among others, because temperature might explain a high amount of ETo variability, and also because it can be measured easily and is one of the most available climatic inputs. One of the most well-known temperature-based approaches, the Hargreaves (HG) equation, requires a preliminary local calibration that is usually performed through an adjustment of the HG coefficient (AHC). Nevertheless, these calibrations are sitespecific, and cannot be extrapolated to other locations. So, they become useless in many situations, because they are derived from already available benchmarks based on more robust methods, which will be applied in practice. Therefore, the development of accurate equations for estimating AHC at local scale becomes a relevant task. This paper analyses the performance of calibrated and non-calibrated HG equations at 30 stations in Eastern Spain at daily, weekly, fortnightly and monthly scales. Moreover, multiple linear regression was applied for estimating AHC based on different inputs, and the resulting equations yielded higher performance accuracy than the non-calibrated HG estimates. The approach relying on the ratio mean temperature to temperature range did not provide suitable AHC estimations, and was highly improved by splitting it into two independent predictors. Temperature-based equations were improved by incorporating geographical inputs. Finally, the model relying on temperature and geographic inputs was further improved by incorporating wind speed, even just with simple qualitative information about wind category (e.g. poorly vs. highly windy). The accuracy of the calibrated and non-calibrated HG estimates increased for longer time steps (daily < we

[EN] Smell is a multidimensional sensation that is described using numeric olfactory descriptors as it is the case of Dravnieks Atlas (1985). The correlation between olfactory perception and toxicity has been studied for the compounds contained in this Atlas. Results seem to indicate some evolutionary adaption of human smell according to the toxicity., [ES] El olor es una sensación multidimensional que se describe usando descriptores olfativos numéricos como es el caso del Atlas de Dravnieks (1985). Tomando como base sus compuestos, se ha estudiado la correlación entre la percepción olfativa de éstos y su toxicidad. Los resultados parecen indicar una adaptación evolutiva del olfato humano.

Bait stations are widely used to control Ceratitis capitata, even though the effect of intrusion from untreated areas decreases the efficacy of the technique. In this work, the edge effect of outer fruit fly populations from untreated areas and backyard orchards has been studied. For this purpose, a field trial was carried out during four years in a wide area of 10 000 ha located in Valencia (Spain). The main growing species were Prunus persica, Prunus domestica, Citrus sinensis, Citrus reticulata and Diospyros kaki. An area of 3,600 ha was treated with chemosterilant bait stations. Fruit fly populations were monitored during the 4 years of study inside and outside the treated area using Tephri-traps baited with trimedlure. A grid of 180 traps was placed in the field with an intertrap distance of 450 m. Multiple linear regression was applied to model population levels as a function of distance to untreated areas and backyards. The distance at which outer medfly populations influenced the treated wide-area population was about 1.3 km. This value reflects the distance at which a given fruit fly population is influenced by outer populations and suggests that C. capitata is able to move more than 1 km seeking for hosts. Thus, buffer areas in area-wide integrated pest management of Mediterranean fruit fly should be at least 1.3 km wide.

Chemometrics has been applied successfully since the 1990s for the multivariate statistical control of industrial processes. A new area of interest for these tools is the microclimatic monitoring of cultural heritage. Sensors record climatic parameters over time and statistical data analysis is performed to obtain valuable information for preventive conservation. A case study of an open-air archaeological site is presented here. A set of 26 temperature and relative humidity data-loggers was installed in four rooms of Ariadne's house (Pompeii). If climatic values are recorded versus time at different positions, the resulting data structure is equivalent to records of physical parameters registered at several points of a continuous chemical process. However, there is an important difference in this case: continuous processes are controlled to reach a steady state, whilst open-air sites undergo tremendous fluctuations. Although data from continuous processes are usually column-centred prior to applying principal components analysis, it turned out that another pre-treatment (row-centred data) was more convenient for the interpretation of components and to identify abnormal patterns. The detection of typical trajectories was more straightforward by dividing the whole monitored period into several sub-periods, because the marked climatic fluctuations throughout the year affect the correlation structures. The proposed statistical methodology is of interest for the microclimatic monitoring of cultural heritage, particularly in the case of open-air or semiconfined archaeological sites.

