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AIM:To explore the correlation between the degree of diabetic macular edema(DME)and the level of serum sialic acid in patients with type 2 diacetic. METHODS:Sixty-five patients with type 2 diabetes were included in this study and another 54 cases were included as health control group. The concentration of serum sialic acid was tested by colorimetric methed. The degree of DME was detected by fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA). RESULTS:In the 65 diabetes patients,22 cases had DME(level 1:10 cases, lebel 2:5 cases, lebel 3:7 cases). The level of serum sialic acid in diabetic patients was 96.56±14.29mmol/L, that in control group was 42.44±17.68mmol/L, and the difference between the two groups was significant(PPr=0.62,PCONCLUSION:The concentration of serum sialic acid increases in patients with DME, and the DME is severer as the level increasing.

Random sums play an important role in insurance claim theory and risk models. This paper aims to explore the numerical characteristics of dependent random sums using copulas. We obtain theoretical formulae for the expectation and variance of random sums in the case of a general copula. The expectation is an extension of the Wald equality and can be used to estimate prospective value, while variance provides a theoretical guarantee for measuring the risk premium. As corollaries, the corresponding results for the compound Poisson process and random sums using Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern copulas have been obtained. We also conduct stochastic simulation to verify the accuracy of our theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]