This paper applies statistical techniques to analyse microclimatic data (temperature and relative humidity) recorded at the archaeological site of Plaza de l'Almoina (Valencia, Spain). This study has allowed us to quantify the effect of certain measures that were adopted for preventive conservation. The first monitoring campaign took place in 2010 at this archaeological site, showing harmful effects on the conservation state of the remains due to the presence of a skylight that partly covers the remains and causes a greenhouse effect. This skylight was covered with a water layer to prevent overheating of this archaeological site. However, this layer was removed in 2013 due to water leaks, and the indoor conditions changed. Over the summer, a temporary canvas was installed over the skylight to avoid heating of the archaeological site below by preventing the incidence of direct sunlight. The main importance of this work was to characterise the effect of unlike boundary weather conditions of different years in the indoor microclimate of the archaeological site, and to study the effect of the new boundary situation. This paper shows that the removal of water from the skylight caused a temperature increase inside the museum; meanwhile, the subsequent installation of the canvas cover allows appropriate daily cycles of temperature and relative humidity, especially in areas under the skylight. This work also shows that the replacement of a water ditch near the archaeological site by a PVC pipe was also detected by the sensors due to the difference in water vapour pressure.

BACKGROUND: A microclimate monitoring study was conducted in 2008 aimed at assessing the conservation risks affecting the valuable wall paintings decorating Ariadne s House (Pompeii, Italy). It was found that thermohygrometric conditions were very unfavorable for the conservation of frescoes. As a result, it was decided to implement corrective measures, and the transparent polycarbonate sheets covering three rooms (one of them delimited by four walls and the others composed of three walls) were replaced by opaque roofs. In order to examine the effectiveness of this measure, the same monitoring system comprised by 26 thermohygrometric probes was installed again in summer 2010. Data recorded in 2008 and 2010 were compared. RESULTS: Microclimate conditions were also monitored in a control room with the same roof in both years. The average temperature in this room was lower in 2010, and it was decided to consider a time frame of 18 summer days with the same mean temperature in both years. In the rooms with three walls, the statistical analysis revealed that the diurnal maximum temperature decreased about 3.5 ºC due to the roof change, and the minimum temperature increased 0.5 ºC. As a result, the daily thermohygrometric variations resulted less pronounced in 2010, with a reduction of approximately 4 ºC, which is favorable for the preservation of mural paintings. In the room with four walls, the daily fluctuations also decreased about 4 ºC. Based on the results, other alternative actions are discussed aimed at improving the conservation conditions of wall paintings. CONCLUSIONS: The roof change has reduced the most unfavorable thermohygrometric conditions affecting the mural paintings, but additional actions should be adopted for a long term preservation of Pompeian frescoes.

Perfumes are manufactured by mixing odorous materials with different volatilities. The parameter that measures the lasting property of a material when applied on the skin is called substantivity or tenacity. It is well known by perfumers that citrus and green notes are perceived as fresh and they tend to evaporate quickly, while odors most dissimilar to fresh (e.g., oriental, powdery, erogenic and animalic scents) are tenacious. However, studies aimed at quantifying the relationship between fresh odor quality and substantivity have not received much attention. In this work, perceptual olfactory ratings on a fresh scale, estimated in a previous study, were compared with substantivity parameters and antierogenic ratings from the literature. It was found that the correlation between fresh odor character and odorant substantivity is quite strong (r = −0.85). Fresh is sometimes interpreted in perfumery as cool and the opposite of warm . This association suggests that odor freshness might be somehow related to temperature. Assuming that odor perception space was shaped throughout evolution in temperate climates, results reported here are consistent with the hypothesis that fresh evokes scents typically encountered in the cool season, while warm would be evoked by odors found in nature during summer. This hypothesis is rather simplistic but it may provide a new insight to better understand the perceptual space of scents.

The pattern and quantity of pesticide deposition may affect the efficacy of pesticide treatments. In this study we evaluated under laboratory conditions the efficacy of two petroleum-derived spray oils (PDSO) (Laincoil ®, an nC21 oil with a content of 83% w/v, Oil A, and Sunspray Ultrafine ®, an nC21 with a content of 85% w/v, Oil B, both with an unsulfonated residue of 92%) applied at 1.5% concentration at five volumes (0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 ml) against different stages of Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Homoptera: Diaspididae). In parallel, we characterized the deposition pattern of treatments resulting from these five volumes and two PDSOs. The objective was to model deposition characteristics and efficacy as a function of the deposited volume in order to determine the optimum volume per unit surface that should be applied to control this pest. Different models that depend on the developmental stage and relate to the efficacy of the treatment as a function of the deposited volume have been obtained for both PDSOs, thus providing a scientific basis for product efficacy comparison. Furthermore, our results are also relevant to find an adequate trade-off between sprayed pesticide volume and expected efficacy. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Odor detection thresholds (ODTs) are used for assessing outdoor and indoor air quality. They are obtained experimentally by olfactometry and psychophysical methods, and large compilations are available in the literature. A non-linear regression equation was fitted to describe the ODT variability of 114 aliphatic compounds based on the alkyl chain length for different homologous series (carboxylic acids, aldehydes, 2-ketones, esters, 1-alcohols, amines, thiols, thioethers and hydrocarbons). The resulting equation reveals an effect of the functional group, molecular size and also an interaction between both factors. Although the mechanistic interpretation of results is uncertain, the relatively high goodness-of-fit (R 2 = 0.90) suggests that ODT values of aliphatic compounds can be predicted rather accurately, which is not the case for rigid molecules. This equation may serve as a basis for the development of more complex ODT models taking into account diverse structural features of odorants. The variability of power-law exponents was also investigated for the homologous series. © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

[EN] The standard equation used to calculate reference evapotranspiration (ET o) requires many parameters that are not available or reliable in most cases. Alternative equations have been developed in the literature relying only on a limited number of climatic records. A different approach is proposed in this work based on exogenous ET o records from locations with similar climatic conditions. Principal components analysis (PCA) is applied to ET o data recorded from 30 weather stations, which allows ET o estimation of past or present missing data when local climatic inputs are not available. This approach resulted more accurate for gap infilling purposes than other tested methods, with average absolute relative errors around 9%. The proposed methodology, which was developed in the 1990s for the monitoring and diagnosis of chemical processes, can only be applied if previous ET o measurements are available. If this is not the case, a new procedure based on principal components regression is proposed to estimate ET o when only local geographical data are available. The resulting models present average absolute relative errors around 10%. The relationships among stations were described by means of a map that can be used for estimation purposes using one or two neighboring stations. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

Background: Ariadne's house, located at the city center of ancient Pompeii, is of great archaeological value due to the fresco paintings decorating several rooms. In order to assess the risks for long-term conservation affecting the valuable mural paintings, 26 temperature data-loggers and 26 relative humidity data-loggers were located in four rooms of the house for the monitoring of ambient conditions. Results: Data recorded during 372 days were analyzed by means of graphical descriptive methods and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results revealed an effect of the roof type and number of walls of the room. Excessive temperatures were observed during the summer in rooms covered with transparent roofs, and corrective actions were taken. Moreover, higher humidity values were recorded by sensors on the floor level. Conclusions: The present work provides guidelines about the type, number, calibration and position of thermohygrometric sensors recommended for the microclimate monitoring of mural paintings in outdoor or semi-confined environments. © 2012 Merello et al.; licensee Chemistry Central Ltd.

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-010-9345-5, Student evaluation of teaching (SET) questionnaires are the most common methods of evaluation used by European universities to assess the quality of teaching delivered by their lecturers. A series of multivariate statistical methods were applied to analyze the underlying structure of the SET questionnaire used by the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) in order to develop an appropriate methodology for extracting, analyzing, and interpreting the information contained in the questionnaire. In a first step, a confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) was developed in order to evaluate the reliability, validity and dimensionality of it, by means of two relatively new parameters commonly used in structural equation modelling: the compound reliability and extracted variance for each latent construct. In a second step, cluster analysis (CA) was used to test the ability of the questionnaire for the identification of different categories of lecturers. In the last step, a tree classification method, the chi-squared automatic interaction detector (CHAID), was used in order to characterize the different lecturer's categories obtained with CA according to all available information regarding the teaching staff and subjects. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Measurements of global terrestrial solar radiation (R s) are commonly recorded in meteorological stations. Daily variability of R s has to be taken into account for the design of photovoltaic systems and energy efficient buildings. Principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to R s data recorded at 30 stations in the Mediterranean coast of Spain. Due to equipment failures and site operation problems, time series of R s often present data gaps or discontinuities. The PCA approach copes with this problem and allows estimation of present and past values by taking advantage of R s records from nearby stations. The gap infilling performance of this methodology is compared with neural networks and alternative conventional approaches. Four principal components explain 66% of the data variability with respect to the average trajectory (97% if non-centered values are considered). A new method based on principal components regression was also developed for R s estimation if previous measurements are not available. By means of multiple linear regression, it was found that the latent variables associated to the four relevant principal components can be fitted according to the latitude, longitude and altitude of the station where data were recorded from. Additional geographical or climatic variables did not increase the predictive goodness-of-fit. The resulting models allow the estimation of daily R s values at any location in the area under study and present higher accuracy than artificial neural networks and some conventional approaches considered. The proposed methodology for estimating R s based on geographical parameters would be of interest to design solar energy systems and to select their best location. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Different psychophysical works have reported that, when a wide range of odors is assessed, the hedonic dimension is the most salient. Hence, pleasantness is the most basic attribute of odor perception. Recent studies suggest that the molecular size of a given odorant is positively correlated with its hedonic character. This correlation was confirmed in the present study, but further basic molecular features affecting pleasantness were identified by means of multiple linear regression for the compounds contained in five chemical sets. For three of them, hedonic judgments are available in the literature. For a further two chemical sets, hedonic scores were estimated from odor character descriptions based on numerical profiles. Generally speaking, fairly similar equations were obtained for the prediction of hedonic judgments in the five chemical sets, with R 2 values ranging from 0.46 to 0.71. The results suggest that larger molecules containing oxygen are more likely to be perceived as pleasant, while the opposite applies to carboxylic acids and sulfur compounds. © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

We describe the performance of a microclimate monitoring system that was implemented for the preventive conservation of the Renaissance frescoes in the apse vault of the Cathedral of Valencia, that were restored in 2006. This system comprises 29 relative humidity (RH) and temperature sensors: 10 of them inserted into the plaster layer supporting the fresco paintings, 10 sensors in the walls close to the frescoes and nine sensors measuring the indoor microclimate at different points of the vault. Principal component analysis was applied to RH data recorded in 2007. The analysis was repeated with data collected in 2008 and 2010. The resulting loading plots revealed that the similarities and dissimilarities among sensors were approximately maintained along the three years. A physical interpretation was provided for the first and second principal components. Interestingly, sensors recording the highest RH values correspond to zones where humidity problems are causing formation of efflorescence. Recorded data of RH and temperature are discussed according to Italian Standard UNI 10829 (1999). © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This is the accepted version of the following article: Navarro Llopis, V.; Domínguez Ruiz, J.; Zarzo Castelló, M.; Alfaro Cañamás, C.; Primo Millo, J. (2010). Mediterranean fruit fly suppression using chemosterilants for area-wide integrated pest management. Pest Management Science. 66(5):511-519. doi:10.1002/ps.1901.], which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.1901, BACKGROUND: The chemosterilisation technique has been demonstrated to reduce the population and fruit damage of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), in citrus orchards. Field trials showed efficacy by reducing the fruit fly population, which was progressively achieved by continuous application of lufenuron to several generations. Different authors have suggested that field trials should be carried out in isolated or wide areas in order to reduce fruit fly intrusion and obtain best results. To this end, a wide-area trial over 3600 hectares has been under investigation in Valencia (Spain) since 2002 to validate the chemosterilisation technique against the fruit fly. The whole area was treated with 24 traps ha−1, using more than 86 000 traps in the field trial. RESULTS: A continuous decrease in fruit fly population was observed over the 4 years under trial. Moreover, results showed a significant reduction in persimmon damage in the chemosterilant treatment area compared with a malathion aerial treatment area. In the case of citrus damage, no significant differences were obtained between malathion and chemosterilant treatments. CONCLUSION: The chemosterilantmethod reducesMediterranean fruit fly populations, and therefore it is a candidate treatment to replace aerial treatments with insecticides in order to suppress this pest. In addition, the efficacy of chemosterilant treatment is increasing year after year. The possibility of using this technique combined with other control methods is discussed. c 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

[EN] Considerable efforts have been devoted to understanding the courtship behavior and pheromone communication of medflies; however, the sex pheromone composition is still a controversial subject. The discovery of new components affecting medfly behavior would be of interest for medfly control methods based on semiochemicals. This work describes volatile compounds emitted by Ceratitis capitata collected using solid phase microextraction. The volatile study was conducted according to an experimental design with three factors (sex, age, and mating status) assumed to be relevant for better understanding the chemical communication. Emission data were treated by means of principal component analysis, a statistical methodology not previously applied to the study of volatiles emitted by fruit flies. The characterization of emission patterns could be useful for the selection of compounds to be further investigated in biological assays to improve knowledge of the key semiochemicals involved in medfly behavior. © 2010 American Chemical Society.

Traditional chemical control against Chilo suppressalis Walker is currently being replaced in Spain by new methods based on pheromones. A key step to improve the efficacy of these methods is the determination of the optimum pheromone release rate, which is still uncertain for this pest. In this work, the pheromone release profile and the field performance of a new mesoporous dispenser was compared with a standard commercial dispenser. For this purpose, pheromone loads were extracted from field-aged dispensers and quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. In addition, a field trial was carried out with traps baited with one, two, or three mesoporous dispensers per trap, as well as with traps containing one standard dispenser. We found that the highest number of field catches did not correspond to the highest pheromone emission rate, which suggests a repellent effect of the insect if the emission is excessive. The results suggest that the attractant activity was maximized by emitting similar to 34 mu g/d. The efficacy of the mesoporous dispenser and its possible improvements are discussed.